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T-shirt

T-shirt laid flat, showing its characteristic "T" shape

A T-shirt (or tee shirt) is a shirt, usually buttonless, collarless and pocketless, with a round neck and short sleeves, pulled on over the head. There are also long-sleeved T-shirt and sleeveless T-shirt variants.

T-shirts were originally worn as undershirts. This still occurs, but T-shirts are now also frequently worn as the only piece of clothing on the top half of the body (except that women usually wear a bra beneath it).

A T-shirt typically extends to the waist, although one fashion is for "oversized" T-shirts. A more recent trend in women's clothing involves tight-fitting "cropped" T-shirts that are short enough to reveal the lower abdomen including the belly button. T-shirt fashions include styles for men and women, and for all age groups, including baby, youth and adult sizes. T-shirts are often decorated with text and/or pictures.

T-shirts are manufactured by the textile industry. They are typically made of cotton or polyester fibers (or a mix of the two), knitted together in a jersey stitch that gives a T-shirt its distinctive soft texture.

T-shirt history

An example of a tie-dye t-shirt

The idea of the T-shirt came to the USA during WWI when US soldiers noticed the light cotton undershirts European soldiers were using while the US soldiers sweated in their wool uniforms. Since they were so much more comfortable they quickly became popular among the Americans, and because of their design they got the name T-shirt. During WWII the T-shirt had become standard issue underwear in both the U.S. Army and Navy.

After WWII the T-shirt started appearing without a shirt covering it. John Wayne, Marlon Brando and James Dean all wore them on national TV. At first the public was shocked but by 1955 it had become acceptable. The T-shirt became cool when James Dean wore it in the film Rebel Without a Cause.

T-shirt decoration

T-shirts with bold slogans were popular in the UK in the 1980s

In the 1960s, the Ringer T-shirt appeared and became a staple fashion for youth and rock-n-rollers. People also started to tie-dye and screen-print the basic T-shirt and variants such as the tank top, "wife beater", muscle shirt, scoop neck, V-neck etc. became popular.

Since then T-shirts have become a medium for self-expression and advertising, with any imaginable combination of words, art and even photographs on display.

Other methods of decoration used on T-shirts include airbrush, applique, embroidery, and the ironing on of either flock lettering, heat transfers, or Dye sublimation transfers. Laser printers are capable of printing on plain paper using a special toner containing sublimation dyes which can then be permanently heat-transferred to T-shirts.

The most common form of t-shirt printing is silk-screening. In silk screening, a design is seperated into "cmyk" or "rgb" colors and ink is transerred onto the garment through a silk screen. These colored inks are transfered through the screen into a design on the garment. This can be done manually or a using semi-automated machine.

In the 1980s, thermochromatic dyes were used to produce T-shirts that changed colour when subjected to heat. This brand of T-shirt, Global Hypercolour, was a common sight on the streets of the UK for a few years, but has since mostly disappeared. These were very popular in the United States as well in the late 80's among teens. These kind of T-shirts are still being produced and are available to buy over the internet.

Since the late 1980s and especially the 1990s, T-shirts with prominent brand-name logos have been popular, especially with teenagers and young adults. These garments allowed consumers to flaunt their taste in designer brands in an inexpensive way, in addition to being decorative. While critics claim that wearing such logos serve only to advertise for clothing designers without being paid, brand-name T-shirts remain popular. Examples: Calvin Klein, FUBU, Ralph Lauren, The Gap

The late 1990s saw the renewed popularity of T-shirts with slogans and designs, with a strong inclination to the humorous and/or ironic. The trend has only increased in this decade; embraced by celebrities, such as Britney Spears and Paris Hilton, and reflected back on them, too ('Team Aniston').

The story of the message tee embraces the modern phenomenon of “personal branding” (indicating, in this case, the wearer’s sense of humor), as well as a climate in which statements—political or personal—are generally preferred to be catchy than true . Notable was the popularity of political slogans and messages on T-shirts coinciding with the presidential election.

Further reading

  • Scott Fresener, Earl Smith, Nancy Hall (1995). The T-Shirt Book, Gibbs Smith Publisher. ISBN 087905686X.

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Notable was the popularity of political slogans and messages on T-shirts coinciding with the presidential election. The W8 uses two four-cylinder VR engines mated together, and the W16 uses two eight-cylinder VR banks. The story of the message tee embraces the modern phenomenon of “personal branding” (indicating, in this case, the wearer’s sense of humor), as well as a climate in which statements—political or personal—are generally preferred to be catchy than true . W8 and W16 designs were developed in a similar fashion. The trend has only increased in this decade; embraced by celebrities, such as Britney Spears and Paris Hilton, and reflected back on them, too ('Team Aniston'). For example, two VR6 engines mated together at 72 degrees result in a W12 configuration, which is significantly shorter than a V12 engine but only marginally wider. The late 1990s saw the renewed popularity of T-shirts with slogans and designs, with a strong inclination to the humorous and/or ironic. Volkswagen has also developed a series of engines which use narrow angle designs mated together at 72 degrees.

Examples: Calvin Klein, FUBU, Ralph Lauren, The Gap. The Porsche Cayenne, which shares its chassis with the VW Touareg, also uses the 3.2 L VR6 as its base engine. While critics claim that wearing such logos serve only to advertise for clothing designers without being paid, brand-name T-shirts remain popular. The VR6 is also used in other Volkswagen Group products, namely:. These garments allowed consumers to flaunt their taste in designer brands in an inexpensive way, in addition to being decorative. The VR6 was used by Volkswagen in:. Since the late 1980s and especially the 1990s, T-shirts with prominent brand-name logos have been popular, especially with teenagers and young adults. The 3.2 and 3.6 litre VR6s will also be used to power a new MKV platform R32 (for Europe) and a new R36 model (North America).

These kind of T-shirts are still being produced and are available to buy over the internet. The introduction of the Passat VR6 also marked the first time a VR6 powered vehicle was made available in North American before Europe. These were very popular in the United States as well in the late 80's among teens. Both the 3.2 and 3.6 feature FSI direct injection. This brand of T-shirt, Global Hypercolour, was a common sight on the streets of the UK for a few years, but has since mostly disappeared. For North American, the Passat receives a new 3.6 L VR6 with a narrower 10.6 degree cylinder angle, producing 280 PS (276 hp/206 kW). In the 1980s, thermochromatic dyes were used to produce T-shirts that changed colour when subjected to heat. In 2005, the European market version of Volkswagen's fifth generation Passat went on sale with a revised version of the 3.2 L VR6 as its top-spec motor.

This can be done manually or a using semi-automated machine. The 3.2 is now used as a range-topper in Audi A3 or as an entry level version in the VW Touareg and Porsche Cayenne, although the version used in the Cayenne features modifications to the heads as well as the intake and timing systems. These colored inks are transfered through the screen into a design on the garment. This variant produced 250 PS (247 hp/184 kW) and 320 Nm (236 ft•lbf) of torque in TT trim and 241 PS(238 hp/177 kW) in R32 trim. In silk screening, a design is seperated into "cmyk" or "rgb" colors and ink is transerred onto the garment through a silk screen. In 2003, a high performance 3.2 L version of the engine was introduced to power VW's limited-production Golf R32 and a new range-topping variant of the Audi TT. The most common form of t-shirt printing is silk-screening. The multivalve V6 was only introduced in North America in 2002 (where it retained the VR6 name).

Laser printers are capable of printing on plain paper using a special toner containing sublimation dyes which can then be permanently heat-transferred to T-shirts. The corresponding multivalve V5 was only released in 2001, with a 20 PS power increase, to 170 PS (168 hp/125 kW). Other methods of decoration used on T-shirts include airbrush, applique, embroidery, and the ironing on of either flock lettering, heat transfers, or Dye sublimation transfers. The VR6 name was dropped as a commercial designation, and the 4WD system (4Motion) was now standard on the V6 in Europe. Since then T-shirts have become a medium for self-expression and advertising, with any imaginable combination of words, art and even photographs on display. The new version was not available in the Passat (as it was incompatible with the then-current generation's longitudinal layout), but was introduced as the range topper in the Golf and Bora. became popular. This engine produced 204 PS (201 hp/150 kW) and 265 Nm (195 lb.ft) of torque.

People also started to tie-dye and screen-print the basic T-shirt and variants such as the tank top, "wife beater", muscle shirt, scoop neck, V-neck etc. For 1999, VW added further modifications to the design, with the introduction of the 24-valve 2.8 L VR6. In the 1960s, the Ringer T-shirt appeared and became a staple fashion for youth and rock-n-rollers. It was introduced in the Passat in 1997, and later in the Golf and Bora in 1999. The T-shirt became cool when James Dean wore it in the film Rebel Without a Cause.. This version, which had a 2.3 L capacity, was capable of 150 PS (148 hp/110 kW) and had a maximum torque of 209 Nm (154 lb.ft). At first the public was shocked but by 1955 it had become acceptable. In 1997, VW removed a cylinder from the VR6, creating the VR5, the first block to use an uneven number of cylinders in a V design.

John Wayne, Marlon Brando and James Dean all wore them on national TV. The corresponding Vento/Jetta VR6 versions appeared in the same years. After WWII the T-shirt started appearing without a shirt covering it. North America only received this engine in 1995, at the same time the European model started to use the 2.9 L in the VR6 Syncro model. Army and Navy. In 1992, with the introduction of the Golf's third generation, a six-cylinder engine was available for the first time in a lower-midsize segment hatchback in Europe. During WWII the T-shirt had become standard issue underwear in both the U.S. This version also had a free flowing 6 cm (2.5 in) catalytic converter, enlarged inlet manifold and larger throttle body.

Since they were so much more comfortable they quickly became popular among the Americans, and because of their design they got the name T-shirt. The Passat, Passat Variant wagon and US-spec Corrado used the original 2.8 L design, while the Euro-spec Corrado and the 4WD Passat Syncro received a 2.9 L version with 190 PS (187 hp/140 kW). The idea of the T-shirt came to the USA during WWI when US soldiers noticed the light cotton undershirts European soldiers were using while the US soldiers sweated in their wool uniforms. The VR6 engine was introduced in Europe in 1991 in the Passat and Corrado, and in North America the following year. . These engines produced 174 PS (172 hp/128 kW) and 240 Nm (177 ft·lbf) of torque. They are typically made of cotton or polyester fibers (or a mix of the two), knitted together in a jersey stitch that gives a T-shirt its distinctive soft texture. The original VR6 engine displaced 2.8 L and featured a 12 valve design.

T-shirts are manufactured by the textile industry. There are several different variants of the VR6 engine. T-shirts are often decorated with text and/or pictures. This is most similar to a DOHC Inline-6 engine. T-shirt fashions include styles for men and women, and for all age groups, including baby, youth and adult sizes. However, later (24 valve) VR6 engines use one camshaft for all intake valves and one camshaft for all exhaust valves. A more recent trend in women's clothing involves tight-fitting "cropped" T-shirts that are short enough to reveal the lower abdomen including the belly button. This is most similar to the operation of a SOHC V6 engine.

A T-shirt typically extends to the waist, although one fashion is for "oversized" T-shirts. In early (12 valve) VR6 engines, one camshaft is used per bank of cylinders. This still occurs, but T-shirts are now also frequently worn as the only piece of clothing on the top half of the body (except that women usually wear a bra beneath it). This simplifies engine construction and reduces costs. T-shirts were originally worn as undershirts. The narrow angle between cylinder banks also allows just two camshafts to drive all of the valves, and a single cylinder head to be used. There are also long-sleeved T-shirt and sleeveless T-shirt variants. As a result, it is nearly as smooth as an Inline-6.

A T-shirt (or tee shirt) is a shirt, usually buttonless, collarless and pocketless, with a round neck and short sleeves, pulled on over the head. In addition, the VR6 is able to use the firing interval of an Inline-6 engine. ISBN 087905686X.. A wider V6 engine of conventional design would have required lengthening existing vehicles to provide enough crumple zone between the front of the vehicle and the engine, and between the engine and the passenger cell. The T-Shirt Book, Gibbs Smith Publisher. By using the narrow 15° VR6 engine, it was possible to install a six-cylinder engine in existing Volkswagen models. Scott Fresener, Earl Smith, Nancy Hall (1995). The VR6 was specifically designed for transverse installation in front wheel drive vehicles.

The combination of the two can be roughly translated as "in-line Vee.". The name, VR6 comes from a combination of Vee and the German word Reihenmotor (straight engine). It is similar to the V engine, but with the cylinders offset from each other and tilted by 15° instead of the usual 60°. VR6 is an engine configuration developed by the Volkswagen Group.

. SEAT Leon Cupra. Audi TT. Audi A3 Mk.II.

VW Sharan/SEAT Alhambra/Ford Galaxy. VW Transporter T4 and T5. VW Touareg. VW Phaeton.

VW Corrado. VW Bora/VW Jetta Mk.IV. VW Vento/VW Jetta Mk.III. VW Passat (B3, B4, and B6 chassis).

Golf R32 MK.IV and Mk.V. VW Golf Mk.III and Mk.IV.