VHS

. The term "womanhood" merely means the state of being a woman; "femininity" is used to refer to a set of supposedly typical female qualities associated with a certain attitude to gender roles; "womanliness" is like "femininity", but is usually associated with a different view of gender roles; "femaleness" is a general term, but is often used as shorthand for "human femaleness"; "distaff" is an archaic adjective derived from women's conventional role as a spinner, now used only as a deliberate archaism; "muliebrity" is a neologism meant to provide a female counterpart of "virility", but used very loosely, sometimes to mean merely "womanhood", sometimes "femininity", and sometimes even as a collective term for women. However, Tivos and DVRs are the main competitors with the VHS in home recording. There are various words used to refer to the quality of being a woman. It can also be more convenient to use VHS tapes because they can be rewritten easily, and VCRs can be easier than DVD recorders to use. A number of other derogatory terms for women are also in common usage. Despite DVD's better quality, however, VHS is still widely used in home recording of television programs, due to the large installed base and the lower cost of VHS recorders. Some regard non-parallel usages, such as men and girls, as sexist.

Commentators predict that 2006 will be the final year of new releases on VHS, as major studios continue to phase out VHS. In this sense, girl may be considered to be the analogue to the British word bloke for a man. Moreover, most television programs released as box sets are for sale in DVD format only. In more informal settings, the use of girl to refer to an adult female is also common practice in certain usage (such as girls' night out), even among elderly women. Many films released to theaters from 2004 onwards have later been released only on DVD and not on VHS, and many other new feature films are being released solely on DVD. Referring to an unmarried female as woman can, in such a culture, imply that she is sexually experienced, which would be an insult to her family. retailers Circuit City and Best Buy stopped selling VHS tapes in 2002 and 2003, respectively. Conversely, in certain non-Western cultures which link family honor with female virginity, the word girl is still used to refer to a never-married woman; in this sense it is used in a fashion roughly analogous to the obsolete English maid or maiden.

Major U.S. The use remains commonplace in several other English-speaking countries. The DVD format was introduced in 1997 and has since overtaken VHS in sales and rentals. Since the early 1970s, feminists have challenged such usage, and today, using the word in the workplace (as in office girl) is typically considered inappropriate in the United States and United Kingdom because it implies a view of women as infantile. In addition, it offers superior audiovisual quality, and the storage of data in digital format on tape makes for improved transfer and editing. Nowadays girl is also often used colloquially to refer to a young or unmarried woman. MiniDV has largely replaced 8mm tapes as the de facto camcorder standard in more recent years as it is smaller still (some MiniDV camcorders being no larger than one's hand). The word girl originally meant "young person of either sex"; it was only around the beginning of the 16th century that it came to mean specifically a female child.

8mm tapes, introduced in the early 1980s, succeeded as a format for camcorders (both in the consumer, and to an extent, professional market), as VHS and Betamax camcorders were unsuitably large and heavy in comparison. As previously mentioned, the term man continues to carry its original sense of "Human", though this usage results in an asymmetry which is sometimes criticized as sexist. As these cassettes are much more compact in design — which also means the hardware to play and record the tapes has to be more compact than VHS, and therefore more expensive — they are much more suited to portable applications such as camcorders. The equivalents for "man" in Old English were wer (a cognate of Latin vir, "man") and wǣpnedmann, literally "weaponed person". Other formats such as 8mm video cassettes and MiniDV have emerged since, but these formats are by no means in complete competition with VHS. This formation is peculiar to English. Netscape. The English language's original word for "woman" was Old English wīf, akin to German Weib; it later became the modern word "wife." The modern word "woman" etymologically derives from wīfmann, with the addition of mann, "person", from Germanic mannaz.

Windows and Microsoft vs. These changes and struggles are among the foci of the academic field of women's studies.
. IBM, Macintosh vs. Despite these advances, modern women in Western society still face challenges in the workplace as well as with the topics of education, violence, health care, and motherhood to name a few. The format war and the "marketing over technology" claims have taken on a life of their own, and have been used as analogies in the battles of the computer industry, including Apple vs. Through a combination of economic changes and the efforts of the feminist movement in recent decades women in most societies now have access to careers beyond the traditional one of "homemaker". Sony ultimately conceded the fight in the late '80s, bringing out a line of VHS VCRs. The difficulties of obtaining this recognition are due to historical factors combined with the habits and customs history has produced.

Ultimately Betamax did manage to make up some of the difference on recording time, but this was too little, too late. The women's movement is in part a struggle for the recognition of equality of opportunity with men, and for equal rights irrespective of sex, even if special relations and conditions are willingly incurred under the form of partnership involved in marriage. The longer tape time is sometimes cited as the defining factor in the format war, as the longer VHS tapes allowed consumers to record entire programs unattended, and arguably created the entire video rental industry by providing sufficient playing time for most feature films to be distributed on a single cassette. Eventually, restricting women from wage labor came to be a mark of wealth and prestige in a family, while the presence of working women came to mark a household as being lower-class. Betamax held an early lead in the format war, offering some technical advantages, but by 1980 VHS was gaining due to its longer tape time (3 hours maximum, compared to just 60 minutes for Betamax) and JVC's less strict licensing program. For poorer women, especially among the working classes, this often remained an ideal, for economic necessity has long compelled them to seek employment outside the home, although the occupations traditionally open to working-class women were lower in prestige and pay than those open to men. In fact, however, the root causes of VHS' victory are somewhat more complex. Traditional gender roles for middle-class women typically involved domestic tasks emphasizing child care, and did not involve entering employment for wages.

Since Betamax was widely perceived at the time as the better format, it is often stated that VHS' eventual victory was a victory of marketing over technical excellence. In more recent history, the gender roles of women have changed greatly. As mentioned, VHS was the winner of a protracted and somewhat bitter format war during the early 1980s against Sony's Betamax format. Because of their intimate knowledge of plant life, most anthropologists argue that it was women who led the Neolithic Revolution and became history's first pioneers of agriculture. Conversely, an E-300 tape runs for 300 minutes in PAL-SP, but 200 minutes in NTSC-SP. In hunter-gatherer societies, women were generally the gatherers of plant foods, while men hunted meat. For example, a T-120 tape runs for 120 minutes in NTSC-SP, but 180 minutes in PAL-SP. In many prehistoric cultures, women assumed a particular cultural role.

It can easily be derived by multiplying with 3/2 or 2/3, respectively. Main article: gender role. It is perfectly possible to record and play back a blank T-XXX tape in a PAL machine or a blank E-XXX tape in an NTSC machine, but the resulting playing time will be different than indicated. Matthew 19: 3-12 ^[NIV] provides detail on early Christian views on divorce (there are many other passages that speak of marriage and divorce both in Old and New Testaments, however) by relating:. In order to avoid confusion, manufacturers indicate the playing time in minutes that can be expected for the market the tape is sold in:. Moreover, if the virgin brother refused to carry out the duty, he did not have to fulfill the duty, and the woman was given municipal compensation. Both NTSC and PAL/SECAM VHS cassettes are physically identical (although the signals recorded on the tape are incompatible.) However, as tape speeds differ between NTSC and PAL/SECAM, the playing time for any given cassette will vary accordingly between the systems. It was possible for a divorced or a widowed woman to get remarried, but, if a widow was childless (and if her deceased husband had no children before he married her), she was to marry her deceased husband's brother if the brother was not married himself already.

Likewise, S-VHS machines for the Brazilian market record in NTSC and convert to/from PAL-M. The vow of marriage could be disallowed by her father, and daughters could inherit only in the absence of sons (and then they were required to marry within their tribe). S-VHS machines sold in SECAM markets record internally in PAL, and convert to/from SECAM during record/playback, respectively. Besides these instances, there was much legislation dealing with, inter alia, offences against chastity, and marriage of a man with a captive heathen woman or with a purchased slave, and a similar set of rules applied to man as well. S-VHS only exists in PAL/625/25 and NTSC/525/30. The ordeal was suppose to cast a curse on the adulterer (Deut 22:13~30). Dedicated multistandard machines can usually handle all standards listed, some high end model can even convert a tape from one standard to another by using a built-in standards converter. If the evidences were lacking, then the guilt or innocence of a wife accused of adultery might be tried by the ordeal of the bitter water.

regular VHS machines sold in Europe nowadays can typically handle PAL, MESECAM for record and playback, plus NTSC for playback only. A husband could sign a certificate of divorce if he found indecency in his wife, but if the husband accused his wife of misconduct and if proven otherwise, he was whipped and fined and could not divorce the woman until his death. E.g. In most cases, divorce was carried out when the husband or the wife commited adultery, in which case the adulterer was stoned (unless shown mercy). These can handle VHS tapes of more than one standards. In the Mosaic law, divorce was not to be performed easily—only under certain circumstances. Since the 1990s dual- and multistandard VHS machines have become more and more common. Some early legal systems that are the antecedents of modern systems formalized female dependency.

The following signal varieties exist in conventional VHS:. In general, women suffer from the same illnesses as men; however there are some sex-related illnesses that are found more commonly or exclusively in women. Typically, a VHS machine can only handle signals of the country it was sold in. Women generally reach menopause in their late 40s or early 50s, at which point their ovaries cease producing estrogen and they can no longer become pregnant. However, a machine must be designed to record a given standard. The study of female reproduction and reproductive organs is called gynaecology. VHS can record and play back all varieties of analogue television signals in existence at the time VHS was devised. After the onset of menarche, most women are able to become pregnant and bear children.

This format is most notably used by Fox for some of its cable networks. Out of the total population there are 101.3 men for every 100 women (source: 2001 World Almanac). This format is the least expensive format to support a pre-read edit. Women have a lower death rate than men, even in the uterus, living on average five years longer due to a combination of factors: genetics (redundant and varied genes present on sex chromosomes in women); sociology (such as not being expected in most countries to perform military service); health-impacting choices (such as suicide or the use of cigarettes and alcohol); the presence of the female hormone estrogen, which has a cardioprotective effect in premenopausal women; and the effect of high levels of androgens in men. There is also a JVC-designed component digital professional production format known as Digital-S or (officially) D9 that uses a VHS form factor tape and essentially the same mechanical tape handling techniques as an S-VHS recorder. Although fewer females than males are born (the ratio is around 1:1.05), due to a longer life expectancy there are only 81 men aged 60 or over for every 100 women, and among the oldest, there are only 53 men for every 100 women. This development hampered the sales of the Betamax system somewhat, because the Betamax cassette geometry prevented a similar development. Most women have the karyotype 46,XX, but around one in a thousand will be 47,XXX and one in 2500 will be 45,X.

The magnetic tape on VHS-C cassettes is wound on one main spool and uses a gear wheel to advance the tape; the wheel and spool can also be moved by hand. In terms of biology, the female sex organs are involved in the reproductive system, whereas the secondary sex characteristics are involved in nurturing children or attracting a mate. Since VHS-C tapes are based on the same magnetic tape as full size tapes, they can be played back in standard VHS players using a mechanical adapter, without the need of any kind of signal conversion. (See gender identity.). Another variant is VHS-C (C for compact), used in some camcorders. Some women can have abnormal hormonal or chromosomal differences (such as congenital adrenal hyperplasia, complete or partial androgen insensitivity syndrome or other intersex conditions), and there are women who may be without, at least for an earlier part of their lives, typical female physiology (trans, transgendered or transsexual women). W-VHS caters for high definition video. Biological factors are not the sole determinants of whether persons are considered, or consider themselves, women.

Devices have also been invented which directly connect a personal computer to VHS tape recorders for use as a data backup device. Alchemists constructed the symbol from a circle (representing spirit) above a cross (representing matter). Several improved versions of VHS exist, most notably S-VHS, an improved analog standard, and D-VHS, which records digital video onto a VHS form factor tape. The Venus symbol also represented femininity, and in ancient alchemy stood for copper. There was a time when higher-end VCRs provided functions for manually removing and adding these index marks — so that, for example, they coincide with the actual start of the program — but this feature has become hard to find in recent models. The symbol for the planet Venus is the sign also known in biology for the female sex: a stylized representation of the goddess Venus's hand mirror: a circle with a small cross underneath (Unicode: ♀). These are normally written at the beginning of each recording session, and can be found using the VCR's index search function: this will fast-wind forward or backward to the nth specified index mark, and resume playback from there. [1] (See also Womyn.).

The control track can additionally hold index marks. "Man" does continue to carry its original sense of "Human" however, resulting in an asymmetry sometimes criticized as sexist. Since good tracking depends on the exact distance between the rotating drum and the fixed control/audio head reading the linear tracks, which usually varies by a couple of micrometers between machines due to manufacturing tolerances, most VCRs offer tracking adjustment, either manual or automatic, to correct such mismatches. In Middle English man displaced wer as term for "male human", whilst wyfman (which eventually evolved into woman) was retained for "female human". Another linear control track, at the tape's lower edge, holds pulses that mark the beginning of every frame of video; these are used to fine-tune the tape speed during playback and to get the rotating heads exactly on their helical tracks rather than having them end up somewhere between two adjacent tracks (a feature called tracking). In Old English the words wer and wyf (also wæpman and wifman) were what was used to refer to "a man" and "a woman" respectively, and "man" was gender neutral. These advanced features are impossible to find on later-model VCRs due to the rise of digital video formats. This is indeed the oldest usage of "man".

Another high-end feature was manual audio level control, which made the VHS HiFi format much more useful for high-quality audio-only recording purposes as discussed above. The English term "man" (from Proto-Germanic mannaz "man, person") and words derived therefrom can designate any or even all of the human race regardless of their gender or age. (Due to the different ways in which linear and HiFi audio are recorded, these kinds of dubbing were not possible with the HiFi tracks). . Without the dubbing features, this task would've required the tape to be copied to another tape which would cause generational loss. The term woman (irregular plural: women) is used to indicate biological sex distinctions, cultural gender role distinctions, or both. This was useful, for example, for laying a song over a previously edited-together montage of short video clips that were the same total duration as that song. A woman is an adult female human, as contrasted with a man (an adult male), and a girl, (a female child).

These would move the tape past the heads and keep the video unchanged while recording new linear audio or keep the linear audio unchanged while recording new video, respectively. Some higher-end VHS and S-VHS VCRs once offered "audio dubbing" and "video dubbing" functions. Of course, for backward compatibility, hi-fi VCRs still write the linear audio track during recording, and can automatically read it during playback if the hi-fi audio is not present. The excellent sound quality of hi-fi VHS has gained it some popularity as an audio format in certain applications; in particular, ordinary home hi-fi VCRs are sometimes used by home recording enthusiasts as a handy and inexpensive medium for making high-quality stereo mixdowns and master recordings from multitrack audio tape.

When the video signal is written by the following video head, it erases and overwrites the audio signal at the surface of the tape, but leaves the deeper portion of the signal undisturbed. These audio tracks take advantage of depth multiplexing: since they use lower frequencies than the video, their magnetization signals penetrate deeper into the tape. More recent hi-fi VCRs add higher-quality stereo audio tracks which are read and written by heads located on the same spinning drum that carries the video heads, frequency modulated to the unused frequency range in between the chroma and luma signals. In the original VHS format, audio was recorded unmodulated in a single (monaural) linear track at the upper edge of the tape, which was limited in frequency response by the tape speed.

The video bandwidth is achieved with a relatively low tape speed by the use of helical scan recording of a frequency modulated luminance (black and white) signal, to which a frequency-reduced "color under" chroma (hue and saturation) signal is added. The vertical resolution of VHS (and all other analog recording methods) is determined by the TV standard — a maximum of 486 lines are visible in NTSC and a maximum of 576 lines in PAL. The frequency modulation of the luminance signal makes higher resolutions impossible within the VHS standard, no matter how advanced the recorder's technology. VHS tapes have approximately 3 MHz of video bandwidth, and a horizontal resolution of about 240 discernible lines per scanline [1].

An unofficial LP mode with half the standard speed exists on some NTSC machines, but is not part of the VHS standard. Because of this, commercial prerecorded tapes were almost always recorded in SP mode. Of course, these speed reductions cause corresponding reductions in video quality; also, tapes recorded at the lower speed often exhibit poor playback performance on recorders other than the one they were produced on. More recent machines usually allow the selection of longer recording times by lowering the tape speed: LP mode (for PAL and some NTSC machines) halves the tape speed and doubles the recording time, while EP mode (for NTSC and some newer PAL machines, aka SLP mode) drops the tape speed to one-third, for triple the recording time.

Most cassettes have lower recording times because they use thicker tape, which helps avoid jams; careful users generally avoid the thinnest tapes. A cassette holds a maximum of about 430 m of tape at the lowest acceptable tape thickness, giving a maximum playing time of about 3.5 hours for NTSC and 5 hours for PAL at "standard" (SP) quality. The tape speed is 3.335 cm/s for NTSC, 2.339 cm/s for PAL. A VHS cassette contains a ½ inch (12.7 mm) wide magnetic tape wound between two spools, allowing it to be slowly passed over the various playback and recording heads of the video cassette recorder.

. Most newer VHS machines do not perform this unthreading step, as due to improved engineering, head-tape contact is no longer an impediment to fast winding. Early VHS machines could rewind and fast forward the tape considerably faster than a Betamax VCR since they unthreaded the tape from the playback heads before commencing any high-speed winding. VHS initially offered a longer playing time than the Betamax system, and it also had the advantage of a far less complex tape transport mechanism.

VHS became a standard format for consumer recording and viewing in the 1980s and 1990s after competing in a fierce format war with Sony's Betamax and, to a lesser extent, Philips' Video 2000. Some early reports claim the name originally stood for Victor Helical Scan System. VHS officially stands for Video Home System, but it initially stood for Vertical Helical Scan, after the relative head/tape scan technique. The Video Home System, first released in September 1976, better known by its abbreviation VHS, is a recording and playing standard for video cassette recorders (VCRs), developed by JVC (with some of its critical technology under lucrative licensing agreements with Sony) and launched in 1976.

Viz Video (1993-). Buena Vista Home Entertainment (1989-). Miramax Home Entertainment, a unit of Buena Vista Home Entertainment (1989-). New Line Home Entertainment, a TimeWarner Company (1989-).

Carolco Home Video, a division of Artisan Entertainment, a Lions Gate Company (1988-1995). Orion Home Video, a Sony Pictures Entertainment Company (1988-1997). Anchor Bay Entertainment (1980s-). Hi-Tops Video, a Heron Communications Company (1985-1992).

Simitar Entertainment (1980s-1990s). Touchstone Home Entertainment, a unit of the Walt Disney Company (1984-). Artisan Entertainment, a Lions Gate Company (1984-). Family Home Entertainment, a division of Artisan Entertainment, a Lions Gate Company (1982-).

NBC Home Video, an NBC/Universal Company (1981-). Universal Studios Home Video, an NBC/Universal Company (1980-). Magnetic Video, the first duplicator/distributor of movies on video cassette for home use (1977-1981). Vestron Video, a division of Artisan Entertainment, a Lions Gate Company (1979-).

MGM Home Entertainment, a Sony Pictures Entertainment Company (1979-). Media Home Entertainment, a Heron Communications Company (1978-1992). Warner Home Video, a TimeWarner Company (1978-). HBO Video, a TimeWarner Company (1978-).

Sony Pictures Home Entertainment (1978-). Walt Disney Home Entertainment (1978-). Twentieth (20th) Century-Fox Home Entertainment, a News Corporation Company (1977-). Paramount Home Video, a Viacom Company (1976-).

E-XXX indicates playing time for PAL or SECAM in SP speed. T-XXX indicates playing time for NTSC or PAL-M in SP speed. PAL-M, Brazil). PAL/525/30 (i.e.

NTSC/525/30 (Most parts of North and South America, Japan, South Korea). MESECAM/625/25 (most other SECAM countries, notably Eastern Europe and Middle East). SECAM/625/25 (SECAM, French variety). PAL/625/25 (most of Western Europe, many parts of Asia and Africa).