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Bank

A bank is an institution that provides financial service, particularly taking deposits and extending credit.

Currently the term bank is generally understood as an institution that holds a banking license. Banking licenses are granted by bank regulatory authorities and provide rights to conduct the most fundamental banking services such as accepting deposits and making loans. There are also financial institutions that provide certain banking services without meeting the legal definition of a bank, a so called non-banking financial company.

Banks have a long history, and have influenced economies and politics for centuries.

The word bank is derived from the Italian banca, which is derived from German language and means bench. The terms bankrupt and "broke" are similarly derived from banca rotta, which refers to an out-of-business bank, having its bench physically broken. Money lenders in Northern Italy originally did business in open areas, or big open rooms, with each lender working from his own bench or table.

Traditionally, a bank generates profits from transaction fees on financial services and on the interest it charges for lending. In recent history, with historically low interest rates a limited ability to earn money by lending deposited funds, much of a bank's income is provided by overdraft fees and riskier investments.

Services typically offered by banks

Although the type of services offered by a bank depends upon the type of bank and the country, services provided usually include:

  • Taking deposits from the general public and issuing checking and savings accounts
  • Making loans to indivudals and businesses
  • Cashing cheques
  • Facilitating money transactions such as wire transfers and cashiers checks
  • Issuing credit cards, ATM, and debit cards
  • Storing valuables, particularly in a safe deposit box

Types of Bank

Banks' activities can be characterised as retail banking, dealing direct with individuals and small businesses, and investment banking, relating to activities on the financial markets. Most banks are profit-making, private enterprises. However, some are owned by government, or are non-profit making.

In some jurisdictions retail and investment activities are, or have been, separated by law.

Central banks are non-commercial bodies or government agencies tasked with responsibility for controlling interest rates and money supply across the whole economy. They act as Lender of last resort in event of a crisis.

Types of retail banks

  • Commercial bank, is the term used for a normal bank to distinguish it from an investment bank. Since the two no longer have to be under separate ownership, some use the term "commercial bank" to refer to a bank or a division of a bank that mostly deals with corporations or large businesses.
  • Community development bank are regulated banks that provide financial services and credit to underserved markets or populations.
  • Postal savings banks are savings banks associated with national postal systems. Japan and Germany are examples of countries with prominent postal savings banks.
  • Private banks manage the assets of high net worth individuals.
  • Offshore banks are banks located in jurisdictions with low taxation and regulation, such as Switzerland or the Channel Islands. Many offshore banks are essentially private banks.
  • Savings banks traditionally accepted savings deposits and issued mortgages. Today, some countries have broadened the permitted activities of savings banks.
  • Building societies and Landesbanks both conduct retail banking

Types of investment banks

  • Investment banks "underwrite" (guarantee the sale of) stock and bond issues and advise on mergers. Examples of investment banks are Goldman Sachs of the USA or Nomura Group of Japan.
  • Merchant banks were traditionally banks which engaged in trade financing. The modern definition, however, refers to banks which provides capital to firms in the form of shares rather than loans. Unlike Venture capital firms, they tend not to invest in new companies.

Both combined

  • Universal banks, more commonly known as a financial services company, engage in several of these activities. For example, Citigroup, a very large American bank, is involved in commercial and retail lending; it owns a merchant bank (Citicorp Merchant Bank Limited) and an investment bank (Salomon Smith Barney); it operates a private bank (Citigroup Private Bank); finally, its subsidiaries in tax-havens offer offshore banking services to customers in other countries. Almost all large financial institutions are diversified and engage in multiple activities. In Europe and Asia, big banks are very diversified groups that, among other services, distribute also insurance, whence the bancassurance term.

Other types of banks

  • Islamic banks adhere to the concepts of Islamic banking. Islamic banking revolves around several well established concepts which are based on Islamic canons. Since the concept of Interest is forbidden in Islam, all banking activities must avoid interest. Instead of interest, the Bank earns profit (mark-up) and fees on financing facilities that it extends to the customers. Also, deposit makers earn a share of the Bank’s profit as opposed to a predetermined interest.

Banks in the economy

Role in the money supply

A bank raises funds by attracting deposits, borrowing money in the inter-bank market, or issuing financial instruments in the money market or a capital market. The bank then lends out most of these funds to borrowers.

However, it would not be prudent for a bank to lend out all of its balance sheet. It must keep a certain proportion of its funds in reserve so that it can repay depositors who withdraw their deposits. Bank reserves are typically kept in the form of a deposit with a central bank. This behaviour is called fractional-reserve banking and it is a central issue of monetary policy. Some governments (or their central banks) restrict the proportion of a bank's balance sheet that can be lent out, and use this as a tool for controlling the money supply. Even where the reserve ratio is not controlled by the government, a minimum figure will still be set by regulatory authorities as part of bank regulation.

Bank crises

Banks are susceptible to many forms of risk which have triggered occasional systemic crises. Risks include liquidity risk (the risk that many depositors will request withdrawals beyond available funds), credit risk (the risk that those that owe money to the bank will not repay), and interest rate risk (the risk that the bank will become unprofitable if rising interest rates force it to pay relatively more on its deposits than it receives on its loans), among others.

Banking crises have developed many times throughout history when one or more risks materialize for a banking sector as a whole. Prominent examples include the U.S. Savings and Loan crisis in 1980s and early 1990s, the Japanese banking crisis during the 1990s, and the bank run that occurred during the Great Depression,and the recent liquidation by the central Bank of Nigeria.where about 25 banks were liquidated

Regulation

The combination of the instability of banks as well as their important facilitating role in the economy led to banking being thoroughly regulated. The amount of capital a bank is required to hold is a function of the amount and quality of its assets. Major banks are subject to the Basel Capital Accord promulgated by the Bank for International Settlements. In addition, banks are usually required to purchase deposit insurance to make sure smaller investors are not wiped out in the event of a bank failure.

Another reason banks are thoroughly regulated is that ultimately, no government can allow the banking system to fail. There is almost always a lender of last resort—in the event of a liquidity crisis (where short term obligations exceed short term assets) some element of government will step in to lend banks enough money to avoid bankruptcy.

Public perceptions of banks

In United States history, the National Bank was a major political issue during the presidency of Andrew Jackson. Jackson fought against the bank as a symbol of greed and profit-mongering, antithetical to the democratic ideals of the United States.

Currently, many people are outraged due to various banking policies that take advantage of consumers. Specific concerns are policies that permit banks to hold deposited funds for several days, policies that permit banks to apply withdrawals before deposits, policies that permit applying withdrawals from greatest to least, which is most likely to cause the greatest overdraft, policies that allow backdating funds transfers and fee assessments, and policies that authorize electronic funds transfers despite an overdraft.

Profitability

Large banks in the United States are some of the most profitable corporations, especially relative to the small market shares they have. This amount is even higher if one counts the credit divisions of companies like Ford, which are responsible for a large proportion of those company's profits. For example, the largest bank, Citigroup, which for the past 3 years has made more profit than any other company in the world, has only a 5 percent market share. Now if Citigroup were to be as dominant in its industry as a Home Depot, Starbucks, or Wal Mart in their respective industries, with a 30 percent market share , it would make more money than the top ten non-banking U.S. industries combined.

In the past 10 years in the United States, banks have taken many measures to ensure that they remain profitable while responding to ever-changing market conditions. First, this includes the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, which allows banks again to merge with investment and insurance houses. Merging banking, investment, and insurance functions allows traditional banks to respond to increasing consumer demands for "one stop shopping" by enabling cross-selling of products (which, the banks hope, will also increase profitability). Second, they have moved toward risk based pricing on loans, which means charging higher interest rates for those people who they deem more risky to default on loans. This dramatically helps to offset the losses from bad loans, lowers the price of loans to those who have better credit histories, and extends credit products to high risk customers who would have been denied credit under the previous system. Third, they have sought to increase the methods of payment processing available to the general public and business clients. These products include debit cards, pre-paid cards, smart-cards, and credit cards. These products make it easier for consumers to conveniently make transactions and smooth their consumption over time (in some countries with under-developed financial systems, it is still common to deal strictly in cash, including carrying suitcases filled with cash to purchase a home). However, with convenience there is also increased risk that consumers will mis-manage their financial resources and accumulate excessive debt. Banks make money from card products through interest payments and fees charged to consumers and companies that accept the cards.

The banks' main obstacles to increasing profits are existing regulatory burdens, new government regulation, and increasing competition from non-traditional financial institutions.

Bank Size Information

Top ten banking groups in the world ranked by tier 1 capital in 2004 (in U.S. dollars)

  1. Citigroup — 73 billion
  2. JP Morgan Chase — 69 billion
  3. HSBC — 67 billion
  4. Bank of America — 64 billion
  5. Credit Agricole Group — 63 billion
  6. Royal Bank of Scotland — 43 billion
  7. Mitsubishi Tokyo Financial Group — 40 billion
  8. Mizuho Financial Group — 39 billion
  9. HBOS — 36 billion
  10. BNP Paribas — 35 billion

Top ten banking groups in the world ranked by assets in 2003 (in U.S. dollars)

  1. Mizuho Financial Group — 1,265 billion
  2. Citigroup — 1,097 billion
  3. Allianz — 1,002 billion
  4. UBS — 907 billion
  5. Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group — 903 billion
  6. Deutsche Bank — 892 billion
  7. Fannie Mae — 888 billion
  8. ING Group — 843 billion
  9. BNP Paribas — 835 billion
  10. Mitsubishi Tokyo Financial Group — 832 billion

Top ten bank holding companies in the world ranked by profit in 2003 (in U.S. dollars)

  1. Citigroup — 21 billion
  2. Bank of America — 15 billion
  3. HSBC — 10 billion
  4. Royal Bank of Scotland — 8 billion
  5. Wells Fargo — 7 billion
  6. JP Morgan Chase — 7 billion
  7. UBS AG — 6 billion
  8. Wachovia — 5 billion
  9. Morgan Stanley — 5 billion
  10. Merrill Lynch — 4 billion

Top ten bank holding companies in the U.S. ranked by deposits (in U.S. dollars)

As of June 30, 2004. These are U.S. deposits only. This is not a ranking of the largest U.S. based global banks.

  1. Bank of America Corp. — 526 billion
  2. Wells Fargo & Co. — 256 billion
  3. Wachovia Corp. — 238 billion
  4. J.P. Morgan Chase & Co. — 227 billion (1)
  5. Citigroup Inc. — 193 billion
  6. Bank One Corp. — 150 billion (1)
  7. U.S. Bancorp — 112 billion
  8. SunTrust Banks, Inc. — 78 billion
  9. BB&T Corporation — 67 billion
  10. National City Corp. — 64 billion

(1) Since this report, J.P. Morgan Chase & Co. has acquired Bank One Corp., making the combined 6/30/04 deposit total for the merged company $377 billion, vaulting it to second place on the list.

History of banking

Main article: History of banking

  • Florentine banking — The Medicis and Pittis among others
  • Banknotes — Introduction of paper money
  • Bank of Amsterdam
  • Bank of Sweden — The rise of the national banks
  • Bank of England — The evolution of modern central banking policies
  • Bank of America — The invention of centralized check and payment processing technology
  • Swiss bank
  • United States Banking
  • Imperial Bank of Persia — History of banking in the Middle-East

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Main article: History of banking. OOAK - "One of a kind." A doll that has been customized by an artist, usually by repainting and/or rerooting the hair. has acquired Bank One Corp., making the combined 6/30/04 deposit total for the merged company $377 billion, vaulting it to second place on the list. M/C - "Mint and complete." An outfit in perfect, just-out-of-the box condition with all pieces and accessories included. Morgan Chase & Co. A/O - "All original." Indicates that a doll is exactly as it was when it was originally left the factory, with no restoration work having been done to it. (1) Since this report, J.P. MIB - Stands for "Mint in Box." Indicates that a doll is in perfect, like-new condition, and is still housed in its original box, but the box has been opened and the doll may have been removed at some point.

based global banks. NRFB - Stands for "Never Removed From Box." Indicates that a doll is undisturbed in its original, un-opened packaging. This is not a ranking of the largest U.S. Modern - Dolls produced after 1972. deposits only. Vintage - Dolls produced through 1972 are generally considered to be "vintage.". These are U.S. Many variations of this original design have been used.

As of June 30, 2004. A waist with a rotational joint, originally introduced in 1967, copyrighted in 1966. The banks' main obstacles to increasing profits are existing regulatory burdens, new government regulation, and increasing competition from non-traditional financial institutions.
. TNT - "Twist 'N Turn" Waist. Banks make money from card products through interest payments and fees charged to consumers and companies that accept the cards. Timeless Treasures™ - A Collector Edition line featuring celebrity and character dolls. However, with convenience there is also increased risk that consumers will mis-manage their financial resources and accumulate excessive debt. The major categories are denoted by numbers:.

These products make it easier for consumers to conveniently make transactions and smooth their consumption over time (in some countries with under-developed financial systems, it is still common to deal strictly in cash, including carrying suitcases filled with cash to purchase a home). Early Barbie dolls are organized into five major groups based on various physical characterstics that can be used to determine when a particular doll was manufactured. These products include debit cards, pre-paid cards, smart-cards, and credit cards. Dolls with this hairstyle are referred to by collectors as the "ponytail" dolls. Third, they have sought to increase the methods of payment processing available to the general public and business clients. Ponytail - Barbie's first hairstyle consisted of a top-knot ponytail with tightly-curled bangs. This dramatically helps to offset the losses from bad loans, lowers the price of loans to those who have better credit histories, and extends credit products to high risk customers who would have been denied credit under the previous system. Denotes a doll that is still dressed in the swimsuit it originally came in.

Second, they have moved toward risk based pricing on loans, which means charging higher interest rates for those people who they deem more risky to default on loans. OSS - Stands for "original swimsuit". Merging banking, investment, and insurance functions allows traditional banks to respond to increasing consumer demands for "one stop shopping" by enabling cross-selling of products (which, the banks hope, will also increase profitability). These dolls generally feature higher-quality materials and construction than non-limited dolls. First, this includes the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, which allows banks again to merge with investment and insurance houses. Limited Edition - Collector Edition dolls produced in limited quantities worldwide, which are often available only from specific retailers. In the past 10 years in the United States, banks have taken many measures to ensure that they remain profitable while responding to ever-changing market conditions. Customized - Dolls designed exclusively for specific retail stores are referred to as "customized".

industries combined. Collector Edition dolls usually come in showcase packaging, with a stand and a certificate of authenticity. Now if Citigroup were to be as dominant in its industry as a Home Depot, Starbucks, or Wal Mart in their respective industries, with a 30 percent market share , it would make more money than the top ten non-banking U.S. Collector Edition - Dolls designed specifically for collectors aged 14 and over. For example, the largest bank, Citigroup, which for the past 3 years has made more profit than any other company in the world, has only a 5 percent market share. Though not feature length, they are fairly abundant in plot. This amount is even higher if one counts the credit divisions of companies like Ford, which are responsible for a large proportion of those company's profits. In recent years, she has taken the computer animated movie industry by storm, guest appearing in Toy Story 2, and later her own direct-to-video movies, Barbie in the Nutcracker, Barbie as Rapunzel, Barbie of Swan Lake, Barbie as the Princess and the Pauper, Barbie:Fairytopia, and Barbie and the Magic of Pegasus, all of which were accompanied by small product lines, including dolls.

Large banks in the United States are some of the most profitable corporations, especially relative to the small market shares they have. By the late-1990s, Mattel had moved to featuring her in interactive 3D video games for both gaming consoles and personal computers. Specific concerns are policies that permit banks to hold deposited funds for several days, policies that permit banks to apply withdrawals before deposits, policies that permit applying withdrawals from greatest to least, which is most likely to cause the greatest overdraft, policies that allow backdating funds transfers and fee assessments, and policies that authorize electronic funds transfers despite an overdraft. In the late 1980s, Barbie had two videos, Barbie and the Rockers and Barbie and the Sensations. Currently, many people are outraged due to various banking policies that take advantage of consumers. This new series showcased Barbie's adventurous exploits. Jackson fought against the bank as a symbol of greed and profit-mongering, antithetical to the democratic ideals of the United States. In the mid-1990s, a new line of novels about Barbie appeared.

In United States history, the National Bank was a major political issue during the presidency of Andrew Jackson. Books about Barbie first emerged in the 1960s. There is almost always a lender of last resort—in the event of a liquidity crisis (where short term obligations exceed short term assets) some element of government will step in to lend banks enough money to avoid bankruptcy. [9]. Another reason banks are thoroughly regulated is that ultimately, no government can allow the banking system to fail. While the original Barbie sold for $3.00 in 1959, a mint boxed Barbie from 1959 sold for $3552.50 on eBay in October 2004. In addition, banks are usually required to purchase deposit insurance to make sure smaller investors are not wiped out in the event of a bank failure. Forty-five-percent of them spend upwards of $1000 a year.

Major banks are subject to the Basel Capital Accord promulgated by the Bank for International Settlements. Ninety-percent are women, at an average age of 40, purchasing more than 20 Barbie dolls each year. The amount of capital a bank is required to hold is a function of the amount and quality of its assets. Mattel estimates that there are well over 100,000 avid Barbie collectors. The combination of the instability of banks as well as their important facilitating role in the economy led to banking being thoroughly regulated. See also Superstar: The Karen Carpenter Story. Savings and Loan crisis in 1980s and early 1990s, the Japanese banking crisis during the 1990s, and the bank run that occurred during the Great Depression,and the recent liquidation by the central Bank of Nigeria.where about 25 banks were liquidated. A commercial by automobile company Nissan featured dolls similar to Barbie and Ken driving in a toy car was the subject of another lawsuit on September 18, 1997 [8].

Prominent examples include the U.S. However, it was dismissed by the court as parody on May 15, 1998. Banking crises have developed many times throughout history when one or more risks materialize for a banking sector as a whole. Mattel used this as grounds for a trademark infringement and defamation lawsuit filed on September 11, 1997. Risks include liquidity risk (the risk that many depositors will request withdrawals beyond available funds), credit risk (the risk that those that owe money to the bank will not repay), and interest rate risk (the risk that the bank will become unprofitable if rising interest rates force it to pay relatively more on its deposits than it receives on its loans), among others. It contained lyrics such as "You can brush my hair/Undress me everywhere" and used graphics similar to the pink Barbie logo. Banks are susceptible to many forms of risk which have triggered occasional systemic crises. The European pop-dance group Aqua released a song called "Barbie Girl" in 1997.

Even where the reserve ratio is not controlled by the government, a minimum figure will still be set by regulatory authorities as part of bank regulation. Many artists have referred to Barbie and her accompanying products, either as homage or as parody. Some governments (or their central banks) restrict the proportion of a bank's balance sheet that can be lent out, and use this as a tool for controlling the money supply. [7]. This behaviour is called fractional-reserve banking and it is a central issue of monetary policy. She also ran for President after breaking up with Ken. Bank reserves are typically kept in the form of a deposit with a central bank. These include astronaut, gymnast, rapper and soldier models.

It must keep a certain proportion of its funds in reserve so that it can repay depositors who withdraw their deposits. To counter accusations of gender stereotyping, career Barbies have been released. However, it would not be prudent for a bank to lend out all of its balance sheet. As of 2005 there are also a "Kelly: Dolls of the World" where Barbies "little sister" and two friends represent different European countries. The bank then lends out most of these funds to borrowers. In 2001 The Princess Collection" was issued for instance with dolls named Princess of India, Princess of the Navajo, Princess of the Vikings. A bank raises funds by attracting deposits, borrowing money in the inter-bank market, or issuing financial instruments in the money market or a capital market. The European countries are highly over-represented but there are also Peruvian, Kenyan, Chinese, Arctic, Japanese and Australian Barbies.

They act as Lender of last resort in event of a crisis. The dolls are dressed in more or less traditional clothes, each representing a nation. Central banks are non-commercial bodies or government agencies tasked with responsibility for controlling interest rates and money supply across the whole economy. Mattel also released an international collection, the Dolls Of The World, in 1980, with Barbies from different parts of the world. In some jurisdictions retail and investment activities are, or have been, separated by law. Most commonly the Hispanic Teresa and African-American Christie appear as Barbie's "ethno-friend" alongside Skipper and occasionally red-head Midge, who has been around since the sixties. However, some are owned by government, or are non-profit making. Still, these Barbies are exact replicas of the original Barbie, with no individualism other than skin, hair, and eye color.

Most banks are profit-making, private enterprises. Barbies of different nationalities have also been created, including African, Hispanic, Asian and Native American Barbies. Banks' activities can be characterised as retail banking, dealing direct with individuals and small businesses, and investment banking, relating to activities on the financial markets. One of the most publicized responses happened around the turn of the century, as Barbie's waist widened to more natural proportions. Although the type of services offered by a bank depends upon the type of bank and the country, services provided usually include:. [6]. . Dr Agnes Nairn said: "When we asked groups of junior school children about Barbie, the doll provoked rejection, hatred and violence." Dr Nairn went on to suggest that older girls rejected Barbie dolls because they were seen as an unwelcome reminder of their childhood.

In recent history, with historically low interest rates a limited ability to earn money by lending deposited funds, much of a bank's income is provided by overdraft fees and riskier investments. In December 2005 research published by psychologists at Bath University in England suggested that girls often mutilate their Barbie dolls in a variety of ways, including decapitation and placing the doll in a microwave oven. Traditionally, a bank generates profits from transaction fees on financial services and on the interest it charges for lending. [5]. Money lenders in Northern Italy originally did business in open areas, or big open rooms, with each lender working from his own bench or table. These dolls are not produced or endorsed by Mattel but are similar in appearance and are dressed in traditional Islamic costumes such as a full length dress and headscarf. The terms bankrupt and "broke" are similarly derived from banca rotta, which refers to an out-of-business bank, having its bench physically broken. Opposition to Barbie dolls in the Middle East has led to the sale of a Barbie-like doll called Fulla.

The word bank is derived from the Italian banca, which is derived from German language and means bench. This resulted in the new modified Barbie saying, "Eat lead, Cobra!" and "Dead men tell no lies." [4]. Banks have a long history, and have influenced economies and politics for centuries. A group of parents, feminists and other activists known as the Barbie Liberation Organization bought hundreds of Barbies and GI Joe dolls, and switched their voice circuitry. There are also financial institutions that provide certain banking services without meeting the legal definition of a bank, a so called non-banking financial company. One of these 270 phrases was "Math is tough!" Although only about 1.5% of all the dolls sold said the phrase, it caused public outcry over Barbie's representation of women, and the infamous phrase quickly became a common pop culture reference. Banking licenses are granted by bank regulatory authorities and provide rights to conduct the most fundamental banking services such as accepting deposits and making loans. It spoke a number of phrases such as, "Will we ever have enough clothes?" "I love shopping!" and, "Wanna have a pizza party?" Each doll was programmed to say four out of 270 possible phrases, so chances were good that no two dolls owned by a girl or her friends would be exactly the same.

Currently the term bank is generally understood as an institution that holds a banking license. This culminated in 1992 when Mattel released "Teen Talk Barbie", a talking version of the doll. A bank is an institution that provides financial service, particularly taking deposits and extending credit. Her accessories reflect a lifestyle that is unobtainable for most of the girls who play with her. Imperial Bank of Persia — History of banking in the Middle-East. The enormous range of available accessories relating to clothes, hair, make-up, parties and looking pretty give rise to the accusation that Barbie encourages young girls to focus on shallow trivia. United States Banking. Barbie's defenders say that her exaggerated proportions are necessary for her to look natural when wearing clothing.

Swiss bank. She would wear size 3 children's shoes, far too small to support her top-heavy frame with size-39 breasts. Bank of America — The invention of centralized check and payment processing technology. Barbie would be unable to stand on her feet. Bank of England — The evolution of modern central banking policies. These rings crush the collar bone over time to give the appearance of an elongated neck. Bank of Sweden — The rise of the national banks. Long necks are valued in many societies; for example, the Burmese sometimes practice neck enlongation body modification by using neck rings.

Bank of Amsterdam. 1995 Nov;18(3):295-8) to match Barbie's proportions. Banknotes — Introduction of paper money. (Int J Eat Disord. Florentine banking — The Medicis and Pittis among others. According to research the by Yale Center for Eating and Weight Disorders, a healthy woman would have to have her neck elongated by 3.2 in. — 64 billion. [3].

National City Corp. According to research by the University Central Hospital in Helsinki, Finland, she would lack the requisite 17 to 22 percent of body fat required to menstruate. BB&T Corporation — 67 billion. If scaled into real life proportions, she would be 5 feet, 9 inches, (1.75 m) measuring 36-18-33. — 78 billion. Barbie's height and exaggerated hourglass figure drew criticism from parents and anorexia nervosa groups. SunTrust Banks, Inc. The first African-American Barbie, "Black Barbie," appeared thirteen years later.

Bancorp — 112 billion. The first of Barbie's black friends, "Colored Francie," debuted in 1967, but racial tensions quickly caused this doll to be discontinued. U.S. See bimbo. — 150 billion (1). "Barbie" is sometimes used as a derogatory slang term for a person, particularly a girl or woman, who is stupid. Bank One Corp. In addition, Saudi authorities determined Barbie to be a Jewish doll, as her creator was of Jewish descent.

— 193 billion. The Middle Eastern country of Saudi Arabia outlawed the sale of Barbie dolls on September 10, 2003 for not conforming to the ideals of Islam. Citigroup Inc. The criticisms leveled at her are often based around the idea of children considering Barbie a role model and attempting to emulate her. — 227 billion (1). Her popularity ensures that her effect on the play of Western children attracts a high degree of scrutiny. Morgan Chase & Co. Barbie is often looked upon as an icon of Western childhood.

J.P. Among them are Calvin Klein, Donna Karan, Bob Mackie, Nicole Miller, Christian Dior, Escada, Anne Klein, Ralph Lauren, Donatella Versace, Bill Blass and Paul Frank. — 238 billion.
Many designers have been given the opportunity to design clothing for Barbie. Wachovia Corp. Many groups say that young girls may set the doll as their model, leading to issues with body image and gender role insercurities later in life. — 256 billion. However, recently Barbie's presence in in the life of an American girl has been said to be a negative influence.

Wells Fargo & Co. Here are some of them:. — 526 billion. She has taken up many occupations over the years. Bank of America Corp. Barbie has often been used to promote gender equality as an example that women can "be anything". Merrill Lynch — 4 billion. According to a Mattel press release:.

Morgan Stanley — 5 billion. On August 12, 2004, Barbie announced she was running for the presidency of the United States, as a member of the Party of Girls. Wachovia — 5 billion. Mattel admits that much of the Ken narrative has been shaped by feedback from fans submitted to the Barbie website.[2]. UBS AG — 6 billion. His new look includes a more rugged jaw-line, softer mouth, and a more defined nose, with a wardrobe by celebrity stylist Phillip Broch which includes cargo pants, motorcycle jackets, and fitted suits with peak lapels. JP Morgan Chase — 7 billion. Since the break-up, he has traveled the world with stops in Europe and the Middle East, dabbled in Buddhism and learned to cook.

Wells Fargo — 7 billion. On February 8, 2006, almost two years after the break-up and co-inciding with the opening of the American International Toy Fair, Mattel announced Ken has resurfaced and has caught Barbie's interest again. Royal Bank of Scotland — 8 billion. [1]. HSBC — 10 billion. He is available in the "Cali Guy" range that accompanies the "Cali Girl" range of Barbie dolls that show Barbie with suntanned skin. Bank of America — 15 billion. For a time, Barbie's new beau was Blaine, a surfer from Sydney, Australia who has just moved to California.

Citigroup — 21 billion. A Mattel press release ended saying "Although their future is yet to be set in "cement," one thing is for certain - Barbie and Ken will always remain the best of friends.". Mitsubishi Tokyo Financial Group — 832 billion. And now they feel it's time to spend some quality time – apart.". BNP Paribas — 835 billion. "In fact, they just finished wrapping their fourth movie together, 'Barbie™ as The Princess and the Pauper,' which debuts this fall. ING Group — 843 billion. "Barbie and Ken have always been an extraordinary couple with so much on- and off-screen chemistry" said the pair's business manager, Russell Arons, Vice President Marketing, Mattel.

Fannie Mae — 888 billion. On February 12, 2004, just days before Valentine's, Mattel spokespeople announced the split of Barbie and Ken after 43 years of dating. Deutsche Bank — 892 billion.
. Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group — 903 billion. She also has a pilot's license, and operates commercial airliners, when not serving as a stewardess. UBS — 907 billion. Barbie has used her driver's license to the fullest, with pink convertibles, trailers and more.

Allianz — 1,002 billion. Barbie has thirty-eight recorded pets, including cats and dogs, horses, a panda, a lion cub, and a zebra. Citigroup — 1,097 billion. Barbie has been said to attend Willows High School in Willows, Wisconsin and Manhattan International High School in New York City (based on the real-life Stuyvesant High School). Mizuho Financial Group — 1,265 billion. Other longstanding friends in Barbie's ethnically diverse social circle include Hispanic Teresa, African-American Christie and Steven (Christie's boyfriend), and the ethnically-ambiguous Kayla. BNP Paribas — 35 billion. Barbie has dated Ken since 1961, and after a long estrangement was reunited with her best friend Midge in the early nineties.

HBOS — 36 billion. Additions to the family tree include Skipper (debut 1964), twins Tutti and Todd (1966), Stacie (1992), Kelly (1995), and baby Krissy (1999). Mizuho Financial Group — 39 billion. She has been given the fuller name Barbara Millicent Roberts, and a family and friends have been manufactured for her, starting with her beau Ken. Mitsubishi Tokyo Financial Group — 40 billion. Barbie's fictional biography has developed as her sales continued. Royal Bank of Scotland — 43 billion. Mattel has claimed that approximately three Barbie dolls are sold every second.

Credit Agricole Group — 63 billion. The Barbie doll is a $1.9 billion dollar a year industry. Bank of America — 64 billion. Mattel has adjusted Barbie's proportions in recent years as an answer to current fashion trends, but the present Barbie doll body is still uncharacteristic of most women. HSBC — 67 billion. Mattel asserts that Barbie's exaggerated proportions are necessary to allow clothes to fit properly on such a small scale, but many have suggested that Barbie's unrealistic proportions may contribute to self-esteem and body image problems in young girls. JP Morgan Chase — 69 billion. However, Barbie's exaggerated proportions have always been a point of contention for her detractors.

Citigroup — 73 billion. Ruth Handler stated that she felt it was "important to a little girl's self-esteem to play with a doll that [had] breasts", believing it would allow them role-play and imagine their future lives as adult women. Also, deposit makers earn a share of the Bank’s profit as opposed to a predetermined interest. Barbie's wardrobe was designed by esteemed Mattel fashion designer Charlotte Johnson, whose inspiration came from the fashion runways of Paris. Instead of interest, the Bank earns profit (mark-up) and fees on financing facilities that it extends to the customers. The doll was marketed as a "Teen-age Fashion Model", so many fashions were available for her as well. Since the concept of Interest is forbidden in Islam, all banking activities must avoid interest. In succeeding years, Barbie dolls were made available with other hair styles and colors.

Islamic banking revolves around several well established concepts which are based on Islamic canons. The dolls were available either as blonds or brunettes. Islamic banks adhere to the concepts of Islamic banking. The first Barbie doll wore a black-and-white "zebra-striped" swimsuit and signature topknot ponytail with tightly-curled bangs. In Europe and Asia, big banks are very diversified groups that, among other services, distribute also insurance, whence the bancassurance term. (This date is also used as Barbie's official "birthday".). Almost all large financial institutions are diversified and engage in multiple activities. The doll made its debut at the New York International American Toy Fair on March 9, 1959.

For example, Citigroup, a very large American bank, is involved in commercial and retail lending; it owns a merchant bank (Citicorp Merchant Bank Limited) and an investment bank (Salomon Smith Barney); it operates a private bank (Citigroup Private Bank); finally, its subsidiaries in tax-havens offer offshore banking services to customers in other countries. A new sculpt was designed (with help from engineer Jack Ryan), the concept was revamped, and the doll was given a new name: Barbie, after Handler's daughter, Barbara. Universal banks, more commonly known as a financial services company, engage in several of these activities. At some point, Mattel acquired the rights to the Lilli doll. Unlike Venture capital firms, they tend not to invest in new companies. The doll was so popular, she was even exported to other countries, including the United States. The modern definition, however, refers to banks which provides capital to firms in the form of shares rather than loans. Although the doll was initially marketed to adult men in bars and tobacco shops, it eventually became popular with children, who enjoyed dressing her up in outfits that were available separately.

Merchant banks were traditionally banks which engaged in trade financing. The Lilli doll was first sold in Germany in 1955. Examples of investment banks are Goldman Sachs of the USA or Nomura Group of Japan. Lilli was a fashionable "society girl" who knew what she wanted and wasn't above using men to get it. Investment banks "underwrite" (guarantee the sale of) stock and bond issues and advise on mergers. The Lilli doll was based on a popular character appearing in a newspaper comic strip drawn by Reinhard Beuthin for die Bild-Zeitung. Building societies and Landesbanks both conduct retail banking. She gave one to her daughter and took the others back to Mattel.

Today, some countries have broadened the permitted activities of savings banks. The adult-figured Lilli doll was exactly what Handler had had in mind, so she purchased three of them. Savings banks traditionally accepted savings deposits and issued mortgages. However, during a trip to Germany with her daughter, Handler discovered a German doll named Lilli in a shop window. Many offshore banks are essentially private banks. Mattel's directors told her that it would be impossible to create such a doll. Offshore banks are banks located in jurisdictions with low taxation and regulation, such as Switzerland or the Channel Islands. Realizing that there was a hole in the marketplace, Handler suggested the idea of a three-dimensional adult-bodied doll to her husband, Elliot Handler, a co-founder of the Mattel toy company, but the idea was scoffed at.

Private banks manage the assets of high net worth individuals. At that time, most three-dimensional dolls were made to look like babies or small children; however, Barbara preferred playing with paper dolls that looked like adults. Japan and Germany are examples of countries with prominent postal savings banks. In the 1950s Ruth Handler, "creator" of the Barbie doll, noticed that her daughter, Barbara, preferred to play with dolls that resembled adults rather than babies. Postal savings banks are savings banks associated with national postal systems. . Community development bank are regulated banks that provide financial services and credit to underserved markets or populations. Barbie and her accessories are manufactured to approximately 1/6th scale.

Since the two no longer have to be under separate ownership, some use the term "commercial bank" to refer to a bank or a division of a bank that mostly deals with corporations or large businesses. Totally Hair Barbie featured extra-long hair, which reached from her head down to her toes. Commercial bank, is the term used for a normal bank to distinguish it from an investment bank. The highest-selling Barbie doll in Mattel's history, Totally Hair Barbie (known as "Ultra Hair Barbie" outside the US), was released in 1992. Storing valuables, particularly in a safe deposit box. The doll is produced by Mattel, inc. Issuing credit cards, ATM, and debit cards. Barbie, the world's most famous and best-selling doll, debuted at the American International Toy Fair on March 9, 1959.

Facilitating money transactions such as wire transfers and cashiers checks. The most popular Barbie joke is as follows: A man goes into a shop to buy a Barbie doll for his daughter, looks at the various models on display and asks the shop assistant in a puzzled way: "Why is Divorced Barbie so much more expensive than the other dolls?" "That's easy, sir" replies the shop assistant, "Divorced Barbie comes with Ken's car, Ken's house, Ken's furniture...". Cashing cheques. Barbie appears briefly in the 1999 movie Toy Story 2 as Tour Guide Barbie and Barbie on Backpack. Making loans to indivudals and businesses. [15]. Taking deposits from the general public and issuing checking and savings accounts. In December 1999 a 46-year old man from Taiwan named Chang Hsi-hsum "married" a Barbie doll in a ceremony at his local Buddhist temple, in the belief that it housed the spirit of his former wife Tsai who had killed herself twenty years previously.

Barbie's measurements, if she were life size, are 39-23-33. Several years ago, it was estimated that if every Barbie ever sold were laid end to end, the dolls would circle the world seven times. Barbie doll has lots of famous friends; Mattel has produced many celebrity dolls throughout the years. In The Simpsons, there is a parody of Barbie called Malibu Stacy.

When this gene is absent, the flies form without external genitalia. There is a gene in the Drosophila fruit-fly called the "ken and barbie" gene (abbreviated ken). In Sweden, more Barbie dolls have been sold than the country's current population. See full list of Barbie's careers.

Tourist at Walt Disney World and Disneyland

    . McDonald's employee. Firefighter. Rock star - Barbie has fronted several bands, including Barbie and the Rockers and Beyond Pink.

    Politician - Barbie ran for President of the United States in 1992, 2000 and again in 2004. Model - Barbie was originally marketed as a "teen-age fashion model". Fashion designer. Astronaut - An astronaut suit was sold for Barbie around the same time the first woman, Valentina Tereshkova, entered space.

    Doctor, dentist, nurse, and veterinarian. Paleontologist. Olympic athlete (several dolls, including a gymnast and a figure skater). List of Barbie's friends and family.