Auschwitz concentration camp

His Auschwitz scene was therefore filmed outside the near-symmetrical entrance, with scenery added to make it look like the real thing. London is home to a very large film post-production and special effects industry. However, permission was denied to Steven Spielberg for Schindler's List. Woody Allen's 2006 film Match Point is set and filmed on location in London. The Polish film directors Andrzej Munk and Andrzej Wajda were both given permission to film in Auschwitz for the films Pasażerka and Krajobraz Po Bitwie respectively. And when Danny Boyle decided to make his succesfull 28 Days Later, the streets in central London were seen for the first time as deserted and unhabited. Most media outlets now show awareness of the offence this may cause, and try to avoid using such expressions (or issue an apology after using them, see for example the recent note in The Guardian). Rene Zellweger made the area of Borough Market more popular than it already was by appearing as the love seeking character Bridget Jones in Bridget Jones's Diary.

Recently the Polish media and the foreign ministry of Poland have voiced objections to the use of the expression "Polish death camp" in relation to Auschwitz, as they feel that phrase might misleadingly suggest that Poles (rather than Germans) perpetrated the Holocaust. Adaptations of Dickens and the Sherlock Holmes novels abound. In short, all of the denier's blustering about the 'Four Million Variant' is a specious attempt to envelope the reader into their web of deceit, and it can be discarded after the most rudimentary examination of published histories."[2]. Gangster films such as the Krays & Let Him Have It depicted London not long after the second world war and in the late 1990s the films of Guy Ritchie showed parts of the capital more familiar to Londoners rather than the world wide audience. If they can't keep their numbers straight, their reasoning goes, how can we say that their evidence for the Holocaust is credible? One must wonder which historians they speak of, as most have been remarkably consistent in their estimates of a million or so dead. London has appeared as the setting for many films, for example Notting Hill, and the Ealing comedies. They hope to discredit historians by making them seem inconsistent. Among contemporary writers perhaps the most pervasively influenced by the city is Peter Ackroyd in works such as London: The Biography, The Lambs of London and Hawksmoor.

Holocaust deniers have attempted to use this change as propaganda, in the words of Nizkor: "Deniers often use the 'Four Million Variant' as a stepping stone to leap from an apparent contradiction to the idea that the Holocaust was a hoax, again perpetrated by a conspiracy. Eliot, The Apes of God by Wyndham Lewis, Down and Out in Paris and London by George Orwell, Fever Pitch by Nick Hornby and White Teeth by Zadie Smith. After the collapse of the Communist government, the plaque was removed and the official death toll given as 1.1 million. S. This number was never taken seriously by Western historians, and was never used in any of the calculations of the death toll at Auschwitz (which have generally remained consistently around 1-1.5 million for the last sixty years) or for the total deaths in the Holocaust as a whole. Other famous works that feature London include A Journal of the Plague Year and Moll Flanders by Daniel Defoe, The Secret Agent by Joseph Conrad, the Sherlock Holmes stories by Arthur Conan Doyle, The Waste Land by T. For many years, a memorial plaque placed at the camp by the Soviet authorities and the Polish communist government stated that 4 million people had been murdered at Auschwitz. The famous aphorism of Samuel Johnson, "When a man is tired of London, he is tired of life!" features alongside many other sayings and quips.

"27 January 2005, the sixtieth anniversary of the liberation of Nazi Germany's death camp at Auschwitz-Birkenau, where a combined total of up to 1.5 million Jews, Roma, Poles, Russians and prisoners of various other nationalities, and homosexuals, were murdered, is not only a major occasion for European citizens to remember and condemn the enormous horror and tragedy of the Holocaust, but also for addressing the disturbing rise in anti-semitism, and especially anti‑semitic incidents, in Europe, and for learning anew the wider lessons about the dangers of victimising people on the basis of race, ethnic origin, religion, social classification, politics or sexual orientation.". Most of it takes place in London. The European Parliament marked the anniversary of the camp's liberation in 2005 with a minute of silence and the passage of this resolution:. James Boswell's 'Life of Samuel Johnson' is the most notable biography in English. In 1996, Germany made 27 January, the day of the liberation of Auschwitz, the official day for the commemoration of the victims of 'National Socialism'. The two writers who are perhaps most closely associated with the city are the diarist Samuel Pepys, famous among other things for his eyewitness account of the Great Fire, and Charles Dickens, whose representation of a foggy, snowy, grimy London of street sweepers and pickpockets is a major influence on people's vision of early Victorian London. See Auschwitz cross for more details. London has been the setting for many works of literature.

Following an agreement between the Polish Catholic Church and the Polish government, the smaller crosses were removed in 1999 but the large papal one remains. Hampton Court Palace also has a celebrated garden. In 1998, after further calls to remove the cross, some 300 smaller crosses were erected by local activists near the large one, leading to further protests and heated exchanges. The leading paid entrance garden in London is the Royal Botanic Garden at Kew. The Catholic Church told the Carmelites to move by 1989, but they stayed on until 1993, leaving the large cross behind. Some of the other major open spaces in the suburbs, such as Hampstead Heath, Wimbledon Common and Epping Forest have a more informal, semi-natural character. Some Catholics have pointed out that the people killed in Auschwitz I were mainly Polish Catholics. Examples include Victoria Park, Alexandra Park and Battersea Park.

This led to protests by Jewish groups, who said that mostly Jews were killed at Auschwitz and demanded that religious symbols be kept away from the site. Most of London's council-owned parks were developed between the mid 19th century and the Second World War. One year later the Carmelites erected the 8 metre (26 ft) tall cross from the 1979 mass near their site, just outside block 11 and barely visible from within the camp. Many of the smaller green spaces in central London are garden squares which were built for the private use of the residents of the fashionable districts, but in some cases are now open to the public. After some Jewish groups called for the removal of the convent, representatives of the Catholic Church agreed in 1987. Regents Park is on the northern edge of central London, while Greenwich Park, Bushy Park, and Richmond Park are in the suburbs. Carmelite nuns opened a convent near Auschwitz I in 1984. Green Park, St James's Park, Hyde Park, and Kensington Gardens form a green strand through the West End.

A short while later, a Star of David appeared at the site, leading to a proliferation of religious symbols there; eventually they were removed. The eight Royal Parks of London are former royal hunting grounds which are now open to the public. After the pope had announced that Edith Stein would be beatified, some Catholics erected a cross near bunker 2 of Auschwitz II where she had been gassed. London is well endowed with open spaces. In 1979, the newly elected Polish Pope John Paul II celebrated Mass on the grounds of Auschwitz II to some 500,000 people. London also hosts the annual London Marathon, one of the largest mass-participation marathons in the world, and the Oxford v. Cambridge Boat Race. The Auschwitz concentration camp is part of the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites. The All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club, home of the Wimbledon Tennis Championships is in Wimbledon in the south.

Auschwitz II and the remains of the gas chambers there are also open to the public. Two Test cricket grounds are located in London: Lord's, home of Middlesex, in St John's Wood, and The Oval, home of Surrey, in Kennington. However, in most cases the departure from the historical truth is minor, and is clearly labelled. Twickenham Stadium in west London is the national rugby union stadium, and three Guinness Premiership sides (London Irish, Saracens and Wasps) all originate from London, although they are now all based just outside the Greater London area. Today, the Auschwitz I museum site combines elements from several periods into a single complex: for example the gas chamber at Auschwitz I (which did not exist by the war's end) was restored and the fence was moved (because of building being done after the war but before the establishment of the museum). Wembley Stadium (which is currently being rebuilt) has traditionally been the home of the England football team, and serves as the venue for the FA Cup final, as well as rugby league's Challenge Cup final. The Polish government then decided to restore Auschwitz I and turn it into a museum honouring the victims of nazism; Auschwitz II, where buildings were prone to decay, was preserved but not restored. Arsenal and Chelsea are regarded as two of the Premier League's "big three" alongside Manchester United, and regularly play in the UEFA Champions League; the other London clubs in the top flight are Charlton Athletic, Fulham, Tottenham Hotspur and West Ham United.

The Buna Werke were taken over by the Polish government and became the foundation for the chemical industry of the region. The most popular spectator sport in London is football, and London has several of England's leading football clubs. After the war, the camp served as a prison of the NKVD through most of 1945 and then remained in a state of disrepair for several years. In July 2005 London was chosen to host the Games in 2012, making it the first city in the world to host the Summer Olympics three times. This number has met with "significant, though not complete" agreement among scholars.^ . London has hosted the Summer Olympics twice, in 1908 and 1948. A larger study started around the same time by Franciszek Piper used time tables of train arrivals combined with deportation records to calculate 1.1 million Jewish deaths and 140,000-150,000 Polish victims, along with 23,000 Roma. Over two-thirds of British Jews live in London, which ranks thirteenth in the world as a Jewish population centre [11].

In 1983, French scholar George Wellers was one of the first to use Nazi data on deportations to estimate the number killed at Auschwitz, arriving at 1.613 million dead, including 1.44 million Jews and 146,000 Poles. Much of the enormously elaborate and intricate marble sculpture used in the building was carved in India. Though this number, and a higher total of 4 million, was used by Soviet and Polish authorities, it was never taken seriously by Western scholars, who generally supported numbers of around 1-2 million. Hare Krishna monks are a common sight in the city centre and the Hindu temple at Neasden, Neasden Temple is the largest Hindu temple outside of India, built in the traditional style. Early efforts to count the number of dead relied on the testimony of witnesses, especially Nazi Rudolf Hoess, who gave the number of dead at 2.5-3 million. Southall, in West London is home to many Hindus. Since the Nazis attempted to destroy the evidence of the mass murder at Auschwitz, the exact number of victims is impossible to fix with certainty. London also has the largest Hindu population outside of India.

Soviet POWs were accused of collaborating with the Germans and were either executed or sent to gulags in the Soviet Union. The London Central Mosque is a well-known landmark on the edge of Regent's Park, and there are many other mosques in the city. 'Liberation' was not necessarily the end of the ordeal for many prisoners. Two London boroughs contain the highest proportion of Muslims in the UK: Tower Hamlets and Newham. Those too weak or sick to walk were left behind; about 7,500 prisoners were liberated by the 322nd Infantry unit of the Red Army on January 27, 1945. London is the most important centre of Islam in the United Kingdom. On January 17, 1945 Nazi personnel started to evacuate the facility; most of the prisoners were marched West. In addition various evangelical churches exist.

The gas chambers of Birkenau were blown up by the Germans in November 1944 in an attempt to hide their crimes from the advancing Soviet troops. Many of London's immigrant groups have established denominations in the city, for example Greek Orthodoxy. The debate over what could have been done, or what should have been attempted even if success was unlikely, has continued heatedly ever since. Other traditional Protestant denominations whose headquarters are in London include the United Reformed Church and the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers). One bomb accidentally fell into the camp and killed some prisoners. The Roman Catholic Archbishop of Westminster is generally regarded as the leader of the Catholic Church in England and Wales. Later several nearby military targets were bombed. As in the rest of the UK, religious attendance in London is low, and the Church of England has borne the brunt of this decline.

At one point Winston Churchill ordered that such a plan be prepared, but he was told that bombing the camp would most likely kill prisoners without disrupting the killing operation, and that bombing the railway lines was not technically feasible. Important national and royal ceremonies are divided between St Paul's and Westminster Abbey, a gothic church on the scale of a cathedral. Starting with a plea from the Slovakian rabbi Weissmandl in May 1944, there was a growing campaign to convince the Allies to bomb Auschwitz or the railway lines leading to it. London's two Anglican bishops are the Bishop of London, whose see is London north of the Thames, and whose throne is in London's grandest church, the baroque St Paul's Cathedral (designed by Sir Christopher Wren), and the Bishop of Southwark, who tends to Anglicans south of the river. (In fact, it was not until the 1970s that these photographs of Auschwitz were looked at carefully.). Nonetheless London has been at the centre of England's religious life for much of its history, and each Archbishop of Canterbury has traditionally spent much of his time in London, where he has an official residence at Lambeth Palace. Detailed air reconnaissance photographs of the camp were taken accidentally during 1944 by aircraft seeking to photograph nearby military-industrial targets, but no effort was made to analyse them. In the event, the saint received his most hospitable reception in the Kingdom of Kent, and the archiepiscopal see was founded at Canterbury.

This changed with receipt of the very detailed report of two escaped prisoners, Rudolf Vrba and Alfred Wetzler, which finally convinced most Allied leaders of the truth about Auschwitz in the middle of 1944. Augustine to bring England into the Catholic fold in 597, it was intended that the envoy should become "Archbishop of London", as the city was remembered as the capital of Roman Britain. Some information regarding Auschwitz reached the Allies during 1941-1944, such as the reports of Witold Pilecki and Jerzy Tabeau, but the claims of mass killings were generally dismissed as exaggerated. When Pope Gregory the Great sent St. Female subcamps were constructed at Budy , Plawy, Zabrze, Gleiwitz I, II, III, Rajsko and at Lichtenwerden. The famous street markets of London, that shot to fame in the 1960s are also well known and include Carnaby Street, Notting Hill and Camden Town. The largest subcamps were built at Trzebinia, Bleechammer and Althammer. The Mayfair district, which includes Bond Street, is home to many exclusive designer stores and boutiques.

In regular intervals, doctors from Auschwitz II would visit the work camps and select the weak and sick for the gas chambers of Birkenau. Some of the world's most renowned department stores are based in London including Harrods, Selfridges and Harvey Nichols. It was associated with the synthetic rubber and liquid fuel plant Buna-Werke owned by IG Farben. London Fashion Week takes place twice a year. The largest work camp was Auschwitz III Monowitz, starting operations in May 1942. Burberry, French Connection FCUK, Laura Ashley, Alexander McQueen and Stella McCartney are all famous London designers. The surrounding satellite work camps were closely connected to German industry and were associated with arms factories, foundries and mines. London is one of the "big four" fashion capitals (alongside Paris, Milan and New York) and is home to some of the finest haute couture in the world.

Many of the inmates enslaved here survived less than a year due to their harsh with duck head living conditions. As a result, London now hosts key parts of the Internet, including LINX (London INternet eXchange), the largest Internet Exchange Point in the world carrying over 82Gb/sec (12/2005) of internet traffic - an estimated 96% of UK internet traffic. The prisoners then attempted a mass escape, but nearly all of the 250 were killed soon after. With computers and technology playing a key part in the economy, companies have created a large number of datacentres within Greater London, many of which are in the Docklands area. Female prisoners had smuggled in explosives from a weapons factory, and crematorium IV was partly destroyed by an explosion. There are a vast number of local newspapers in the London area, often covering a small section of the city. On October 7, 1944, the Jewish Sonderkommandos (those prisoners kept separate from the main camp and involved in the operation of the gas chambers and crematoria) staged an uprising. Globally important media companies based in London range from publishing group Pearson, to the information agency Reuters, to the world's number two advertising business WPP Group.

On 10 October, eight hundred Roma children were systematically killed at Birkenau. London is one of the two leading centres of English-language publishing alongside New York. They were gassed in July 1944. London is at the centre of British film and television production industries, with major studio facilities on the western fringes of the conurbation and a large post-production industry centred in Soho. Many Roma had been imprisoned in a special section of the camp, mostly in family units. The independent weekly listings guide Time Out Magazine has been providing concert, film, theatre and arts information since 1968. ^[1]. London has three daily newspaper titles - the popular Evening Standard, plus two free titles, Metro and Standard Lite (published by the Evening Standard) which are distributed every morning at London tube and railway stations.

When the crematoria could not keep up, bodies were burned in open pits. The last major news agency in Fleet Street, Reuters, moved to Canary Wharf in 2005, but Fleet Street is still commonly used as a collective term for the national press. Between May and July 1944, about 438,000 Jews from Hungary were deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau and the most were killed there. The move was resisted strongly by the printing trade union SOGAT 82, and strike action at Wapping in 1986 led to violent skirmishes. The largest group of Jews deported to Auschwitz came from Hungary after Germany took control of its former ally in March 1944. Most of these are in East London, most famously the News International plant at Wapping. Jews from many countries were sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau to be killed: 300,000 from Poland, 69,000 from France, 60,000 from the Netherlands, 55,000 from Greece, 46,000 from Moravia, 25,000 from Belgium, as well as tens of thousands of Jews from other countries. Until the 1970s, most of the national newspapers were concentrated in Fleet Street, but in the 1980s they relocated to new premises with automated printing works.

An oven room, where selected camp prisoners called Sonderkommandos took out the dead bodies and burned them, was part of the same building. The London newspaper market is dominated by national newspapers, all of which are edited in London. Gas chambers in crematoria IV and V were above ground and Zyklon B was poured through the special windows in the walls. Local city-wide stations include music-based stations such as Capital FM, Heart 106.2 and Kiss 100 and popular news/talk stations include BBC London, LBC 97.3 and LBC News 1152. Once the victims were sealed shut in the chamber, the toxic agent Zyklon B was discharged from openings in the ceiling. There is a huge choice of radio stations available in London. The victims were ordered to strip naked and leave their belongings in the undressing room in a location that they could subsequently remember, before being led to the adjacent gas chamber. Local programming including news is provided by all main networks via city-based local station variants (eg: BBC One London or ITV London).

To avoid mass panic, the victims were told that they were going there for showering; to reinforce this impression, shower heads were fitted in the gas chamber, though never connected to a water supply. Like the BBC, these produce some programmes elsewhere in the UK, but London is their main production centre. Two of the crematoria (Krema II and Krema III) each had an underground undressing room and the underground gas chamber, capable of holding thousands of people. Other networks headquarted in London include ITV, Channel 4, Five and BSkyB. Those selected for extermination were sent to any of four massive gas chamber/crematorium complexes, all at the edge of the camp. Partly to counter complaints about London bias, the BBC announced in June 2004 that some departments are to be relocated to Manchester. Items such as banknotes, coins, jewellery, precious metals and diamonds were removed from "Canada" and shipped off to the Reichsbank. All the major television networks are headquartered in London including the BBC, which remains one of the world's most influential media organisations.

In another section known as "Canada" (so named because Germans believed that Canada was a land of vast riches), the belongings of the arriving victims were sorted and stored, to be transferred to the German government. The British media is concentrated in London and is sometimes accused of having a "London bias". One section of the camp was reserved for female prisoners. London is a major international communications centre with a virtually unrivaled number of media outlets. Those arriving prisoners who survived the initial selection would go on to spend some time in quarantine quarters and eventually work on the camp's maintenance or expansion or be sent to one of the surrounding satellite work camps. Secondly, there are other universities not part of the University of London, some of which were polytechnics until UK polytechnics were granted university status in 1992, and others which were founded much earlier. Young children were taken from their mothers and placed with older women to be gassed, along with the sick, weak and old. Constituent colleges have their own admissions procedures, and are effectively universities in their own right, although all degrees are awarded by the University of London rather than the individual colleges.

At other times, the Nazis would perform "selections", often administered by Josef Mengele, to the end of choosing whom to kill right away and whom to imprison as labour force or use for medical experiments. It comprises over 50 colleges and institutes with a high degree of autonomy. At times, the whole transport would be sent to its death immediately. First, the federal University of London which, with over 100,000 students, is the largest contact teaching university in the United Kingdom and in Europe. From 1944 railway tracks extended into the camp itself; before that, arriving prisoners were marched from the Auschwitz railway station to the camp. Universities in London may be divided into two groups. Most people arrived at the camp by rail, often after horrifying trips in cattle cars lasting several days. London has the largest student population of any British city, although not the highest per capita.

Large-scale extermination started in Spring 1942. This includes prominent universities such as Imperial College London, King's College London, University College London and the London School of Economics. For this purpose, the camp was equipped with four crematoria with gas chambers; each gas chamber was designed to hold up to 2,500 people at one time. London is home to a diverse number of universities, colleges and schools, and is a leading centre of research and development. The camp's main purpose, however, was not internment with forced labour (as Auschwitz I & III) but rather extermination. This service was a key part of the Olympic bid and will provide access from northern areas of the UK via King's Cross and Euston. The camp held up to 100,000 prisoners at one time. The new high-speed line, due to open in 2007, will be used by the regular 'Olympic Javelin' service with a journey time of 7 minutes between Stratford and St Pancras.

Fields as well as the camp itself were surrounded with barbed, electrified wire (which was used by some of the inmates to commit suicide). The main Olympic arenas will be sited close to Stratford International station, which is currently being constructed as part of the Channel Tunnel Rail Link. The camp was about 2.5 kilometres by 2 kilometres (1½ mi by 1¼ mi) large and was divided into several sections, each of which was separated into fields. Although winning the Games has acted as a catalyst for action, most of the work would still be completed if the bid had been unsuccessful. The camp was designed, according to the Bauhaus concept of functionalism and construction started in 1941, as part of the Final Solution (Endlösung). In preparation for the 2012 London Olympic Games, a total of £7 billion (€10 billion) will be spent on refurbishment and expansion of city links, mainly on the Underground. The camp is located in Brzezinka (Birkenau), about 3 kilometres (1.8 mi) from Auschwitz I. It is one of the most complex transit systems anywhere on the planet, with just over 1 billion journeys each year on the Underground alone.

It was the site of the imprisonment of hundreds of thousands, and the killings of over one million people, mainly Jews. The public transport network, administered by Transport for London (TfL), is one of the most extensive in the world, but faces congestion and reliability issues. Auschwitz II (Birkenau) is the camp that many people know simply as "Auschwitz". Transport is one of the four areas of policy administered by the Mayor of London, but the mayor's financial control is limited. It was staffed by women specifically selected for the purpose, and by some volunteers from the female prisoners most of whom were raped by the Nazis. The main docks are now at Tilbury, which is outside the boundary of Greater London. The camp brothel, established in the summer of 1943 on Himmler's order, was located in block 24 and was used to reward privileged prisoners. While the Port of London is now only the third-largest in the United Kingdom — rather than largest in the world, as it once was — it still handles 50 million tonnes of cargo each year.

Prisoners in the camp hospital who were not quick to recover were regularly killed by a lethal injection of phenol. Tourism is one of the UK's largest industries, and in 2003 employed the equivalent of 350,000 full-time workers in London [10]. Josef Mengele experimented on twins in the same complex. 31% of global currency transactions occur in London, with more US Dollars traded in London than New York, and more Euros traded there than every city in Europe combined. Dr. London is a leading global centre for professional services, and media and creative industries. Carl Clauberg conducted sterilization experiments on Jewish women in block 10 of Auschwitz I, with the aim of developing a simple injection method to be used on the Slavic people. More than half of the UK's top 100 listed companies (the FTSE) are headquartered in central London, and more than 70% in London's metropolitan area.

Dr. James's, the Strand and elsewhere. From April 1943 to May 1944, the gynecologist Prof. Some are in City of London, but more are located further west, in and around Mayfair, St. The first women arrived in the camp on March 26, 1942. Non-financial business headquarters are located throughout central London. This gas chamber operated from 1941 to 1942 and was then converted into an air-raid shelter. This is smaller than City of London, but has equally prestigious occupants, including the global headquarters of HSBC, Reuters, Barclays and the largest law firm in the world, Clifford Chance.

The tests deemed successful, a gas chamber and crematorium were constructed by converting a bunker. A second financial district is developing at Canary Wharf to the east of central London. The substance producing the highly-lethal cyanide gas was sold under the trade name Zyklon B, originally for use as a pesticide used to kill lice. The City of London is the largest financial centre in London, home to banks, brokers, insurers and legal and accounting firms. The first experiment was on 3 September, 1941, and it killed 600 Soviet POWs. London is also a large financial exporter making it a large contributor to the UK's balance of payments. In September 1941, the SS conducted poison gas tests in block 11, killing 850 Poles and Russians using cyanide. If it were it a country, the London metropolitan area would be the 13th largest economy in the world - higher than the GDP of Australia.

Others were executed by shooting, hanging or starving. The economic impact of the entire London metropolitan area is far higher, year-on-year accounting for approximately 30% of the UK's GDP [9] or $642 billion (estimate) in 2004. Some prisoners had to spend several days in tiny cells too small to sit down. As Europe's largest city economy, it generated $365 billion in 2004 (17% of the UK's Gross Domestic Product) although this only refers to the city proper. Block 11 of Auschwitz I was the "prison within the prison", where violations of the numerous rules were punished. London serves as an enormous engine for the global economy. The harsh work requirements, combined with poor nutrition and hygiene, led to high death rates among the prisoners. Greater London is divided into five Strategic Health Authorities [8].

All inmates had to work; except in the associated arms factories, Sundays were reserved for cleaning and showering and there were no work assignments. Health services in London are managed by the national government via the National Health Service (NHS). The various classes of prisoners were distinguishable by special marks on their clothes; Jews were generally treated the worst. The City of London has its own police force, the City of London Police. The SS selected some prisoners, often German criminals, as specially privileged supervisors of the other inmates (so-called: kapo). The territorial police force for the 32 London boroughs is the Metropolitan Police Service, more commonly referred to as the Metropolitan Police, or simply "the Met". Contrary to what is depicted in several films, the majority of the Jews were imprisoned in the Auschwitz II camp, and did not pass under this sign. For a list of London constituencies see List of Parliamentary constituencies in Greater London.

The camp's prisoners who left the camp during the day for construction or farm labour were made to march through the gate at the sounds of an orchestra. London is represented in Parliament by 74 MPs. The entrance to Auschwitz I was (and still is) marked with the cynical sign "Arbeit macht frei", "Work (shall) make (you) free" (or "work liberates"). The boroughs thus enjoyed "unitary status" and a degree of autonomy when the GLC was abolished, and although losing some powers which have been repatriated to the GLA they still retain many areas they did not control under the GLC. At any time, the camp held between 13,000 and 16,000 inmates; in 1942 the number reached 20,000. When the GLC was abolished, most of its functions were devolved to the London boroughs, while others were taken over by joint-boards or other unelected bodies. Jews were sent to the camp as well, beginning with the very first shipment (from Tarnów). Previous London wide administrative bodies were the Metropolitan Board of Works (MBW) from 1855 to 1889; the London County Council (LCC) from 1889 to 1965; and the Greater London Council (GLC) from 1965 to 1986.

Common German criminals, "anti-social elements" and 48 German homosexuals were also imprisoned there. The GLA was created in 2000 as a replacement body for the former Greater London Council (GLC) which was created in 1965 and abolished in 1986 after political disputes between the GLC (then led by Ken Livingstone) and the Conservative government of Margaret Thatcher. The camp was initially used for interning Polish intellectuals and resistance movement members, then also for Soviet Prisoners of War. Readmitted by that party in 2004, he was re-elected as Mayor as an official Labour candidate in the election later that year. A group of 728 Polish political prisoners from Tarnów became the first residents of Auschwitz on June 14th that year. Livingstone was expelled from the Labour Party when he opposed the official Labour candidate Frank Dobson in the 2000 Mayoral election. It was founded on May 20, 1940, on the basis of an old Polish brick army barracks. Despite opposition from all the main political parties and the press, his popularity with Londoners has remained high.

Auschwitz I served as the administrative center for the whole complex. The incumbent Mayor of London, Ken Livingstone, was elected as an independent candidate in the 2000 election. . The mayor is elected by the Supplementary Vote system while the assembly is elected by the Additional Member System. A common punishment for escape attempts was death by starvation; the families of successful escapees were sometimes arrested and interned in Auschwitz and prominently displayed to deter others. The GLA consists of the Mayor of London and the London Assembly. About 700 prisoners attempted to escape from the Auschwitz camps during the years of their operation, with about 300 attempts successful. The Greater London Authority (GLA) is the London-wide body responsible for co-ordinating the boroughs, strategic planning, and running some London-wide services such as policing, the fire service and transport.

Chief of the women's field was handled by Johanna Langefeld, Maria Mandel and last by Elisabeth Volkenrath. The City of London is run not by a conventional local authority, but by the historical Corporation of London. He was hanged in 1947 in front of the entrance to the crematorium of Auschwitz I. The boroughs are the most important unit of local government in London, and are responsible for running most local services in their respective areas. Höß provided a detailed description of the camp's workings during his interrogations after the war and also in his autobiography. Greater London is divided into the 32 London boroughs and the City of London. The commandants of the camp were the SS-Obersturmbannführers Rudolf Höß (sometimes transliterated in English as "Hoess") until Summer 1943, and later Arthur Liebehenschel and Richard Baer. This region extends to cover the commuter belt, and much of South East England and East of England, for example including the cities of Brighton and Oxford [5],[6],[7].

Like all Nazi concentration camps, the Auschwitz camps were operated by Heinrich Himmler's SS. In 2004, the Greater London Authority defined a metropolitan region centred on London with a population of 18 million. The exact number of people killed in the camps is not known, but most modern estimates are around 1.1-1.5 million. Discounting eastern Kent, northern Essex, and West Berkshire, the figure is closer to 12 million to 12.5 million people. See List of subcamps of Auschwitz for others. However, the definition used here for the metropolitan area of London should be taken with a lot of caution, as it includes areas quite far away from London, such as Dover, right by the English Channel, or Colchester, in the very north of Essex. The three main camps were:. If this definition is followed, then London is the largest metropolitan area of Europe, along with Moscow (whose metropolitan area has somewhere around 14 million people), and above Paris (11.5 million people in the metropolitan area in 2004).

The camps were a major element in the perpetration of the Holocaust, killing around 1.1-1.5 million people, of whom over 90% were Jews. One such definition describes the London metropolitan area (6,267 square miles, 16,043 km²) with a population of 13,945,000 (in 2001) [4]; larger than the combined populations of Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Beginning in 1940, Nazi Germany built several concentration camps and an extermination camp in the area, which at the time had been annexed by Nazi Germany. Without a specific national reference to London's metropolitan area, many different sources provide alternate definitions. The name is derived from the German name for the nearby Polish town of Oświęcim (pronounced [oʃˈventʃiːm]), situated about 60 kilometres (37 mi) southwest of Kraków. It is helped even less by confusion of the term "Greater London" with the political entity of the City of London, which is often confused with the metropolitan area. Auschwitz is the name loosely used to identify the largest Nazi extermination camp along with two main German concentration camps and 45-50 sub-camps. This has created much confusion when comparing London's true metropolitan area region with others around the world.

Indiana University Press, 1998, pp 60-70. This is left up to each individual city to define. Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp. Unlike many other countries, the UK does not provide national metropolitan area population figures based on commuter percentages and economic influence. ^ Yisrael Gutman, Michael Berenbaum, Raul Hilberg, Franciszek Piper, Yehuda Baur. London urban area is the third-largest in Europe, behind Moscow (11.7 million inhabitants in 2000) and Paris (9.6 million inhabitants in 1999). Auschwitz III (Monowitz), which served as a labor camp for the IG Farben company. (External reference: [3]).

Auschwitz II (Birkenau), an extermination camp and the site of the deaths of roughly 1.1 million Jews, 75,000 Poles, and some 19,000 Roma. The population of the urban area of London at the 2001 census, as calculated by the Office for National Statistics, was 8,278,251 inhabitants. Auschwitz I, the original concentration camp which served as the administrative centre for the whole complex, and was the site of the deaths of roughly 70,000 people, mostly Poles and Soviet Prisoners of War. The Irish are the largest foreign-born group in London (numbering approximately 200,000). 21.8% of inhabitants were born outside the European Union. The largest religious groupings are Christian (58.2%), No Religion (15.8%), Muslim (7.2%), Hindu (4.1%), Jewish (2.1%), and Sikh (1.5%).

In the 2001 census, 71% of these seven million people classed their ethnic group as white (classified as British White (60%), Irish White (3%) or "Other White" (8%) in the 2001 census), 12% as Indian, Bangladeshi, Pakistani or "Other Asian" (mostly Sri Lankan and other South Asian ethnicities), 5% as black African, 5% as black Caribbean, 1% as "Other Black", 3% as mixed race, 1% as Chinese and 2% as Other (mostly Filipino, Japanese, and Vietnamese). The official estimate of London's population in mid-2003 is 7,387,900 [2]. Subsequent reviews suggested that the returns were understated, and that the population on Census Day was closer to 7.29 million. The city and the 32 boroughs (some 610 square miles or 1,579 km&sup2) had an estimated 7,421,228 inhabitants in 2004, making London the most populous city in Europe alongside Moscow.

Residents of London are known as Londoners. London was the most populous city in the world from 1825 until 1925, when it was overtaken by New York. London had about 860,000 people in 1801 (in comparison, Paris had about 670,000 in 1802), and the population of Edo (modern-day Tokyo, Japan), at the time the largest city in the world, has been estimated at 1 million to 1.25 million people. Brixton, Camberwell, Lewisham and Peckham are home to many families (and their descendants) who immigrated to London from the West Indies during the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s, sometimes known as Afro-Caribbeans.

It is also has a popular market. It is an historic neighbourhood and boasts a fine park and the Royal Greenwich Observatory. Greenwich is on the banks of the Thames where the river broadens into a wide meandering reach of muddy water. Redevelopment of the Elephant and Castle, a road intersection and district close to the centre, is due to start in 2006.

South London contains such diverse districts as Wimbledon (famous as the home of the major tennis Wimbledon Championships), Bermondsey, Clapham, Eltham, Lewisham, Woolwich, Blackheath, Southwark, New Cross and Dulwich. North London's other world-famous football team, Tottenham Hotspur, play in nearby Tottenham. Islington is considered one of the more affluent areas in London, due to large scale gentrification, although it is in fact one of the most deprived boroughs in the country; it is also home to Arsenal football club. Many areas have significant minority populations including Stamford Hill, home to a significant community of Orthodox Jews and Muslims, the Green Lanes area of Harringay and the Finsbury Park area have large Turkish and Greek communities.

Large parks include Hampstead Heath, which includes Parliament Hill, noted for its fine views over the city, and the Hampstead bathing ponds; and Alexandra Park, site of Alexandra Palace. North London is hillier than the south, and many of the hills give excellent views across the city. North London includes suburbs such as Hampstead and Highgate, which retain a village atmosphere. This corner of London is home to Richmond Park, London's largest, and Twickenham, the home of English rugby union.

Considered more south-west than West London on account of its being the only London borough to straddle the River Thames, Richmond upon Thames includes the attractive riverside districts of Richmond and Twickenham. Further to the west, at White City, near Shepherd's Bush, is the principal operating centre for the BBC, while in the extreme west, in the London Borough of Hillingdon, lies Europe's largest and busiest airport, London Heathrow. The area is also famous for the Kings Road, a distinguished and attractive shopping street and thoroughfare. Kensington and Chelsea are the most expensive places to live in the country.

Within the district is the famous antique market at Portobello Road. The carnival attracts up to 1.5 million people, making it the largest street festival in the world. The Notting Hill Carnival is an annual event led by members of the Caribbean community, many of whom have lived in the area since the 1950s. West London includes many of the traditionally fashionable and expensive residential areas such as Notting Hill, made better known in 1999 by a film of the same name starring Hugh Grant and Julia Roberts.

Further east in the London Borough of Newham are London City Airport and the ExCeL Exhibition Centre. There has also been a great deal of gentrification and residential development in the area: North of the Thames around Limehouse Basin and toward Wapping, as well as south of the Thames in Rotherhithe where former wharfs and the old docks have been converted into high-priced loft apartments for a community of bankers, software developers and others working in the financial service industries in and around Docklands. The Docklands Light Railway (DLR) serves the area, connecting to the London Underground at Bank, Shadwell, Canning Town and Stratford stations. Attracted by this growth, restaurants, bars and nightclubs have opened, there are three interconnected shopping malls beneath the Canary Wharf structure, and a cinema complex has opened in the area.

A new headquarters for HSBC and Barclays as well as the European headquarters of Citigroup, have now been completed, and are in use. A massive-scale development within the last three or four years has added a great many more skyscrapers, and many large businesses (investment banks, law firms, etc.) have moved in. The London Docklands Development Corporation (LDDC) was set up in 1981 to accelerate the process, and the first phases of major development started to reshape the area, culminating in Canary Wharf, whose best-known feature is the 1 Canada Square office tower (which is often incorrectly called "Canary Wharf"), which has been the UK's tallest skyscraper since 1991. This inevitably drew the attention of property developers who gradually (and then not so gradually) moved in to take over.

For a period in the early-1980s, many warehouse buildings in Wapping had been occupied and used as artists' studios and low-cost loft living spaces. The London Docklands, on the Isle of Dogs along the Thames in the East End, has developed enormously since the early-1980s. East end of London is also home to the longest street market in europe- Walthamstow market. The area has many places of interest including many of London's markets, (for example Columbia Road Flower Market, Spitalfields Market, Brick Lane Market, Petticoat Lane Market), and several museums, including the Geffrye Museum and the Museum of Childhood in Bethnal Green.

The East End extends from the eastern side of the City of London and includes areas such as Whitechapel, Mile End, Bethnal Green, Hackney, Bow, Millwall and Poplar. Successive waves of immigrants include the French, the Huguenots, Belgians, Jews, Gujaratis, Pakistanis, Bangladeshis and many other groups. The East End of London is closest to the original Port of London, and tended for that reason to be the area of the city where immigrants arriving into the port would settle first. This is the second time in modern history that East London has seen large-scale rebuilding: it took the full force of the Blitz in World War Two, with post-war reconstruction leaving a legacy of bleak housing estates and tower blocks in several areas.

It was also key to London's successful bid to host the 2012 Olympics, and is now scheduled to undergo extensive regeneration in the run-up to the games. East London saw much of London's early industrial development and much of it now is being extensively redeveloped as part of the Thames Gateway. Regent Street and Bond Street are important thoroughfares. It is adjacent to Mayfair, and Green Park.

Piccadilly is an elegant thoroughfare running from Piccadilly Circus in the east to Hyde Park Corner in the west. Soho is also well known for its very lively club and bar scene, the notorious sex industry and as the major "gay quarter" of the city. South of Oxford Street's eastern end is Soho, a network of small streets crowded with restaurants, pubs, clubs, smaller shops and boutiques, and theaters and cinemas, as well as media companies and film, advertising and post-production companies. West of the City, Covent Garden is home to the Avenue of Stars, London's version of Hollywood's Walk of Fame.

Tottenham Court Road runs north from the eastern end of Oxford Street towards the north of the city centre, and is best known for its plethora of hi-fi, computer and electronics stores. Running from Charing Cross Road in the east to Marble Arch in the west, via Oxford Circus where it crosses Regent Street, it is home to many large department stores and shops (Selfridges, John Lewis, Marks and Spencer). Oxford Street is one of the best-known and busiest shopping streets in the world. Trafalgar Square is the most prominent landmark.

The West End is the most popular shopping and entertainment district in London. Its primacy as the chief financial district has been directly challenged in recent years by Canary Wharf in East London. 7,000) resident population, but a daytime working population of more than 300,000. The City has only a small (c.

Once dominated by the dome of St Paul's Cathedral, it is now home to many skyscrapers, including Tower 42 (formerly, and popularly still, known as the NatWest Tower) and 30 St Mary Axe (popularly known as the "Gherkin", built in 2003). The City also has its own police force, the City of London police. It is governed by the Corporation of London, an ancient body headed by the Lord Mayor of London. The City of London is the principal financial district of the United Kingdom, and is one of the most important in the world.

London is an international center of culture in all its forms - music, theater, arts, museums, festivals and much more. There are many other places of interest across the city. Other important tourist attractions include St Paul's Cathedral, the National Gallery; the South Bank and Bankside areas of Southwark with the Globe Theatre and the Tate Modern; London Bridge, Tower Bridge, the Tower of London, and the Tate Britain on the Embankment; and the British Museum in Bloomsbury. James's Palace; the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea with its museums (the Science Museum, Natural History Museum, and Victoria and Albert Museum) and Hyde Park.

Tourist attractions are located mainly in Central London, comprising the historic City of London; the West End with its many cinemas, bars, clubs, theaters, shops and restaurants; the City of Westminster with Westminster Abbey, the royal residences of Buckingham Palace, Clarence House and St. London is one of the most visited cities on earth. While very busy during the working week, most parts of the City tend to be quiet at weekends, since it is primarily a non-residential area. The London foreign exchange market is the largest in the world, with an average daily turnover of $504 billion, more than the New York and Tokyo exchanges combined.

The headquarters of more than 100 of Europe’s 500 largest companies are all in London. The City of London (also known as the "Square Mile") is at the center of international finance, and is Europe’s main business center. The dominant centre of activity in London is the City of Westminster (including the West End) which is the main cultural, entertainment and consumer district, the location of most of London's major corporate headquarters outside of the financial services sector, and the centre of the UK's national government. 12 of these boroughs are defined as Inner London, the remaining 20 defined as Outer London.

Today Greater London comprises the City of London and the 32 London boroughs (including the City of Westminster). A series of attempted/fake bombings also took place on 21 July 2005; however in the latter incident there was no fatalities. The explosions came less than 24 hours after London was awarded the 2012 Summer Olympics and as the G-8 summit was underway in Gleneagles, Scotland. On 7 July 2005, there was a series of coordinated bomb attacks by Islamic extremist suicide bombers on three underground stations and a bus, killing 52 people and injuring over 700.

Until their 1997 ceasefire, London was regularly a target for IRA bombers seeking to pressure the British government into negotiations with Sinn Féin on Northern Ireland. The rebuilding during the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s was characterised by a wide range of architectural styles and has resulted in a lack of unity in architecture that has become part of London's character. The bombing killed over 30,000 Londoners and flattened large tracts of housing and other buildings across London. Probably the most significant changes to London in the last 100 years were as a result of the Blitz and other bombing by the German Luftwaffe that took place during World War II.

In 1889 the MBW was abolished, and the County of London was created and was administered by the London County Council, the first elected London-wide administrative body. In 1855 the Metropolitan Board of Works was created to provide London with infrastructure to cope with its growth. London's local government system struggled to cope with this rapid growth, especially in providing the city with adequate infrastructure. Rebuilding took over 10 years but London's growth accelerated in the 18th century and, by the early-19th century, was the largest city in the world.

In 1666, the Great Fire of London swept through and destroyed a large part of the City of London. From the 16th to the early-20th century, London flourished as the capital of the British Empire. London has grown steadily over centuries, surrounding and making suburbs of neighboring villages and towns, farmland, countryside, meadows and woodlands, spreading in every direction. Eventually, Westminster and London grew together and formed the basis of London, becoming England's largest – though not capital – city (Winchester was the capital city of England until the 12th century).

Westminster was once a distinct town, and has been the seat of the English royal court and government since the mediæval era. The old Roman city (then called Lundenburh) was reoccupied during the late-9th or early-10th century because a fortified place was needed during the Viking attacks. After the fall of the Roman Empire, Roman Londinium was abandoned and a Saxon village named Lundenwic was established approximately one mile to the west in what is now Aldwych, in the 7th century, probably using the mouth of the River Fleet as a trading ship and fishing boat harbor. The Celts burnt the relatively new Roman town to the ground, and archaeological digs have revealed a layer of red ash beneath the City of London, which is believed to be the burnt remains of the old Roman town.

Around AD 61 the Iceni tribe of Celts lead by Queen Boudica stormed London and took the city from the Romans. His statue can be seen hidden at the church of St Dunstan's In The West, Fleet Street. It was said that Lud laid out the first set of roads in the city. Another suggestion for where the name of the city comes from could be that of the mythical leader, King Lud.

According to findings displayed in The Museum of London, the initial language of London was Latin with much Greek spoken due to the presence of Greek speaking Roman soldiers and businessmen. This fortified Roman settlement was the capital of the province of Britannia. overgrown or forested) place. The BBC History website, however, claims that the name Londinium is actually "Celtic, not Latin, and may originally have referred to a previous farmstead on the site"; the root is 'Lond' meaning 'wild' (i.e.

The name London is commonly thought to have come from the Latin name Londinium, as London was founded by the Romans during their reign over the land, around AD 43– although there is some slight evidence of pre-Roman settlement. London's large built-up area creates a microclimate, with heat stored by the city's buildings: sometimes temperatures are 5°C (9°F) warmer in the city than in the surrounding areas. London's average annual precipitation of less than 24 inches (600 mm) is lower than that of Rome or Sydney. In recent winters, snow has rarely settled to more than an inch (25 mm).

Heavy snowfalls are almost unknown. The highest temperature ever recorded in London was 38.1°C (100.6°F), measured at Kew Gardens during the European Heat Wave of 2003. Summer temperatures rarely rise much above 33°C (91°F), though higher temperatures have become more common recently. It has regular but generally light precipitation throughout the year.

London has a temperate climate, with warm but seldom hot summers, cool but rarely severe winters. The Thames Barrier was constructed across the Thames at Woolwich in the 1970s to deal with this threat, but in early-2005 it was suggested that a ten-mile-long barrier further downstream might be required to deal with the flood risk in the future [1]. The threat has increased over time due to a slow but continuous rise in high water level and the slow 'tilting' of Britain (up in the north and down in the south) caused by post-glacial rebound. The Thames is a tidal river, and London is vulnerable to flooding.

It has been extensively embanked, and many of its London tributaries now flow underground. The Thames was once a much broader, shallower river than it is today with extensive marshlands. Today, there are a few hills in London, examples being Parliament Hill and Primrose Hill, they provide fine prospects of the city centre without significantly affecting the directions of the spread of the city and London is therefore roughly circular. When more bridges were built in the 18th century, the city expanded in all directions as the mostly flat or gently rolling countryside around the Thames floodplain presented no obstacle to growth.

As a result, the main focus of the city was on the north side of the Thames. London was founded on the north bank of the Thames and, for many centuries, there was only a single bridge, London Bridge. The river had a major influence on the development of the city. London used to be identified by its port on the Thames, which is a navigable river.

Greater London covers an area of 609 square miles (1,579 km²). The Romans may have marked the center of Londinium with the London Stone in the City. The coordinates of the center of London (traditionally considered to be Charing Cross, near the junction of Trafalgar Square, the Strand, Whitehall and the Mall) are approximately 51°30′N 0°8′W. There are other definitions of "London" which cover varying areas, such as the London postal districts; the area covered by the telephone area code 020; the area accessible by public transport using a Transport for London travelcard; the area delimited by the M25 orbital motorway; the Metropolitan Police District; and the London commuter belt.

The metropolitan area of the County of London was previously covered by the Metropolitan Board of Works. Between 1889 and 1965 it referred to the former County of London which covered the area now known as Inner London. Historically, "London" referred to the square mile of the City of London at the conurbation's heart, from which the city grew. Today, "London" usually refers to the conurbation known as Greater London, which is divided into thirty-two London Boroughs, the City of Westminster and the City of London and forms the London region of England.

. Nonetheless, it remains the de facto capital and, through common law, part of the UK's unwritten constitution. London's status as the Capital has never been granted or confirmed officially —by statute or in written form. It has many important buildings and iconic landmarks, including world-famous museums, theatres, concert halls, galleries, airports, sports stadia and palaces.

A city where cutting-edge meets tradition, London is a major tourist destination and an international transportation hub. London is the home of many global organisations, institutions and companies, and as such retains its leading role in world affairs. London is also known by other names in other languages. Over 300 languages are spoken in London, making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world.

A resident of London is referred to as a Londoner. London's population includes an extremely diverse range of peoples, cultures, and religions, making it one of the most cosmopolitan, vibrant and energetic cities on earth. Initially a Roman town known as Londinium, nowadays London is the most populous city in the European Union, with an estimated population on 1 January 2005 of 7.5 million and a metropolitan area population of between 12 and 14 million. London is one of the world's four major global cities (along with New York City, Tokyo and Paris).

London is a leader in international finance, politics, communications, entertainment, fashion and the arts and has considerable influence worldwide. London produces 17% of the UK's GDP, and is one of the world's major business, political and cultural centres. London is the capital city of the United Kingdom and of England. New Year’s Day Parade.

2000 – Millennium Dome. 1951 – Festival of Britain. 1924 – British Empire Exhibition at Wembley. 1908 – Franco-British Exhibition (1908).

1899 – Greater Britain Exhibition (1899). 1886 – Colonial and Indian Exhibition (1886). 1871-74 – Four Annual International Exhibitions. 1862 – International Exhibition (1862).

1851 – Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations — The Crystal Palace. Project Gotham Racing 3. Project Gotham Racing. Tomb Raider 3.

Nightmare Creatures. Midtown Madness 2. Godzilla: Save The Earth. Grand Theft Auto: London, 1969 and Grand Theft Auto: London, 1961.

The Getaway & The Getaway: Black Monday. "Waterloo Sunset" by The Kinks (recently voted London's 'national anthem' by Time Out magazine). "No Place like London" by Stephen Sondheim from the musical Sweeney Todd, the Demon Barber of Fleet Street. "Swinging London" by London from the album Animal Games.

"Streets of London" by Ralph McTell. "Maybe It's Because I'm a Londoner" by Hubert Gregg. "London Bridge is falling down", traditional nursery rhyme. "London's Burning" by The Clash.

"London Calling" by The Clash from the album London Calling. "London" by Pet Shop Boys. "London" by The Smiths. "Doing the Lambeth Walk", Music Hall favourite.

The Young Ones. Yes Prime Minister. Yes Minister. Ultraviolet.

Spooks. Spaced. Only Fools and Horses. Minder.

Men Behaving Badly. Man About The House. London's Burning. Little Britain.

Family Affairs. EastEnders. Doctor Who. Bottom.

The Bill. Are You Being Served?. Absolutely Fabulous. Highgate Cemetery is an interesting cemetery where many famous people are buried, for example Karl Marx and Michael Faraday.

The Avenue of Stars is a walkway based on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, honouring those who have made notable achievements in the entertainments industry. The Millennium Dome will become an indoor sports hall, and Battersea Power Station will become a shopping and leisure facility. However mixed use developments centred on both buildings are due to commence in 2005. Battersea Power Station and the Millennium Dome are two architecturally interesting buildings which currently stand empty.

Now near the site of Marble Arch and Hyde Park. Tyburn was the location for many infamous executions by hanging. The Old Bailey The Central Criminal Court with famous trials but inconvenient for the unprepared tourist since personal items prohibited include bags and mobile phones. Harrods.

Covent Garden. Brick Lane Market. Petticoat Lane Market. Portobello Road Market.

Borough Market. Knightsbridge. West End. Westminster Abbey.

Tower 42 (formerly known as the Natwest Tower). Temple of Mithras. Tate Modern (formerly Bankside Power Station). Tate Gallery (now known as Tate Britain).

Syon House. Somerset House. St Paul's Cathedral. St Pancras Station.

Shri Swaminarayan Mandir in Neasden. Royal Opera House. Royal Greenwich Observatory and the Greenwich Meridian. Royal Festival Hall.

Royal Exchange. Royal Courts of Justice. Royal Albert Hall. Palace of Westminster (Parliament and tower containing Big Ben).

National Gallery, London. National Portrait Gallery, London. Nelson's Column. The Monument (to the Great Fire of London).

Millennium Dome. Marble Arch. Lloyd's building. Kensington Palace.

Lambeth Palace. Hampton Court Palace. Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Fountain. Cleopatra's Needle.

Clarence House. City Hall. Bush House. Buckingham Palace.

BT Tower (Formerly known as the Post Office Tower and Telecom Tower). Broadcasting House. British Library. Battersea Power Station.

Bank of England. Alexandra Palace. Albert Memorial. 30 St Mary Axe (Home of Swiss Re, and also known as "The Gherkin" or even the "Erotic Gherkin").

1 Canada Square (the centrepiece of Canary Wharf). Trafalgar Square. Tower of London. Tower Bridge.

Theatreland. South Bank. Piccadilly Circus. Madame Tussaud's.

London Zoo. London Planetarium. London Eye. London Aquarium.

The London Dungeon. Leicester Square. Horse Guards Parade. Downing Street.

Covent Garden. Chinatown. Camden Town. Buckingham Palace.