Universal Studios

This provided a cash infusion, but the clash of cultures was too great to overcome, and, in frustration, five years later Matsushita sold control MCA/Universal to the Canadian liquor-distributor Seagram. There are also versions of the 40cm and 60cm targets known as the "3 Spot". At this time, the production subsidiary was renamed Universal Studios Inc. 122 cm faces are used in Olympic competition. Anxious to expand its broadcast and cable presence, in 1990 Lew Wasserman, now head of MCA, sought a rich partner, of MCA/Universal to Matsushita Electric, the Japanese electronics manufacturer. Common sizes (and example rounds they are used in) are:. There would be other film hits like E.T: The Extra-Terrestrial, Back to the Future, and Jurassic Park, but overall the film business was still hit-and-miss. Different rounds and distances use different size target faces.

Weekly series production was the workhorse of the company. In the event of a "pass through" (the arrow passes straight through the target) or "bouncer" (arrow hits the target and bounces out), points may be awarded to an unmarked hole. Though Universal's film unit did produce occasional hits, among them Airport, The Sting, American Graffiti, and a blockbuster that restored the company's fortunes, Jaws, Universal in the 1970s was primarily a television studio. After scoring, each hole is marked before arrows are retrieved. An innovation of which Universal was especially proud was the creation in this period of the ninety-minute, made-for-television movie. During and before scoring no one is allowed to touch the arrows. Television now carried the load, as Revue-MCA dominated the American networks, particularly NBC (which later merged with Universal to form NBC Universal-see below), where for several seasons it provided up to half of all prime time shows. This is done to prevent any errors.

But it was too late, since the audience was no longer there, and by 1968, the film-production unit began to downsize. This is to allow for "double scoring", a system where two archers will record and sum all scores on individual sheets. And so, with MCA in charge, for a few years in the 1960s Universal became what it had never been: a full-blown, first-class movie studio, with leading actors and directors under contract; offering slick, commercial films; and a studio tour subsidiary (launched in 1964). During competition, there are usually at least two archers per target. As a last gesture before getting out of the talent agency business, virtually every MCA client was signed to a Universal contract. This will then be repeated a certain number of times depending on the tournament type. remained a subsidiary only engaged in export/international release of Universal product. When a dozen arrows have been shot, the scorer will add up the miss rates, the number of golds and the total score.

Universal-International Pictures Inc. Arrows are shot in 'ends' of three with six arrows being released before each count. The actual, long-awaited takeover of Universal Pictures by MCA finally took place in mid-1962, and the production subsidiary reverted in name to Universal Pictures, while the parent company became MCA/Universal Pictures Inc. The lowest score is for all the white on the target face and the 9 for any gold. The studio lot was upgraded and modernized, while MCA clients like Doris Day, Lana Turner, and Cary Grant were signed to Universal Pictures contracts. However, in the imperial method of scoring, the coloured bands are counted 1, 3, 5, 7, 9. Although MCA owned the studio lot, but not Universal Pictures, it was increasingly influential on Universal's product. if an archer scores 5, 7, 6, 10, 9, 8, this must be recorded as 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5.).

After a period of complete shutdown, a moribund Universal agreed to sell its (by now) 360-acre (1.5 km²) studio lot to MCA in 1958, for $11 million. Values scored by each arrow are recorded on a score sheet and must be written in descending order (e.g. Talent agent MCA had also become a powerful television producer, renting space at Republic Studios for its Revue Productions subsidiary. Line cutters are awarded the higher score. The combination of the studio/theater-chain break-up and the rise of television saw the mass audience drift away, probably forever. Archers score each end by summing the scores for their arrows. By the late 1950s, the motion picture business was in trouble. In FITA archery, targets are coloured as follows:.

This kind of arrangement would become the rule for many future productions at Universal, and eventually at other studios as well. Outdoors, it serves as a tiebreaker with the archer scoring the most number of X's winning. When one of those films, Winchester '73 proved to be a hit, Stewart became a rich man. This becomes the 10 ring at indoor compound competitions. Wasserman's deal gave Stewart a share in the profits of three pictures in lieu of a large salary. In addition, there is an inner 10 ring, sometimes called the X ring. Leading actors were increasingly free to work where and when they chose, and in 1950 MCA agent Lew Wasserman made a deal with Universal for his client James Stewart that would change the rules of the business. Targets are marked with 10 evenly spaced concentric rings, which have score values from 1 through 10 assigned to them.

case. Since archery involves the use of potentially lethal weapons, much attention is paid to order and safety. Paramount Pictures, et al. Signalling devices such as lights and flags inform the archers when time is up. vs. For indoor competition, this is 2 minutes. Though Decca would continue to keep picture-budgets lean, they were favored by changing circumstances in the film business, as other studios let their contract-actors go in the wake of the 1948 U.S. Archers have a set time limit in which to shoot their arrows.

At this point Rank lost interest and sold his shares to the investor Milton Rackmil, whose Decca Records would take full control of Universal in 1952. All competitors must wait for the command to shoot and retrieve. By the late 1940s, Goetz was out, and the studio reverted once more to the low-budget fare it knew best. Outdoor competition varies, but outdoor rounds generally involve more arrows being shot. While there were to be a few hits like The Egg & I, The Killers, and Naked City, the studio still struggled. There are 20 ends of 3 arrows in a round of indoor competition. William Goetz, a founder of International, was made head of production at the re-named (as Universal-International Pictures Inc.) production arm of the Universal Pictures complex (distribution and copyright control remained under the name of Universal Pictures Company Inc.; Universal-International Pictures additionally served Universal as an import-export subsidiary, and copyright holder for the production arm's films), and he set out an ambitious schedule. After each end, the competitors walk to the target to score and retrieve their arrows.

While trying to improve the quality of the studio's output, he instigated a merger in 1946 with a struggling American independent production company, International Pictures. Competition is divided into ends. An archer shoots between 3 and 6 arrows per end, depending on the type of round. Arthur Rank bought a one-fourth interest in Universal in 1945. Most outdoor competitions consist of several distances. After the War, looking to expand his American presence, the British entrepreneur J. Outdoor distances range from 30 m to 90 m (for senior archers, juniors can shoot closer distances), with 70 m being used in the Olympic Games. During the war years Universal did have a co-production arrangement with producer Walter Wanger and his partner, director Fritz Lang, but their pictures were a small bit of quality in a schedule dominated by the likes of Cobra Woman and Frontier Gal. Indoor distances are 18 m and 25 m.

Fields, and Marlene Dietrich. Archery competitions may be held indoors or outdoors. Low and medium budget fare dominated through the years of World War II, when the studio's most popular stars were the many cast-off Paramount players like Mae West, W.C. Olympic rules are derived from FITA rules. Only the films of young singer Deanna Durbin were given reasonably high budgets, under the control of Joe Pasternak upon his emigration from Europe; if any one star can be said to have kept Universal in business during the early 1940s, it was Durbin, despite her often being woefully miscast as a young teenager when she was, clearly, a fully adult woman. Modern competitive archery is governed by the International Archery Association, abbreviated FITA (Fédération Internationale de Tir à l'Arc). By the start of World War II, the company was concentrating on small-budget production of the fare that had once been Universal's sidelines: westerns, melodramas, serials and sequels to the studio's horror classics. Indoor distances tend to be dominated by European and American archers.

Gone were the big ambitions, and though Universal had few big names under contract, those it had been cultivating, like William Wyler and Margaret Sullavan, now left. It should be noted that the Koreans stick primarily to outdoor competition, particularly the 70 m Olympic distance. The Laemmles were unceremoniously removed from all association with the company, and the new owners instituted severe cuts in production budgets. As of October 2004, every record in the men's and women's open divisions are held by Korea. When production dragged on, a cash-strapped studio could not repay the loan, and the bank foreclosed, claiming the pledged collateral, the Laemmle family's stock in (and therefore control of) Universal Pictures Company Inc. The Korean men have not fared so well in Olympic competition but still produce good results. Throughout its twenty-plus years' existence, Universal had never borrowed money; to complete production on "Show Boat" the studio turned to the Standard Chartered Bank for a $750,000 production loan. At the Sydney 2000 games, the Korean women won bronze, silver and gold in the individual competition and won gold in the team event.

His intentions to upgrade production resulted in, in 1935, a lavish, all-star remake of Show Boat. This would prove to be a costly production for the studio, and for the Laemmle family. Recently the Koreans have dominated the event, especially the women's divisions. held fast to distribution, studio and production operations. Archery has been an Olympic sport since 1900, with some interruptions. The theater chain was scrapped, but Laemmle Jr. While people have no doubt been competing with bows for millennia, the first recorded archery competitions began around 1583 in England. Taking on the task of modernizing and upgrading a film conglomerate in the depths of the depression was risky, and for a time Universal slipped into receivership. This is the most popular form of archery and is called 'Target Archery'.

Other Laemmle productions of this period include Imitation of Life and My Man Godfrey. Competitive archery involves shooting arrows at a target for accuracy from a set distance or distances. also created a successful niche for the studio, beginning a long-running series of horror classics, among them Frankenstein, Dracula, and The Mummy. Hunting points are traditionally broadheads, which are wide and knife-like in design in order to cut into game. Laemmle, Jr. Crossbows are generally permitted for disabled hunters, and in 2005 many states allowed able-bodied hunters to use crossbows, a move that has been somewhat controversial among bowhunters. His early efforts included the 1929 version of Show Boat, the first color musical; King of Jazz; and All Quiet on the Western Front, winner of the "Best Picture" award for 1930. Longbows are often used by those who want to make the hunting experience as traditional as possible, but much more skill is needed to get a clean hit from a longbow than from other bows.

saw what his father could not, and acted at once to bring Universal up to date, by buying and building theaters, converting the studio to sound production, and upgrading the quality of production. Compound bows are usually preferred for hunting, although recurve bows are not uncommon and usually legal. To his credit, Laemmle, Jr. Proper shot placement also insures an animal will be killed in the most humane way possible. benefitted from one of the greatest acts of nepotism in Hollywood history when his father handed him the keys to — and control of — Universal City as a twenty-first birthday gift in 1928. Shot placement is important when hunting an animal and will also increase the chance of a harvest. Carl Laemmle, Jr. An inexperienced shooter may fire a non-fatal shot with a gun or a bow, which could wound the animal and may not kill it.

Nazi persecution and a change in ownership for the parent Universal Pictures organization resulted in the dissolution of this subsidiary. However, most deer or large game, gun or bow, can travel as far as 100 yards, even when hit fatally. In the USA, Universal Pictures did not distribute any of this subsidiary's films, but at least some of them were exhibited through other, independent, foreign-language film distributors based in New York, without benefit of English subtitles. For example, a whitetail deer can drop on impact from a firearm or a bow. With the advent of sound, these productions were made in the German language or, occasionally, Hungarian or Polish. An experienced archery hunter can place a shot that will kill an animal just as quickly as a firearm. This unit produced 3-4 films per year until 1936, migrating to Hungary and then Austria in the face of Hitler's increasing domination of central Europe. Proper practice and practical training will increase the odds that an animal can be taken successfully and humanely.

In 1926, Universal also opened a production unit in Germany, Deutsche Universal-Film AG, under production direction of Joe Pasternak. Bow hunting is much different from hunting with a firearm. Mayer company. Hunting with a bow requires additional training to firearm training. For a few years in the early twenties the young producer Irving Thalberg tried to improve the quality of Universal's output, but he left in 1923 for a better opportunity with the Louis B. Using bow to hunt animals requires proper training and practice. Content with a market in small towns, its product was primarily melodramas, cheap westerns, and serials. Several other European countries are considering its reintroduction.

By the early 1920s, as the other studios soared, Universal was decidedly in the second rank. France, Lithuania and Finland have reintroduced bowhunting since 2000. He also financed all of his own films, refusing to take on debt. Since 2003, Scotland has been considering the reintroduction of bowhunting as a means of controlling its deer population. Unlike rivals Adolph Zukor, William Fox and Marcus Loew, Laemmle chose not to develop a theater chain. Bowhunting, like target archery, was revived in Britain during the Victorian era, but became outlawed when the Wildlife and Countryside Act of 1963 excluded bows and crossbows from its list of permitted hunting weapons. Despite Laemmle's role as an innovator, as a studio head he was extremely cautious, and within a few years the rapidly expanding film business had passed him by. In certain other areas, including many countries in Europe, bow hunting is considered unnecessarily cruel to animals, and is therefore prohibited.

Studio management now became the third facet of Universal's operations, with the studio incorporated as a distinct subsidiary organization. An advantage of bow hunting is the perceived silence of the bow as opposed to the loud noise produced by a gun. Following the westward trend of the industry, in 1915, Laemmle opened the world's largest motion-picture production facility, Universal City Studios, on a 230-acre (0.9 km²) converted farm just over the Cahuenga Pass from Hollywood. People also occasionally fish with modified bows, a practice called bowfishing. By naming the stars of films, he was able to attract many of the leading players of the time, and created the star-system which helps sell films today. Besides deer, many bow hunters shoot feral pigs, small game, or birds. Though dodging the Edison trust, the new Universal company was an immediate success, in part because Laemmle broke with Edison's custom of refusing credit to actors. In other localities, special bow hunting seasons are set aside for safety and to prevent interference from rifle hunters.

Film production and distribution were the Universal company's activities. Some localities stipulate that certain types of game, often deer, may only be taken with a bow. Eventually all would be bought out by Laemmle. While a rifle hunter may take a shot at any distance under 200 yards (180 m), archers must get within 30 yards (27 m). While Laemmle was the primary figure in Universal, by absorbing several smaller firms he acquired a number of partners, among them Mark Dintinfass, Charles Baumann and Adam Kessel, and Pat Powers. Many American hunters prefer using a bow because of the added challenge. That company quickly evolved into the "Independent Moving Picture Company", or IMP; and a further reorganization in 1911 saw IMP reincorporate as the "Universal Film Manufacturing Co.," on June 8, 1912, introducing the word "universal" into the organization's name. Draw weight requirements strongly encourage the use of compound bows.

Soon Laemmle and other disgruntled nickelodeon owners saw that a way to avoid paying Edison was to produce their own pictures, and in June 1909, Laemmle and partners started the Yankee Film Company. A much more lethal, unbarbed "broadhead" arrow may be required, for example, to minimize chances of wounding (but not immediately killing) the animal. Using Edison's patent on the electric motor used in cameras and projectors, the trust collected fees on all aspects of movie production and exhibition, and also held a monopoly on distribution. Regulations address issues of where and which animals may be hunted with a bow, as well as technical specifications for "tackle" such as minimum draw weight, arrow weight and arrowhead design. For Laemmle and other such entrepreneurs, the creation in 1908 of the Edison-backed Motion Picture Trust meant that exhibitors were expected to pay fees for any trust-produced film they showed. In North America, bow hunting is regulated much as rifle hunting. Within weeks of his Chicago trip, he gave up dry-goods to buy the first of several nickelodeons. Many people believe that bows are an acceptable if not preferred way to take game, while others, such as animal rights activists, find the practice objectionable.

One story has Laemmle watching a box office for hours, counting patrons and calculating the take for the day. There is much controversy over hunting with a bow, also known as bowhunting. On a 1905 buying trip to Chicago, he was struck by the popularity of nickelodeons. The draw length is determined largely by the archer's arm length and shoulder width. Carl Laemmle partnered with Abe Stern and Julius Stern to create Universal Pictures. A compound bow must be adjusted so that its draw length is correct for the archer. The founder of Universal, Carl Laemmle, was an German Jewish immigrant who had settled in Wisconsin, where he managed a clothing store. For these reasons, the compound bow is sometimes derogatorily referred to as a "training-wheel bow." In general, good recurve technique usually makes good compound technique.

The longest-lived Hollywood film production company, Universal Pictures can trace its origins back to the creation in 1909 of a predecessor, the Yankee Film Company. With less force required to hold a compound bow at draw, the muscles take longer to fatigue, thus giving a compound archer more time to aim. . This attaches to the bowstring at a point and permits the archer to release the string with a pull of a trigger. Distribution and other corporate, administrative offices are based in New York City. The archer usually uses a release aid to hold the string steadily and release it precisely. Universal Studios, a subsidiary of NBC Universal, has production studios and offices located at 100 Universal City Plaza Drive in Universal City, California, an unincorporated area of Los Angeles County between Los Angeles and Burbank. Most compound designs use cams on the ends of the limbs to optimise the leverage exerted by the archer and reduce the holding force of the bow at full draw while maintaining the force through the draw.

Los Angeles Library Photo Collection "Nestor Studios" . A compound bow is designed to reduce the force that an archer must hold, and increase the overall energy stored by the bow. Forest Lawn Hollywood Hills - map Providencial and Water Development. An archer should pay attention to the recoil, or follow through of his or her body, as it may indicate problems with his or her form. Los Angeles Library Photo Collection "Bird-Eye View of Universal City" 1911. The arrow is typically released by relaxing the fingers of the drawing hand. Putnam's Sons, 1931, illustrated. Most bows will be equipped with a mechanical device called a clicker which produces a clicking sound when the archer reaches the correct draw length.

G.P. The archer's back muscles are used to pull the arrow to the anchor point. The Life and Adventures of Carl Laemmle. In proper form, the archer stands erect, forming a T. Drinkwater, John. The bow should always remain vertical. New York: Vintage, 1994. The elbow of this arm should be rotated outward so that the bowstring doesn't scrape the inside of the wrist or catch on a bracer when released.

Movie-Made America. The bow arm is pushed outward toward the target. Skalr, Robert. This point is consistent from shot to shot, and is usually at the corner of the mouth or on the chin. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1998. The string hand is drawn towards the face, where it should rest lightly at an anchor point. When Hollywood Had a King. This is often one fluid motion which tends to vary a bit from archer to archer.

Bruck, Connie. The bow is then raised and drawn. New York: Crown Publishers, 1998. The string is usually placed in either the first or second joint of the fingers. The Last Mogul: Lew Wasserman, MCA and the Hidden History of Hollywood. When using a sight, the index finger is placed above the arrow and the next two fingers below. McDougal, Dennis. The bowstring and arrow are held with three fingers.

New York: Fireside, 1989. This vane is often coloured differently and has numerous names such as index fletch and cock-feather.. The Hollywood Studios. This is called nocking the arrow. Typical arrows with three vanes should be oriented such that a single vane is pointing away from the bow. Mordden, Ethan. The bowstring is then placed into the notch at the back of the arrow. New York: Pantheon Books, 1989. To load, the bow is pointed toward the ground and the shaft of the arrow is placed on an arrow rest attached to the bow.

The Genius of the System. The archer straddles the shooting line with his or her feet shoulder width apart. Schatz, Thomas. The bow shoulder is towards the target. Rex Motion Picture Co., William Swanson. To shoot an arrow with a recurve bow, an archer first adjusts stance. Powers Motion Picture Co., Pat Powers, president. Chestguards are to protect the bowstring from the archer but can also protect the archer from the bowstring.

The New York Motion Picture Company, Charles Baumann and Adam Kessel, proprietors. Some archers also wear protection on their chests called chestguards (see photo). Nestor Motion Picture Company, David Horsley. Generally one wears a bracer (more commonly known as an arm-guard) to protect the inside of the bow arm, and a tab to protect the fingers of the string hand. Champion Motion Picture Co., Mark Dintinfass, president. Right eye dominant people hold the bow with their left hand, have their left side facing the target, sight towards the target with their right eye, and handle the arrow and string with their right hand. Miami Vice (2006). This hand is referred to as the bow hand and its arm the bow arm. The opposite hand is called the string hand. Terms such as bow holder or string elbow follow the same convention.

Nanny McPhee (2006). The bow is held in the hand opposite the dominant eye. Curious George (2006). Many other variations exist, some of which are documented below. Two for the Money (2005). This section focuses on the accepted technique for modern competition which is used worldwide. The Skeleton Key (2005). See also:.

Serenity (2005). Arjuna's bow, Gandiva, was the Indian equivalent of King Arthur's Excalibur. The Producers (2005). Archery was widespread in India. Prime (2005). Aiming was poor, but with the weight and velocity of the five foot long arrows, combined with massed volleys, this became less important. The Perfect Man (2005). The basic technique was for archers to lie on their backs, with the bows held to to their feet; they would put the arrow between their feet, and pull back the string with both hands, using their back and legs to bend the bow.

Munich (2005). Foot-bows were known and sometimes used in warfare; they were preferred to crossbows because they had a faster firing rate and somewhat longer range. King Kong (2005). Warriors on the battlefield often wore leather gauntlets, chest armor and helmets with flared ridges to protect against the bowstring. Kicking & Screaming (2005). Thick, loose clothing protects the bowstring from the arms and chest at release. Jarhead (2005). A headband may be worn to keep the bowstring from hurting one's ear or head.

Cinderella Man (2005). The arrow is held at the first joint of the thumb, and the string rests on a thumbring (Mongol or Manchu) or a slot at the base of a gauntlet's thumb (Japanese tsuri), so it does not hurt the thumb. The 40-Year-Old Virgin (2005). In some styles the bowstring and fletchings may actually be held behind one's head. Van Helsing (2004). The bow and arrow are drawn down into a line with both arms locked on opposite sides of the body, but the elbow of the right arm is permitted to flex. Ray (2004, distribution). Both arms are extended, the left arm up and toward the target, the right arm back and away from the target.

Meet the Fockers (2004). The bow is held clasped to the chest, arrow point slightly up. In Good Company (2004). Bows vary widely. Friday Night Lights (2004). The arrows are less stiff than western arrows with smaller fletchings. The Chronicles of Riddick (2004). Oriental archery increases the archer's rate of shooting, and is also more practical on horseback.

Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason (2004). In modern times it continues to be practised in some Asian countries but is not used in international competition. The Bourne Supremacy (2004). Archery was also highly developed in Asia. Seabiscuit (2003). The term "Second String" (or the phrase 'to have more than one string to your bow') derives from the fact that medieval archers would carry a second string in the event that their "first string" snapped. The Rundown (2003). An illustration of the declining popularity of the bow could be seen in the various edicts promulgated by 16th-century English monarch to make archery a mandatory practice for all men of fighting age, including Henry VIII's famous ban against the practice of all sports other than archery in Sundays.

Peter Pan (2003). Later development gradually gave firearms advantages over bows in range, accuracy and eventually in reload time. Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World (2003). Although bows had a longer range and could shoot much more frequently than the earliest guns, guns could penetrate most armour and required minimal training. Love Actually (2003). The advent of firearms rendered bows obsolete in warfare. Hulk (2003). The armour piercing power of the crossbow caused fear amongst the well armoured nobility, and it was banned by the Second Council of the Lateran (at least between Christians), although to little avail.

Honey (2003). Its major drawback was that it took a long time to reload. The Cat in the Hat (2003). The crossbow had about the same power and range as a longbow. Bruce Almighty (2003). While it took many years to train a longbowman, someone could become proficient with a crossbow with little training. American Wedding (2003). The crossbow, while dating from classical times, became quite popular during the Middle Ages.

2 Fast 2 Furious (2003). The advent of the bodkin point also gave arrows better penetrative power. 8 Mile (2002). These two arrows would hit the enemy simultaneously from two different angles, making defense difficult. The Bourne Identity (2002). In combat, they would often shoot two arrows, one on a high trajectory, and one on a low trajectory. Jurassic Park III (2001). Tournaments were sponsored to encourage proficiency.

American Pie 2 (2001). Every boy was given a bow of his own height and was required to train with it. The Mummy Returns (2001). Archers were drawn from the freeholding farmers known as yeomen, and trained rigorously from childhood. A Beautiful Mind (2001, distribution). By the time of the Hundred Years' War, the English had learned how to employ massed archery (as opposed to dispersed skirmishing) as an instrument of tactical dominance with their English longbows. Erin Brockovich (2000, distribution). This disdain was countered by the Vikings, whose widespread use of archery gave them success in their numerous raiding expeditions all over the Western European seaboard (and even well into the Mediterranean) in the 9th and 10th centuries..

End of Days (1999). The bow was seldom used to decide battles and viewed as a "lower class weapon" or a toy by the nobility. American Pie (1999). This was due to the cheap nature of the bow and arrow as compared to the expense needed to equip a professional man-at-arms with good armour and a sword. The Mummy (1999). Archers were quite often the lowest paid soldiers in an army or conscripted from the peasantry. The Lost World: Jurassic Park (1997). During the Middle Ages, archery in warfare was not as prevalent and dominant in Western Europe as popular myth dictates.

Daylight (1996). Horse archers would shoot while approaching their target, then turn around in the saddle and shoot again after they passed. Casino (Film) (1995). The Mongols were extremely adept at archery on horseback, and used it to dominate the Asian steppes, and eastern Europe. Balto (1995). In medieval Europe, the value of archery on the battlefield steadily increased. Apollo 13 (1995). The phrase "A parting shot" comes from 'The Parthian shot' as a rider turned in the saddle to shoot as he rode away from the enemy.

Junior (1994). Apollo, Odysseus, and other mythological characters are often depicted with a bow. We're Back! A Dinosaur's Story (1993, distribution). Archers sometimes rode on horseback, combining range with speed. Schindler's List (1993). Arrows proved exceptionally destructive against massed formations, and the use of archers often proved decisive. Jurassic Park (1993). Classical civilizations, notably the Macedonians/Greeks, Parthians, Indians and Chinese, fielded large numbers of archers in their armies.

Carlitos Way (1993). Archery was practiced in antiquity on every continent except Australia, demonstrating that it is both basic and versatile. Scent of a Woman (1992). Bows eventually replaced the atlatl as the predominant means for launching projectiles. Child's Play 3 (1991). The bow probably originated for use in hunting, and was then adopted as a tool of warfare. Kindergarten Cop (1990). Archaeologists suspect that archery may have begun up to 15,000 years ago, but the earliest concrete evidence is between 8,000 and 9,000 years old.

Child's Play 2 (1990). . Back to the Future Part III (1990). One term for an archer is a toxopholite, which derives from ancient Greek. An American Tail: Fievel Goes West (1990). Archery has historically been used in hunting and combat, and has become a precision sport. Back to the Future Part II (1989). Archery is the practice of using a bow to shoot arrows.

The Land Before Time (1988 plus sequels). The designated scorer would then call out the archers' names and the archers would (in turn) call out their scores as they pick up their arrows. Jaws: The Revenge (1987). The rope is 'walked' around the target area and arrows falling within a particular scoring zone are withdrawn and,on completion of the full circle, are laid out on the rope on the corresponding colours. An American Tail (1986). This rope is divided into the scoring zones of the target: Gold (5 points), Red (4 points), Blue (3 points), Black (2 points) and White (1 point). The Breakfast Club (1985). Scoring. A 'rope' with a loop on the end is placed over the flag stick.

Back to the Future (1985). 122 cm (70m and 90m FITA). Sixteen Candles (1984). 80 cm (30m and 50m FITA). Scarface (1983). 60 cm (25m FITA Indoor). Jaws 3-D (1983). 40 cm (18m FITA Indoor).

The Thing (1982). 9 ring & 10 ring - gold. Sophie's Choice (1982). 7 ring & 8 ring - red. Fast Times at Ridgemont High (1982). 5 ring & 6 ring - blue. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982). 3 ring & 4 ring - black.

E.T. 1 ring & 2 ring - white. Conan the Barbarian (1982). Yabusame, Japanese horseback archery. On Golden Pond (1981). Kyudo, Japanese archery. The Blues Brothers (1980 plus sequel 2000). Goongdo, Korean archery.