This page will contain wikis about US Army, as they become available.United States Army(Redirected from US Army)The Army is the branch of the United States armed forces which has primary responsibility for land-based military operations. As of fiscal year 2002 (FY02), it consisted of 480,000 soldiers on active duty and 555,000 in reserve (350,000 in the Army National Guard (ARNG) and 205,000 in the Army Reserve (USAR). The Army was formed on June 14, 1775, before the establishment of the United States, to meet the demands of the American Revolutionary War. Components of the U.S. Army |
Prior to 1918, the Army was a single entity known as the "United States Army". During the First World War, the "National Army" was founded to fight the conflict. In the 1920s and 1930s, the "career" soldiers were known as the "Regular Army" with the "Enlisted Reserve Corps" and "Officer Reserve Corps" augmented to fill vacancies when needed.
In 1941, the "Army of the United States" was founded to fight the Second World War. The Regular Army, Army of the United States, and Officer/Enlisted Reserve Corps (ORC and ERC) existed simultaneously giving rise to the first concept of Army components. After World War II, the ORC and ERC were combined into the United States Army Reserve. The Army of the United States continued throughout the Korean War and Vietnam War and was discontinued upon the abolishment of the draft.
In the modern age, the Army is divided into the Regular Army and the Army Reserve. The United States National Guard is an armed force under the command of state governments. Prior to the 21st century, members of the National Guard were considered state employees only unless federalized by the Army in which case National Guard members became members of the Army Reserve. In the modern age, all National Guard members hold dual status: as Guardsmen under the authority of the State Adjutant General, and as Army Reservists under the authority of the Army Human Resources Command.
Various State Defense Forces also exist, sometimes known as State Militias, which are sponsered by individual state governments and serve as an auxiliary to the National Guard. Except in times of extreme national emergency, such as a mainland invasion of the United States, State Militias are operated independently from the U.S. Army and are seen as state government agencies rather than a component of the military.
By design, the use of the Army Reserve and National Guard has increased since the Vietnam War. Reserve and Guard units took part in the Gulf War, peacekeeping in Kosovo, and the 2003 invasion of Iraq. With recent manpower shortages in the military, some U.S. citizens have been concerned regarding a reinstution of the draft (conscription) force. Federal and state lawmakers, however, have asserted that no such action is being planned.
Although the present day Army exists as an all volunteer force, augmented by Reserve and National Guard forces, measures exist for emergency expansion in the event of a catestrophic occurrence, such as a large scale attack against the US or the outbreak of a major global war. The current "call-up" order of the United States Army is as follows:
The final stage of Army mobilization, known as "activiation of the unorganized militia" would effectively place all able bodied males in the service of the U.S. Army. The last time an approximation of this occurred was during the American Civil War when the Confederate States of America activated the "Home Guard" in 1865, drafting all males, regardless of age or health, into the Confederate Army. A similar event, albeit in a foriegn country, occurred during World War II when Nazi Germany activiated the Volkssturm in April and May of 1945.
Officially, a member of the U.S. Army is called a Soldier (always capitalized). The U.S. Army is divided into the following components, from largest to smallest:
U.S. Generals, World War II, Europe:The Army is organized by function. Combat Arms include Infantry, Armor, Field Artillery, Air defense artillery, Army Corps of Engineers, Army Aviation, and Special Forces. Combat Support Arms include Signal Corps, Intelligence Corps, Chemical Corps, and Military Police Corps. Combat Service Support troops include the Judge Advocate General's Corps, Adjutant General's Corps, Finance Corps, Transportation Corps, Quartermaster Corps, Ordnance Corps, Medical Corps, Medical Service Corps, and Nurse Corps.
See also U.S. Army officer rank insignia.
Comparison of ranking structure available at Ranks and Insignia of NATO.
The Officer Corps provides leadership and managerial functions, and is composed of
There are several sources of commissioned officers:
Officers receive a commission assigning them to the Officer Corps from the President. All newly commissioned officers receive a commission as a reserve officer. Upon attaining the rank of Major, they can be appointed into the Regular Army by the President with the advice and consent of the United States Senate [1] (http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/10/531.html). Commissioned officers are assigned to a branch of service until they reach the rank of Brigadier General, where it is assumed that they are competent to command soldiers of all branches.
Once commissioned, an officer attends several levels of professional education, starting with branch qualification in their respective branch and concluding in Command and General Staff College at Fort_Leavenworth, Kansas. Professional education is required for promotion at certain grades.
The Warrant Officer is a single track specialty officer. Initially appointed an officer by the Secretary of the Army via a warrant, he/she is commissioned by the President upon promotion to the rank of Chief Warrant Officer Two (CW2). The warrant officer is managed as a company grade officer, but receives limited field grade privilege upon promotion to Chief Warrant Officer Four (CW4).
The primary source for Warrant Officers is the U.S. Army Warrant Officer Candidate School at Fort Rucker, Alabama.
The Non-Commissioned Officer Corps (or NCO Corps) is the first line of leadership for the enlisted members of the Army, and includes the ranks of
Training for NCOs takes place at any of the various NCO training centers around the world.
Until relatively recent history, most countries depended upon their officer corps to micromanage strategy, tactics and virtually every other aspect of military operations. Current military theory in the U.S. and UK has begun to emphasize the "strategic corporal," recognizing that combat decision-making by NCOs is potentially of vast importance.
The lowest enlisted ranks are:
Training for enlisted soldiers usually consists of Basic Training, and Advanced Individual Training in their primary Military Occupational Specialty (MOS) at any of the numerous MOS training facilities around the world.
All members of the Army must take an oath upon being sworn in as members, swearing (or affirming) to "protect the Constitution of the United States from all enemies, both foreign and domestic." This emphasis on the defense of the United States Constitution illustrates the concern of the framers that the military be subordinate to legitimate civilian authority.
The civilian executive is the Secretary of the Army who heads the United States Department of the
Army, formerly called the Secretary of War who headed the
United States Department of War or
the War Office for short, at the founding of the Republic.
The professional head of the United States Army is the Army Chief of Staff. This position is filled by a four star general who sits on the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee. As with the other members of that committee, the Army Chief of Staff is not in the direct chain of command. His function is administrative and policy making. The current Army Chief of Staff is General Peter J. Schoomaker.
The most senior Army generals who are directly in the chain of command are those who head up the regional joint commands, known as the Combatent Commanders (COCOM's), around the world. An example is General John Abizaid, the commander of U.S. Central Command. Three star positions in the Army include some deputy commanders of the regional commands, heads of the army sections of those commands, and the general officers commanding of corps.
First Army "First In Deed" (Reserve)
Third Army: Army Central Command (ARCENT)
Fifth Army (Reserve)
Seventh Army: United States Army Europe
Eighth Army: Korea
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Eighth Army: Korea. In his post-presidential years, Clinton also made it known that he would like to serve as Secretary-General of the United Nations. Seventh Army: United States Army Europe. Bush as the first American heads of state to attend a papal funeral. Fifth Army (Reserve). Bush and former president George H.W. Third Army: Army Central Command (ARCENT). [20] (http://apnews.myway.com/article/20050406/D89A4IV80.html) Clinton sat with both President George W. First Army "First In Deed" (Reserve). But on balance, he was a man of God, he was a consistent person, he did what he thought was right." He also claimed to have met "two great popes" in his life, when the other he was referring to was John XXIII, who died when Clinton was in high school without ever visiting America. Three star positions in the Army include some deputy commanders of the regional commands, heads of the army sections of those commands, and the general officers commanding of corps. Following the death of Pope John Paul II on April 2, 2005 Clinton stirred up two mini-controversies saying the late pontiff, "may have had a mixed legacy...there will be debates about him. Central Command. Five days later, he and Bush both appeared on the Super Bowl XXXIX pregame show on Fox in support of their bipartisan effort to raise money for relief of the disaster through the USA Freedom Corps, an action which Bush described as "transcending politics." Thirteen days later, they both traveled to the affected areas to see how the relief efforts are going. An example is General John Abizaid, the commander of U.S. On February 1, 2005, he was picked by U.N. Secretary-General Kofi Annan to head the United Nations earthquake and tsunami relief and reconstruction effort. The most senior Army generals who are directly in the chain of command are those who head up the regional joint commands, known as the Combatent Commanders (COCOM's), around the world. Bush to lead a nationwide campaign to help the victims of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake. Schoomaker. W. The current Army Chief of Staff is General Peter J. Bush named Clinton and George H. His function is administrative and policy making. On January 3, 2005, President George W. As with the other members of that committee, the Army Chief of Staff
is not in the direct chain of command. However at the portait unveiling three years later
Bush reeled in unusual praise for Clinton as one who "brought energy and joy into this [White] house" and displayed a liking for
Clinton's "confidence." [19] (http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/6803476/site/newsweek). This position is filled by a four star general who sits on the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee. During the 2000 presidential campaign, Bush deemed Clinton "the shadow" and vowed
to "uphold dignity" into the White House once he departed in January of 2001. The professional head of the United States Army is the Army
Chief of Staff. Since the official
unveiling of his White House portrait in June 2004, and especially since the 2004 election, Clinton and Bush have met on occasion, although the nature of the friendship does not appear
to be a reconciliation of political opinions. The civilian executive is the Secretary of the Army who heads the United States Department of the
Army, formerly called the Secretary of War who headed the
United States Department of War or
the War Office for short, at the founding of the Republic. All members of the Army must take an oath upon being sworn in as members, swearing (or affirming) to "protect the Constitution of the United States from all enemies, both foreign and domestic." This emphasis on the defense of the United States Constitution illustrates the concern of the framers that the military be subordinate to legitimate civilian authority. There has been reported signs of a friendship growing between former president Clinton and George W. Training for enlisted soldiers usually consists of Basic Training, and Advanced Individual Training in their primary Military Occupational Specialty (MOS) at any of the numerous MOS training facilities around the world. On December 8, 2004, Clinton announced that he was the new spokesperson for Accoona, an internet search engine company. The lowest enlisted ranks are:. Bush) as honorary members of the board rebuilding the World Trade Center. and UK has begun to emphasize the "strategic corporal," recognizing that combat decision-making by NCOs is potentially of vast importance. W. Current military theory in the U.S. On November 22, 2004, New York Republican Governor George Pataki named Clinton and the other living former presidents (Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter, and George H. Until relatively recent history, most countries depended upon their officer corps to micromanage strategy, tactics and virtually every other aspect of military operations. Bush. He was also treated to a musical rendition from Bono and The Edge from U2, who expressed their gratitude at Clinton's efforts to resolve the Northern Ireland conflict during his presidency. Training for NCOs takes place at any of the various NCO training centers around the world. Bush, as well as from the current president, George W. The Non-Commissioned Officer Corps (or NCO Corps) is the first line of leadership for the enlisted members of the Army, and includes the ranks of. W. Army Warrant Officer Candidate School at Fort Rucker, Alabama. Under rainy skies, Clinton received words of praise from former presidents Jimmy Carter and George H. The primary source for Warrant Officers is the U.S. Clinton Presidential Center, in Little Rock, Arkansas on November 18, 2004. The warrant officer is managed as a company grade officer, but receives limited field grade privilege upon promotion to Chief Warrant Officer Four (CW4). He dedicated his presidential library, which is the largest in the nation, the William J. Initially appointed an officer by the Secretary of the Army via a warrant, he/she is commissioned by the President upon promotion to the rank of Chief Warrant Officer Two (CW2). On March 10, 2005, he underwent a follow-up surgery to remove scar tissue and fluid from his left chest cavity, a result of his open-heart surgery. The Warrant Officer is a single track specialty officer. The medical team responsible for Clinton claimed that, had he not had surgery, he would likely have suffered a massive heart attack within a few months. Professional education is required for promotion at certain grades. He was transferred to Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center in New York City, where he successfully underwent quadruple coronary artery bypass surgery on September 6, 2004. Once commissioned, an officer attends several levels of professional education, starting with branch qualification in their respective branch and concluding in Command and General Staff College at Fort_Leavenworth, Kansas. It was determined that he had not suffered a coronary infarction, and he was sent home, returning the following day for angiography, which disclosed multiple vessel coronary artery disease. Commissioned officers are assigned to a branch of service until they reach the rank of Brigadier General, where it is assumed that they are competent to command soldiers of all branches. On September 2, 2004, Clinton had an episode of angina and was evaluated at Northern Westchester Hospital. Upon attaining the rank of Major, they can be appointed into the Regular Army by the President with the advice and consent of the United States Senate [1] (http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/10/531.html). Bush, saying that "Strength and wisdom are not opposing values.". All newly commissioned officers receive a commission as a reserve officer. In it, Clinton criticized George W. Officers receive a commission assigning them to the Officer Corps from the President. Many critics have argued that Clinton's speech is one of the best in Convention history. There are several sources of commissioned officers:. He used his speech to praise candidate John Kerry. The Officer Corps provides leadership and managerial functions, and is composed of. On July 26, 2004, Clinton spoke for the fifth time in a row to the Democratic National Convention. Comparison of ranking structure available at Ranks and Insignia of NATO. He also talked about repealing the 22nd Amendment in the event of a terrorist attack. Army officer rank insignia.. Clinton mostly talked about his book and how he went about writing it, his thoughts on the issues that confronted the Bush administration, and the 2004 presidential election. See also U.S. Nor was there any mention of Hillary Clinton.
The Army is organized by function. In an interview with David Dimbleby [16] (http://news.bbc.co.uk/nol/shared/spl/hi/programmes/panorama/transcripts/clintoninterview.txt) which aired on the BBC on June 23, 2004, Clinton was questioned at length about the effects to his presidency of his affair with Monica Lewinsky, conceding that he had made many mistakes while in office. Army is divided into the following components, from largest to smallest:. Commenting on memoirs in general, he said "some are dull and self-serving, hopefully mine will be interesting and self-serving." The book made an unprecedented three appearances on the Amazon.com best-seller list, before it was even released. The U.S. Clinton collected his memoirs into a book entitled My Life, which was released on June 22, 2004. Army is called a Soldier (always capitalized). Clinton won a second Grammy in February 2005, Best Spoken Word Album for My Life. Officially, a member of the U.S. In February 2004, Clinton (along with Mikhail Gorbachev and Sophia Loren) won a Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album for Children for narrating the Russian National Orchestra's album Peter and the Wolf/Wolf Tracks. A similar event, albeit in a foriegn country, occurred during World War II when Nazi Germany activiated the Volkssturm in April and May of 1945. He assisted his wife Hillary Clinton in her campaign for office as a senator representing New York. The last time an approximation of this occurred was during the American Civil War when the Confederate States of America activated the "Home Guard" in 1865, drafting all males, regardless of age or health, into the Confederate Army. Clinton's close relationship with the African American community has been highlighted in his post-Presidential career with his opening of his personal office in the Harlem section of New York City. Army. One notable theme is his advocacy of multilateral solutions to problems facing the world. The final stage of Army mobilization, known as "activiation of the unorganized militia" would effectively place all able bodied males in the service of the U.S. In these, he continues to comment on aspects of contemporary politics. The current "call-up" order of the United States Army is as follows:. Like many former American presidents, Clinton has engaged in a career as a public speaker on a variety of issues. Although the present day Army exists as an all volunteer force, augmented by Reserve and National Guard forces, measures exist for emergency expansion in the event of a catestrophic occurrence, such as a large scale attack against the US or the outbreak of a major global war. Roosevelt (elected four times). Federal and state lawmakers, however, have asserted that no such action is being planned. (The other two, Dwight Eisenhower and Ronald Reagan, were Republicans.) Clinton is also one of only five Democratic party candidates ever to be elected to two full terms as president — the others being Andrew Jackson, Grover Cleveland (non-consecutively), Woodrow Wilson, and Franklin D. citizens have been concerned regarding a reinstution of the draft (conscription) force. As of 2005, of the ten presidents to take office since the 22nd Amendment was ratified in 1951, Clinton is one of only three presidents to serve two full terms, and the only Democrat to do so. With recent manpower shortages in the military, some U.S. Bush, whose father he had defeated in 1992. Reserve and Guard units took part in the Gulf War, peacekeeping in Kosovo, and the 2003 invasion of Iraq. On January 18, 2001, he addressed the nation one last time on television from the Oval Office of the White House, two days before handing over the presidency to George W. By design, the use of the Army Reserve and National Guard has increased since the Vietnam War. Additionally, there is controversy over his foreign policy actions; while some Americans feel that his foreign policies had resulted in an environment that permitted terrorists like Osama bin Laden and his al-Qaeda network to strike on September 11th, others feel that his efforts at fighting terrorism were hampered by excessive partisan bickering and were not continued effectively by the succeeding administration. Army and are seen as state government agencies rather than a component of the military. Some of the personal failures and moral lapses of Clinton have tainted his legacy in the eyes of many Americans in spite of the good economic growth of the late 1990's. Except in times of extreme national emergency, such as a mainland invasion of the United States, State Militias are operated independently from the U.S. In a 21 January 2000 speech at the California Institute of Technology, Clinton said, "Some of our research goals may take twenty or more years to achieve, but that is precisely why there is an important role for the federal government.". Various State Defense Forces also exist, sometimes known as State Militias, which are sponsered by individual state governments and serve as an auxiliary to the National Guard. The Initiative was a federal nanoscale science, engineering, and technology research and development program. In the modern age, all National Guard members hold dual status: as Guardsmen under the authority of the State Adjutant General, and as Army Reservists under the authority of the Army Human Resources Command. Howard Lovy, a nanotechnology writer, said the National Nanotechnology Initiative may "turn out to be one of Clinton's most-important legacies". Prior to the 21st century, members of the National Guard were considered state employees only unless federalized by the Army in which case National Guard members became members of the Army Reserve. Clinton advocated nanotechnology development. The United States National Guard is an armed force under the command of state governments. Clinton was able to surmount this problem through sheer personal charisma, but his successors have been less successful. In the modern age, the Army is divided into the Regular Army and the Army Reserve. The current quandary of the Democratic party is felt by many to be primarily due to its inability to define itself vis-à-vis the Republican Party and offer a clear alternative. After World War II, the ORC and ERC were combined into the United States Army Reserve. The Army of the United States continued throughout the Korean War and Vietnam War and was discontinued upon the abolishment of the draft. During the 1990s, the Party was accused of abandoning its traditional base of support (unions, the working class, minorities) in pursuit of a center-right position, responding to — and funded by — corporate contributors, with the soccer mom representing his new base. The Regular Army, Army of the United States, and Officer/Enlisted Reserve Corps (ORC and ERC) existed simultaneously giving rise to the first concept of Army components. Clinton is seen as having led — in conjunction with the Democratic Leadership Council (DLC) — the Democratic Party away from the left, towards a more moderate centrist position. In 1941, the "Army of the United States" was founded to fight the Second World War. Clinton presided over the period of longest steady growth of the economy in modern American history. During the First World War, the "National Army" was founded to fight the conflict. In the 1920s and 1930s, the "career" soldiers were known as the "Regular Army" with the "Enlisted Reserve Corps" and "Officer Reserve Corps" augmented to fill vacancies when needed. He sometimes criticized other political leaders for being "out of touch" with the acceleration of technology. Prior to 1918, the Army was a single entity known as the "United States Army". unlimited applications" [15] (http://www.rand.org/scitech/stpi/ourfuture/Rosetta/millennium.html). The Army was formed on June 14, 1775, before the establishment of the United States, to meet the demands of the American Revolutionary War. Clinton was characterized by good grasp of the scientific issues and strong support of "unlimited scientific discovery, and.. As of fiscal year 2002 (FY02), it consisted of 480,000 soldiers on active duty and 555,000 in reserve (350,000 in the Army National Guard (ARNG) and 205,000 in the Army Reserve (USAR). Clinton was seen as an educated and intelligent person. The Army is the branch of the United States armed forces which has primary responsibility for land-based military operations. Other common nicknames include "Slick Willy" and "Clintoon" (by detractors), and the "Big Dog" (by fans). Military badges of the United States. One of the earliest was "Bubba", which alludes to his Southern "good ol' boy" background. Awards and decorations of the United States military. Clinton is often referred to by nickname among both detractors and fans. A Specialist ranks below a corporal in terms of chain of command. The deadly Branch Davidian standoff near Waco, Texas in 1993 fomented further far right hostility to the Clinton administration. and Specialist (SPC; pay grade E-4) (which is the same Enlisted Grade as Corporal, but which requires technical leadership skills, as opposed to the combat leadership skills required of corporal -a dark green patch with an eagle centered). Among these were rumors of involvement with drug traffickers, personal cocaine use, and involvement in the death of long-time friend and aide Vince Foster (ruled a suicide). Private First Class (PFC; pay grade E-3) (one stripe up and a curved stripe (a rocker below)),. Several lurid accusations were leveled by conservative talk radio. Private Enlisted Grade 2 (PV2; pay grade E-2) (one chevron pointing up),. Clinton was viewed with intense personal animosity by some on the far right. Private (PV1; pay grade E-1) (no rank insignia),. After allegations had linked him to Paula Jones, Gennifer Flowers and Katherine Willey, Clinton's sex life would become the focus of his public image when in January 1998 recorded conversations by Linda Tripp contained statements by White House intern Monica Lewinsky about having oral sex. and Sergeant Major of the Army (of whom there is only one, and who advises the Chief of Staff of the Army on matters relating to enlisted personnel - three stripes up and three down with a centered eagle accompanied with two stars). Starting from 1992 Presidential election campaign, rumors about Clinton's adultery were floating about, and these surfaced and increased with Paula Jones' accusations of sexual harassment. Command Sergeant Major (CSM; pay grade E-9) (three stripes up and three down with a wreathed star in the center). Clinton supporters point out that several prominent conservatives, including Newt Gingrich, had very similar charges of draft evasion, womanizing, and corruption in their past as well, and that these allegations are tied less to Clinton's actual "character" as they are to his refusal to conform to the conservatism expected from white Southern politicians. Sergeant Major (SGM; pay grade E-9) (three stripes up and three down with a star in the center),. Many white southern conservatives viewed Clinton as a "traitor" to his class, with his Ivy League and Rhodes Scholarship education and liberal world view. First Sergeant (1SG; pay grade E-8) (which holds the same enlisted pay grade as Master Sergeant, but which carries extra administrative duties - three stripes up and three down with a lozenge in the center),. Clinton's working-class white Southern background was a complicating factor. Master Sergeant (MSG; pay grade E-8) (three stripes up and three down),. Intense opposition to the Clintons was perhaps the main factor in the phenomenal growth of conservative talk radio in the 1990s. Sergeant First Class (SFC; pay grade E-7)(three stripes up and two down),. Although he was actually to the right of previous Democratic candidates for the presidency on many issues — he supported the death penalty, curfews, uniforms in public schools, and other measures opposed by youth rights supporters, and he expanded the War on Drugs greatly while in office — Clinton's actions during the 1960s were never forgotten by his opponents. Staff Sergeant (SSG; pay grade E-6)(three stripes up and one down),. Clinton's marijuana experimentation — clumsily excused by Clinton's statement that he "didn't inhale" — further damaged his image with some voters. Sergeant (SGT; pay grade E-5)(three stripes up),. Clinton avoided the draft with a student deferment while studying abroad during the Vietnam War. Corporal (CPL; pay grade E-4) (two stripes up),. In the 1960s, however, Clinton might not have been viewed as such by many of those in the hippie subculture. Enlisted soldiers may also be battlefield commissioned for valor and leadership during actual combat, Audie Murphy received his commission in this manner. Social conservatives were put off by the impression of Bill Clinton having been a "hippie" during the late 1960s, his coming-of-age era. Lawyers, doctors, nurses, veterinarians, and chaplains may be directly commissioned into their respective corps. Some even suspected that Hillary, and not Bill, was the dominant force behind the team. College graduates who underwent Army Reserve Officer Training Corps courses at a four-year university. Many people saw the couple as an unprecedented political partnership. Enlisted soldiers or College graduates who successfully pass Officer Candidate School (OCS). Hillary Clinton's very strong role in the administration led to a degree of criticism toward a First Lady not seen since the days of Eleanor Roosevelt. Graduates of other military academies of the United States may elect to be commissioned in the Army. Toni Morrison dubbed Clinton "the first Black president", saying "Clinton displays almost every trope of blackness: single-parent household, born poor, working-class, saxophone-playing, McDonald's-and-junk-food-loving boy from Arkansas.". The United States Military Academy at West Point, New York. [14] (http://www.americanprogress.org/site/pp.asp?c=biJRJ8OVF&b=122950). Pershing. Clinton was very popular overall among African-Americans and made improving race relations a major theme of his presidency. Held only by George Washington and John J. Until his inauguration as president, he had earned substantially less money than his wife, and had the smallest net worth of any president in modern history, according to My Life, Clinton's autobiography. General of the Armies - No established insignia. Clinton clearly came across as a man of the people. After World War II a rank comprised of five stars in a pentagon. Despite criticisms that his appeal to young voters lacked substance, Clinton won among Generation X voters in the 1992 election, with the highest Gen-X turnout ever. General of the Army - In the 19th century, a title held by the Commander of the Army. With his sound-bite rhetoric and pioneering use of pop culture in his campaigning, Clinton was declared, often negatively, as the "MTV president". General (GEN; pay grade O-10) - four stars. Upon his entering the national political horizon, he was commented upon as an remarkably informal person with a "common man" touch – with his frequent patronage of McDonald's becoming a popular symbol of this image. Lieutenant General (LTG; pay grade O-9) - three stars,. As the first Baby Boomer president, Bill Clinton was seen during his presidency and during his candidacy as a change from the presidents of the World War II Generation. Major General (MG; pay grade O-8) - two stars,. However, he was disbarred from practicing law for five years by the State of Arkansas and the United States Supreme Court--resulting from an admitted purjury. Brigadier General (BG; pay grade O-7) - one star,. He was acquitted in his Senate impeachment trial. and General officers
Lieutenant Colonel (LTC; pay grade O-5) - silver oak leaf,. Also in 1998, Juanita Broaddrick alleged that Clinton had raped her in 1978. Major (MAJ; pay grade O-4) - gold oak leaf,. In March, 1998 Kathleen Willey, a White House aide, alleged that Clinton had sexually assualted her. Field Grade officers
First Lieutenant (1LT; pay grade O-2) - silver bar,. Filegate refers to White House handling of hundreds of personnel files from individuals without asking for their permission. Second Lieutenant (2LT; pay grade O-1) - gold bar,. Travelgate refers to the firing of White House travel office staffers. Company Grade officers
Fire team: Usually consists of four Soldiers: a fire team leader, a grenadier, and two riflemen. The obstruction of justice charge was defeated with 50 for conviction and 50 against. This unit consists of eight to ten Soldiers. The perjury charge was defeated with 45 votes for conviction and 55 against. Squad: Squad leaders are often Staff Sergeants/E-6 (SSG), Sergeants/E-5 (SGT), or Corporals/E-4 (CPL). A two-thirds majority, 67 votes, is necessary to convict the President on impeachment charges. Often used in conjunction with platoons at the company level. No witnesses were called during the trial. Section: Usually directed by Staff Sergeants/E-6 (SSG) who supply guidance for junior NCO Squad leaders. The Senate impeachment trial lasted from January 7, 1999 until February 12. This unit consists of a Platoon Leader (2LT/1LT), a Platoon Sergeant (SFC), and two or more Squad Leaders (any NCO). Based on taped phone conversations between Lewinsky and her confidante, Linda Tripp, Starr reached the conclusion that Clinton's statement constituted perjury. Platoon: Usually led by a lieutenant supported by a Sergeant First Class/E-7 (SFC). In a sworn deposition taken for this case, Clinton denied having sexual relations with White House intern Monica Lewinsky. This unit consists of a Company Commander (CO, CPT), a Company Executive Officer (XO,1LT), A First Sergeant(1SG) and a headquarters, Two or more Platoon Leaders (2LT/1LT), two or more Platoon Sergeants (SFC), and four or more Squad Leaders (any NCO). Originally dealing with the failed land deal years earlier known as Whitewater, Starr, with the approval of Attorney General Janet Reno, expanded his investigation into Clinton's conduct during the sexual harassment lawsuit filed by a former Arkansas government employee, Paula Jones. A company-sized unit is usually led by a Company Commander usually the rank of Captain/O-3 (CPT) supported by a First Sergeant/E-8 (1SG). The charges arose from an investigation by independent counsel Kenneth Starr. Cavalry units are formed into troops. The Senate acquitted Clinton on both counts in a trial concluding on February 12, 1999. Company (or battery/troop): Artillery units are formed into batteries. The charges were perjury and obstruction of justice. This unit consists of a Battalion Commander (CO, LTC), a Battalion Executive Officer (XO,MAJ), a Command Sergeant Major (CSM) and headquarters, 3-5 Company Commanders (CPT), 3-5 Company Executive Officers (1LT), 3-5 First Sergeants (1SG) and headquarters, 6 or more Platoon Leaders (2LT/1LT), 6 or more Platoon sergeants (SFC),and 12 or more Squad Leaders (any NCO). Clinton was impeached as President of the United States on December 19, 1998 by the House of Representatives. A battalion-sized unit is commanded by a Lieutenant Colonel (LTC), supported by a Command Sergeant Major/E-9 (CSM). He made the following statement to the Joint Chiefs of Staff on February 17, 1998:. Cavalry units are formed into squadrons. Critics also contend that Bill Clinton misled the public on matters of foreign policy another time when he made the claim that Iraq had weapons of mass destruction. Battalion (or squadron): Most units are organized into battalions. ([10] (http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/International_War_Crimes/ClintonWarCriminal_Herman.html), [11] (http://agitprop.org.au/stopnato/19990607clintoncriminal.php), [12] (http://www.wnd.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=14713)). (See Regiment for combat arms units.). Other critics argue America's contemporary attacks on Somalia, Bosnia, Sudan, and Afghanistan violated international law. Brigade (or group): Composed of typically three or more battalions, and commanded by a Colonel (COL) or Brigadier General. More of this can be found in Legacy by Rich Lowry. Division: Usually commanded by a Major General (MG). Many people, including many Israelis, believe that Clinton's main goal behind his attempts at brokering a peace agreement was to leave behind a good legacy and, potentially, receive a Nobel Peace Prize. The commander is most often a Lieutenant General (LTG). Many felt that he elevated the stature of Yasser Arafat (many believed he was a terrorist) to that of a world leader and asked Israel for too many concessions--and not enough from Arafat. Corps: Consists of two or more divisions and organic support brigades. Many conservatives also felt that the treated the Israeli-Palestinian peace agreement in the wrong manner. Field Army: Usually commanded by a General (GEN; note that abbreviations of military rank are given in all capital letters without a period or other punctuation). Reason magazine studied the sanctions and concluded, "It seems awfully hard not to conclude that the embargo on Iraq has been ineffective (especially since 1998) and that it has, at the least, contributed to more than 100,000 deaths since 1990." ([9] (http://www.reason.com/0203/fe.mw.the.shtml)). militia. Some people believe that Clinton's continuation of economic sanctions against Iraq caused civilian deaths. Full scale mobilization of the unorganized U.S. Critics note that there were more civilian deaths caused by NATO than the amount of deaths Milosevic was charged with. Activation of the State Defense Forces/State Militias. NATO stepped up its claims about Serb 'killing fields.'" The actual number of civilian deaths is debated, with the numbers as high as 5,700 claimed by Yugoslavia, and with NATO acknowledging it killed, at most, 1,500 civilians. Recall of previously discharged officers and enlisted who were separated under honorable conditions. In the aforementioned article, The Wall Street Journal wrote, "As the war dragged on [...] NATO saw a fatigued press corps drifting toward the contrarian story: civilians killed by NATO's bombs. Reestablishment of the draft and creation of a conscript force within the Regular Army. Others have called Clinton a war criminal for the NATO bombing campaign during the Kosovo war. Recall of all retired personnel fit for military duty. Instead, the pattern is of scattered killings.". Full scale activiation of all National Guard forces. The Wall Street Journal wrote, "the [U.N.'s International War Criminal] tribunal has checked the largest reported sites first, and found most to contain no more than five bodies, suggesting intimate acts of barbarity rather than mass murder [...] Kosovo would be easier to investigate if it had the huge killing fields some investigators were led to expect. Army Reserve total mobilization. The headline of The Wall Street Journal on December 31, 1999 was "War in Kosovo Was Cruel, Bitter, Savage; Genocide It Wasn’t". Regular Army volunteer force. The official NATO body count of the events in Kosovo was 2,788, with Slobodan Milosevic charged with the "murders of about 600 individually identified ethnic Albanians" ([7] (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/1402790.stm#kosovo), [8] (http://www.un.org/icty/indictment/english/mil-ai010629e.htm)). They may have been murdered." ([4] (http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/balkans/stories/cohen051699.htm)) Clinton also claimed that genocide was occurring, and spoke of "at least 100,000 (Kosovar Albanians) missing" ([5] (http://www.clintonfoundation.org/legacy/051399-speech-by-president-to-veterans-organizations-on-kosovo.htm)). Later, talking about Serbian elections, Clinton said, "They're going to have to decide whether they support his leadership or not; whether they think it's OK that all those tens of thousands of people were killed..." ([6] (http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/stories/1999/06/25/clinton.newser/)). Some critics have accused Clinton of leading the United States to war with Kosovo under the false pretense of genocide. Defense Secretary William Cohen, claiming that genocide had occurred in Kosovo, said, "We've now seen about 100,000 military-aged men missing.. Navy destroyer Cole in Yemen in 2000. by foreign terrorists included the 1993 bombing of New York's World Trade Center, the 1996 bombing of the military quarters at the Khobar Towers, the 1998 bombings of U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania, and the bombing of the U.S. During Clinton's tenure attacks on the U.S. Along with the United Nations, the Clinton administration initially did not publicly acknowledge that genocide was occurring. Clinton identified his major foreign policy failure as lack of response to the 1994 genocide in Rwanda. Mr. Subsequent events, including the collapse of the 2000 Camp David Summit and the commencement of the al-Aqsa Intifada, resulted in the Oslo Accords being widely discredited within Israel and in various Palestinian factions by 2004. After his presidency, Clinton identified his proudest foreign policy accomplishments as mediating peace talks between Israel and Palestine, resulting in the Oslo Accords. In December, 2002, North Korea expelled IAEA inspectors from its Yongbyon nuclear facility, and announced (privately in 2003 and publicly in 2005), that they possessed nuclear weapons. However, by the mid 1990s defectors from North Korea, along with reports from the IAEA, indicated that North Korea was violating both the Nuclear Accords and the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. In exchange for assistance with energy needs, North Korea agreed to abandon all ambitions for acquiring nuclear weapons. The underlying concern was that North Korea was developing nuclear weapons technology under the guise of a nuclear power plant. In 1994, Clinton negotiated and signed the Nuclear Accords with North Korea. However, because he was scarred by the US defeat and humiliation in Somalia, he refused to get the US involved in the Rwandan genocide. Bush assassinated. W. In addition, Clinton launched military strikes on Iraq several times to punish violations of UN sanctions and an attempt to have former President George H. Clinton also committed troops twice in the former-Yugoslavia to stop ethnic violence, most notably in Kosovo. Aristide, who had been elected, had been ousted in a coup just seven months into his term in 1991. troops into Haiti to restore Jean-Bertrand Aristide as president, ending a period of intense violence. In 1994, Clinton sent U.S. troops fought the Battle of Mogadishu attempting to capture local warlord Mohamed Farrah Aidid in Somalia. In 1993, U.S. military several times under hostile circumstances. Clinton deployed the U.S. Although it is debated to what extent his policies were responsible, upon leaving office, Clinton proudly pointed to a number of economic accomplishments, including:. enjoyed continuous economic expansion, reductions in unemployment, and growing wealth through a massive rise in the stock market. During Clinton's tenure, the U.S. The combination of Clinton's 1993 tax increase, the Republican Congress' 1995 spending cuts, and Fed chairman Alan Greenspan's masterful interest-rate tinkering finally brought the federal
budget into balance and ignited a boom in the American economy. Clinton appointed the following justices to the Supreme Court:. By the beginning of 2005, however, the PIRA declared that it was withdrawing from the disarmament process. His involvement set in motion the process that led to the Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) commencing disarmament on October 23, 2001. He took a personal interest in The Troubles in Northern Ireland and paid three visits there while he was president in order to encourage peace. In 1999, in conjunction with a U.S. Congress controlled by the Republican Party the United States had a balanced federal budget for the first time since Richard Nixon's presidency in 1969. Clinton developed a close working relationship with Tony Blair, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, when he was elected in 1997. In the 1996 presidential election, Clinton was re-elected receiving 49.2% of the popular vote over Republican Bob Dole (40.7% of the popular vote) and Reform candidate Ross Perot (8.4% of the popular vote), while the Republicans retained control of the Congress losing but a few seats. The Republican-controlled Congress and Clinton sparred over the budget, Clinton's vetos resulting in a series of government shutdowns at a political penalty to the Republicans. After the 1994 election, the spotlight shifted to the Contract with America spearheaded by Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich. They lost control of both houses of Congress for the first time in 40 years, in large part due to stalled legislation, including a failed attempt to create a comprehensive health care system under a plan developed by the First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton. After two years of Democratic party control under Clinton's leadership, the mid-term elections in 1994 proved disastrous for the Democrats. The First Lady played an active role in helping the President form policy, and Clinton's two best friends and most loyal supporters, Democratic spin doctors Paul Begala and James Carville, could often be seen defending the President's policies in Washington and the media. This is not to say that Clinton was without political confidants in the White House. He went through four White House Chiefs of Staff — a record number of men in a position that had once been the epicenter of the Imperial Presidency. As president, Clinton was characterized as being a much more "hands on" president than some of his Republican predecessors. While Bush and Reagan had operated under what some critics dubbed an Imperial Presidency of bureaucratic "courtiers," Clinton had much more fickle relationships with his aides, and did not delegate them significant powers. It was the first major legislative defeat of Clinton's administration. Though initially well-received, it was ultimately doomed by well-organized opposition from conservatives and the health insurance industry, who urged Americans to read the actual details of the plan. The most important item on Clinton's legislative agenda, however, was a complex health care reform plan, the result of a taskforce headed by Hillary Clinton, aimed at achieving universal coverage. After much debate, Clinton and the Pentagon agreed to a "Don't ask, don't tell" policy, which officially remains in effect. Shortly after taking office, Clinton fulfilled a campaign promise by signing the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993, which required large employers to allow their employees to take unpaid leave because of a family or medical emergency. While this action was popular, Clinton's initial reluctance to fulfill another campaign promise relating to the acceptance of openly gay members of the military garnered criticism from both the left (for being too tentative in promoting gay rights) and the right (for being too insensitive to military life). Clinton's first act as president was to sign executive order 12834 (entitled "Ethics Commitments by Executive Branch Appointees"), which placed substantial restrictions upon the ability of his senior political appointees to lobby their colleagues after they leave office. Clinton rescinded the order shortly before he left office in executive order 13184 of December 28, 2000. Congress as well as the Presidency, for the first time since the administration of Jimmy Carter. That election also brought the Democrats full control of the political branches of the federal government, including both houses of U.S. His election ended an era in which the Republican party had controlled the Presidency for 12 consecutive years, and for 20 of the previous 24 years. Roosevelt, though he is the first President since John Kennedy to have never achieved a majority of the popular vote. Clinton was the first Democrat to serve two full terms as President since Franklin D. Ross Perot (19.0% of the vote), largely on a platform focusing on domestic issues, notably the economic recession of the pre-election period — using the line "It's the economy, stupid!" For more information about Clinton's campaign, see Bill Clinton presidential campaign, 1992. W. Bush (37.7% of the vote) and independent candidate H. Clinton won the 1992 presidential election (43.3% of the vote) against Republican George H. While none of these alleged flaws led to Clinton's defeat, they did fuel unusually vehement opposition to Clinton among many conservatives from the very beginning of his presidency. Allegations of womanizing and shady business deals also were raised. Clinton's opponents raised various "character" issues during the campaign, including his avoidance of military service during the Vietnam War, and his glib response to a question about past marijuana use. In retrospect, many now view Gore as a helpful factor in the successful 1992 campaign. Initially this decision sparked criticism from strategists due to the fact that Gore was from Clinton's neighboring state of Tennessee. (D-Tenn.) to be his running mate on July 9, 1992. Gore Jr. Albert A. Sen. Clinton chose U.S. Positioning himself as a straight-talking everyman, Clinton handily won the Democratic Party's nomination. In the aftermath of the Persian Gulf War, President Bush seemed undefeatable, and several potential Democratic candidates — notably New York Governor Mario Cuomo — passed on what seemed to be a lost cause. Bush. W. Despite this setback, Clinton prepared for a run in 1992 against incumbent president George H. Clinton's subsequent appearance on The Tonight Show was seen as a good way to defuse the criticism. Clinton's address, scheduled to last 15 minutes, became a debacle as Clinton gave a notoriously dull speech that lasted over half an hour (he joked about the length of this speech at the 1992 convention). Clinton's first major foray into national politics occurred when he was enlisted to speak at the 1988 Democratic National Convention, introducing candidate Michael Dukakis. However, several deals the Clintons made during this period led to the Whitewater investigation, which dogged his later presidential administration. Clinton's business-friendly approach mollified conservative criticism during his terms as governor. Clinton was elected governor again in 1982, re-elected in 1984, succeeded in getting the state constitution amended to allow governors four-year terms, then was re-elected in 1986 and 1990, serving until 1992. Hillary took her husband's surname and adopted a more traditional public role as a political wife, while quietly establishing herself as a political force in her own right through her skills as an attorney. He established new relationships with business interests, and made amends with the political establishment of the state. Out of office, Clinton addressed the concerns that led to his political failure. As he once joked, he was the youngest ex-governor in the nation's history. White in 1980. After only one term, Clinton was defeated by Republican challenger Frank D. Furthermore, Hillary Rodham's decision to keep her maiden name while Arkansas' First Lady raised many eyebrows in the traditionally conservative state. His first term was fraught with difficulties, including an unpopular motor vehicle tax and popular anger over the escape of Cuban prisoners (from the Mariel Boat Lift) detained in Fort Chafee in 1980. Bill Clinton was first elected governor of the state of Arkansas in 1978, when at the time he was the youngest state governor in the United States, and the youngest to be elected to a state governorship since 1938. After his teaching stint, Clinton was elected Attorney General of Arkansas in 1976. Clinton lost the election by over 6,000 votes. During this time, he ran for the House of Representatives in 1974 against Congressman John Paul Hammerschmidt. Clinton taught law at the University of Arkansas for a few years. After Oxford, Clinton attended Yale Law School, where he met his future wife, classmate Hillary Rodham. William Fulbright and won a prestigious Rhodes Scholarship to the University of Oxford in England. Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University in Washington DC, where he became a brother of Alpha Phi Omega, worked for Senator J. Clinton attended the Edmund A. (born 1956). His stepfather was a gambler and alcoholic who regularly abused his wife, and sometimes Clinton's half brother Roger, Jr. Clinton grew up in a turbulent family. Billy, as he was called, was raised by his mother and stepfather, using the last name "Clinton" throughout elementary school, but not formally changing it until he was 15. His mother, born Virginia Dell Cassidy, remarried in 1950 to Roger Clinton. He was named after his father, William Jefferson Blythe Jr., a travelling salesman who had been killed in a car accident in Scott County, Missouri between the towns of Sikeston and Morley just three months before his son was born. Clinton was born William Jefferson Blythe III in Hope, Arkansas and raised in Hot Springs, Arkansas. Bush and turning it into the largest surplus by the end of his office. W. He was elected twice with the highest percentage of the popular vote among his opponents (but never with a general majority). Characteristics of the period he presided as President included the lengthiest economic boom in American history, (though his opponents claim that this was due to the Republican majority in Congress) the most successful war in terms of American causalities during the Kosovo Conflict, inheriting at-the-time the largest American budget deficit from his predecessor President George H. history. As such, his assumption of office marked a "generational shift" from the former Presidents who were mostly World War II veterans and had experienced the start of the Cold War in the 1950s. At times his approval rating was very low, setting a record low in his first year, but upon leaving office, it was the highest for a retiring President in modern U.S. He was the third youngest president and the first of the baby boomer generation. He became the second president to be impeached, on charges of perjury and obstruction of justice before a grand jury for his handling of the Monica Lewinsky affair [1] (http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/D?c105:3:./temp/~c105UynaA3::), but he was acquitted by the Senate. He was also the subject of a series of independent counsel investigations by Congress, resulting in the indictment or conviction of many staff members, associates and friends, though never himself. Congress. His tenure was marked by an adversarial relationship with the Republican-controlled U.S. Internationally, his priorities included reducing trade barriers and mediating the Northern Ireland and Israeli-Palestinian conflicts. During his tenure as President, his domestic priorities included legislation to upgrade education, to restrict handgun sales, to strengthen environmental rules, and to protect the jobs of parents who must care for sick children. A strong supporter of the Democratic Leadership Council, Clinton was generally considered a political moderate. Before his Presidency, Clinton served five terms as the Governor of Arkansas. William Jefferson Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III on August 19, 1946) was the 42nd President of the United States from 1993 to 2001. POTUS Speaks: Finding the Words That Defined the Clinton Presidency Simon & Schuster ISBN 0-74-320020-9. Michael Waldman (2000). ISBN 0-89-526302-5. Henry Holt. Partners in Power: The Clintons & Their America. Roger Morris (1996). ISBN 0684818906. First In His Class : A Biography Of Bill Clinton, Simon & Schuster. David Maraniss (1996). ISBN 1-59-129804-0. How To Destroy A Village : What The Clintons Taught A Seventeen Year Old, PublishAmerica. Fodeman (2003). Jason D. ISBN 0-67-187147-1. Simon & Schuster. On the Edge: The Clinton Presidency. Elizabeth Drew (1994). ISBN 0-31-227319-3. Martin's Griffin. St. The Hunting of the President : The Ten-Year Campaign to Destroy Bill and Hillary Clinton. Joe Conason and Gene Lyons (2003). ISBN 0375414576. Knopf. My Life. Bill Clinton (2004). ISBN 0-37-412502-3. Farrar Straus Giroux. The Clinton Wars. Sidney Blumenthal (2003). ISBN 0-75-153035-2. William Morrow & Co., Inc. Bill & Hillary: The Marriage. Christopher Anderson (1999). Bob Barr (2004) The Meaning of Is: The Squandered Impeachment and Wasted Legacy of William Jefferson Clinton Stroud & Hall Publishing ISBN 0-97-453762-4. Rozell (2000) The Clinton Scandal and the Future of American Government Georgetown University Press ISBN 0-87-840777-4. Mark J. David Maraniss (1998) The Clinton Enigma : A Four and a Half Minute Speech Reveals This President's Entire Life Simon & Schuster ISBN 0-68-486296-4. James Bovard (2000) Feeling Your Pain: The Explosion and Abuse of Government Power in the Clinton-Gore Years St. Martin's Press ISBN 0-31-223082-6. Peter Baker (2000) The Breach : Inside the Impeachment and Trial of William Jefferson Clinton Scribner ISBN 0-68-486813-X. Michael Isikoff (1999) Uncovering Clinton: A Reporter's Story Crown Publishing Group ISBN 0-60-960393-0. Starr on President Clinton and the Lewinsky Affair PublicAffairs ISBN 1-89-162024-X. Starr (1998) The Starr Report: The Findings of Independent Counsel Kenneth W. Kenneth W. Dick Morris with Eileen McGann (2004) Because He Could. Rich Lowry (2003)Legacy: Paying the Price for the Clinton Years. "Columbia Nanotechnology: National Nanotechnology Initiative" (http://www.columbia.edu/cu/osi/natnanoin.html). "Clinton makes nanomention of large legacy" (http://nanobot.blogspot.com/2004/09/clinton-makes-nanomention-of-large.html). Clinton's reputation is such that several film and song parodies have been made about his use of marijuana without inhaling, his womanizing and his dominant wife. Bill Clinton struggles with poor eating habits which led to heart problems, as he explained on Good Morning America, "I'm more sensitive to it because of my recent heart problems and because I had come to terms with the fact that they came about not only because of my predisposition to high cholesterol but because of decades of poor eating habits." [21] (http://1010wins.com/topstories/local_story_123115121.html). Opposition leader Vojislav Kostunica takes office as the Yugoslavian president the next day. October 5, 2000 - The defeat of Slobodan Milosevic in earlier elections leads to mass demonstrations in Belgrade and the ultimate collapse of the regime's authority. (See Kosovo War.). June, 1999 - Serbia hands control of Kosovo to the United Nations. (See Kosovo War.). planes accidentally bomb China's embassy in Belgrade. May 7, 1999 - U.S. (See Kosovo War.). March 24 to June 10, 1999 - NATO bombs Kosovo and Serbia. February 12, 1999 - Clinton is acquitted of all charges by the Senate. January 7, 1999 - The trial of Clinton in the Senate begins. December 19, 1998 - Clinton is impeached by the House of Representatives on grounds of perjury and obstruction of justice. In the evening, he delivers a nationally televised address (http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1998/08/17/speech/transcript.html) in which he describes the relationship as "not appropriate" but also "nobody's business". August 17, 1998 - Clinton testifies before a grand jury about his relationship with Monica Lewinsky. August, 1998 - Clinton orders cruise missile strikes on Afghanistan and a suspected chemical weapons factory in Sudan as Monica Lewinsky testifies before a grand jury about her relationship with Clinton. October, 1997 - Visit by President of the People's Republic of China Jiang Zemin to the White House. November, 1996 - Clinton is reelected, defeating Republican challenger Bob Dole. Mitchell. December, 1995 - Clinton visits Ireland, leading to the establishment of an International Commission chaired by former U.S. Senator George J. November, 1995 - Clinton organizes peace talks for Bosnia and Herzegovina at the Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, eventually resulting in the Dayton Agreement. November 14, 1995 - Budget negotiations between Congress and the President break down, resulting in a temporary shutdown of the Federal Government. Shutdowns (partial and full) continue through January, 1996. April 19, 1995 - Oklahoma City bombing - Bombing of federal building in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma results in the deaths of 168 people, 19 of whom were children. January 14, 1994 - Clinton and Russian President Boris Yeltsin sign the Kremlin accords which stop the preprogrammed aiming of nuclear missiles to targets and also provide for the dismantling of the nuclear arsenal in Ukraine. October 3, 1993 - Battle of Mogadishu - Ranger Units receive heavy casualties in Somalia, Blackhawk Down incident. July 20, 1993 - Clinton friend and confidant Vince Foster is found dead of a gunshot wound. Clinton and Attorney General Janet Reno receive criticism for mishandling the stand-off. April 19, 1993 - A government siege of the Branch Davidian compound at Waco, Texas, results in the deaths of 80 people when a cult leader allegedly sets fire to his own compound. Higher stock ownership by families than ever before. Lowest government spending as a percentage of GDP since 1974 [3] (http://www.gpoaccess.gov/usbudget/fy00/guide04.html). Largest budget deficit in American history converted to the largest surplus. Higher incomes at all levels. Lowest unemployment in 30 years. Homeownership rate increase from 64.0% to 67.5%. More than 22 million new jobs. Stephen Breyer - 1994. Ruth Bader Ginsburg - 1993. Initiated the Don't ask, don't tell policy toward gays in the military, 1993. Tried to get Ehud Barak of Israel and Yasser Arafat of the Palestinian National Authority, to agree to a final settlement agreement. Appointed a committee on Social Security Reform and then dismissed their recommendations without ever proposing legislation. Campaign finance reform (1993). Health care reform. Congress overrode the veto, however, to enact the bill into law. the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act. Twice vetoed welfare reform before signing. 1833, partial birth abortion ban. H.R. national budget. October 31, 1998 - Iraq Liberation Act. October 28, 1998 - Digital Millennium Copyright Act. August 5, 1997 - Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997. September 21, 1996 - Defense of Marriage Act, allowed states the power to refuse to recognize gay marriages granted in other states, among other things. August 20, 1996 - Minimum wage Increase Act. April 24, 1996 - Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act. April 9, 1996 - Line Item Veto Act. March 14, 1996 - authorized $100 million anti-terrorism agreement with Israel to track down and root out terrorists. February 26, 1996 - Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act, a welfare reform bill. February 8, 1996 - Telecom Reform Act: eliminated major ownership restrictions for radio and television groups. February 1, 1996 - Communications Decency Act. 1995 - Executive Order 12958, created tough new standards for the process of classifying documents. September 13, 1994 - Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act, part of an omnibus crime bill, the federal death penalty was expanded to some 60 different offenses. January 1, 1994 - NAFTA. November 30, 1993 - Brady Bill. September 21, 1993 - creation of the AmeriCorps volunteer program. August 10, 1993 - Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993 - Adjusted taxes; income tax, top rate: 39.6%; corporate tax: 35%. |