Truck

Conduire un véhicule lourd, Société de l'Assurance Automobile du Québec, 7e édition, 2002 ISBN 2-551-19567-5. Fiddle playing is characterized by a huge variety of ethnic or regional traditions, each of which has its own distinctive sound, including, but not limited to:. Registrations of heavy trucks in South America (2002; % breakdown by manufacturer):. By contrast, violins often play in sections, since sound reinforcement (before electronic amplification) was only possible by adding instruments. Heavy truck leading manufacturers (alphabetically]. Twin fiddling is represented in some North American and Scandinavian styles, but it is said that two traditional Irish fiddlers in the same room makes about as much sense as having two storytellers going at the same time. In the Eastern Europe, Škoda, Tatra and GAZ are common, since they were some of the "brands" of the Soviet controlled areas. Various clichés describe the difference: "The violin sings, the fiddle dances." or "A fiddle is a violin with attitude." In reality, there is usually only one fiddle playing in any given venue.

Iveco, MAN AG, Mercedes-Benz Trucks, PACCAR (DAF Trucks, Leyland Trucks), Scania AB, and Volvo Trucks (not to be confused with Volvo Automotive, which is now part of Ford Motor Company), are the leading truck manufacturers in Western Europe. This reduces the range of right-arm motion required for the rapid string-crossings found in some styles, and is said to make it easier to play double stops, or to make triple stops possible, allowing one to play chords. But, Kenworth and Peterbilt, which had started out as heavy-duty trucks for hauling logs, forest products, and steel for shipyards on the West Coast, readily saw the need for these lighter long-distance trucks. One very slight difference between "fiddles" and ordinary violins may be seen in American (e.g., bluegrass and old-time music) fiddling: in these styles, the top of the bridge may be cut so that it is very slightly less curved. Drivers more concerned with safety than with fuel-economy preferred the heavier Peterbilts and Kenworths. When played as a folk instrument, the violin is ordinarily referred to in English as a fiddle. The entity, which became White-Freightliner, then just Freightliner, catered directly to western fleets that wanted a lighter-aluminium cab and frame, and traveled longer-straighter distances without stopping. In many traditions of folk music, the tunes are not written but are memorized by successive generations of musicians and passed on in both informal and formal contexts.

White, built a new factory in California in the early 1960s, with long-haul trucking company Consolidated Freightways. Ethnomusicologists have observed its widespread use in Europe, Asia, and the Americas. While on the West Coast, the drivers preferred Peterbilt, Kenworth, and Freightliner. Following a stage of intensive development in the late Renaissance, largely in Italy, the violin had improved (in volume, tone, and agility), to the point that it not only became a very important instrument in art music, but proved highly appealing to folk musicians as well, ultimately spreading very widely, sometimes displacing earlier bowed instruments. On the East Coast, where routes where traditionally shorter, and because the trucks were made there, many drivers preferred Mack Trucks. Like many other instruments of classical music, the violin descends from remote ancestors that were used for folk music. There are also regional preferences with truck drivers within the United States. Indian and Arabic pop music is filled with the sound of violins, both soloists and ensembles.

Larger fleet operators and public agencies tend to prefer the lower cost Freightliners, Navistar, and Ford products. Since the end of the 20th century, strings have began making a comeback in pop music. Smaller fleet operators, specialized carriers, and owner operators tend to prefer Mack or Peterbilt and Kenworth products. Up to the 1970s, most types of popular music used bowed strings, but the rise of electronically created music in the 1980s saw a decline in their use, as synthesized string sections took their place. [1]. Earlier genres of pop music, at least those separate from the Rock 'n' Roll movement, tended to make use of fairly traditional Orchestras, sometimes large ones; examples include the American "Crooners" such as Bing Crosby. Mercedes-Benz commercial vehicle’s, with its Freightliner, Mercedes-Benz, Setra, Sterling (the old Ford Trucks), Western Star, Mitsubishi Fuso Truck and Bus (43%; Japan), and Hyundai Trucks (50%; South Korea), sold between 200,000 and a quarter of a million units worldwide that past few years. The hugely popular Motown recordings of the 60's and 70's relied heavily on strings as part of the trademark texture.

The worldwide market share leader is DaimlerChrysler, with its Mercedes-Benz' commercial vehicle group with around a 22% global market share. While the violin has had very little usage in rock music compared to its brethren the guitar and bass guitar, it is increasingly being absorbed into mainstream pop wiith artists like Vanessa Mae, Bond, Linda Brava, Miri Ben-Ari, Nigel Kennedy, Yellowcard, Dave Matthews Band with Boyd Tinsley, Arcade Fire, Jean-Luc Ponty and Camper Van Beethoven also independent artists such as Final Fantasy and Andrew Bird have recently increased interest in the instrument. (major manufacturers ranked by 2003 sales). Violins also appear in ensembles supplying orchestral backgrounds to many jazz recordings. This works against efforts to streamline and automate the assembly line. Other notable jazz violinists are Regina Carter and Jean-Luc Ponty. Part of the reason for this is that 75% of all trucks are custom specified. Since that time there have been many superb improvising violinists including Stéphane Grappelli, Stuff Smith, Ray Perry, Ray Nance, Claude "Fiddler" Williams, Leroy Jenkins, Billy Bang, Mat Maneri, Malcolm Goldstein.

Quality among all heavy truck manufacturers in general is improving, however industry insiders will testify that the industry has a long way to go before they achieve the quality levels reached by automobile manufacturers. The first great jazz violinist was Joe Venuti who is best known for his work with guitarist Eddie Lang during the 1920s. This may be due in part to lawsuits from drivers claiming that driving a manual transmission is damaging to their knees. The earliest references to jazz performance using the violin as a solo instrument are documented during the first decades of the 20th century. The trend in Europe is that more new trucks are being bought with automatic transmissions. It is, however, very well suited to jazz playing, and many players have exploited its qualities well. Automatic transmissions for heavy trucks are becoming more and more common, due to advances both in transmission and engine power. The violin is used as a solo instrument in jazz, though it is a relative rarity in this genre; compared to other instruments, like saxophone, trumpet, piano and guitar, the violin appears fairly infrequently.

Common North American setups include 10, 13 and 18 speeds. A string quartet similarly has parts for first and second violins, as well as a viola part, and a bass instrument, such as the cello or, rarely, the bass. Bigger trucks often use manual transmissions, which must be built stronger to withstand the torque their engines make. Composers often assign the melody to the first violins, while second violins play harmony, accompaniment patterns or the melody an octave lower than the first violins. Small trucks use the same type of transmissions as cars. Violins make up a large part of an orchestra, and are usually divided into two sections, known as the first and second violins. The only exceptions to this are Volvo Trucks and Mack Trucks, which are available with Volvo and Mack diesel engines, respectively, and Freightliner, which is a subsidiary of DaimlerChrysler and are available with Mercedes-Benz and Detroit Diesel engines. Many leading composers have contributed to the violin concerto and violin sonata repertories.

In the United States, highway trucks almost always use an engine built by a third party, such as CAT, Cummins, or Detroit Diesel. This may be due to the possibility of vibrato and of slight expressive adjustments in pitch and timbre. Huge off-highway trucks use locomotive-type engines such as a V12 Detroit Diesel two stroke engine. The violin is also considered a very expressive instrument, which is often felt to approximate the human voice. Most heavier trucks use four stroke turbo intercooler diesel engines, although there are alternatives. In the hands of a good player, the violin is extremely agile, and can execute rapid and difficult sequences of notes. Small trucks such as SUVs or pickups, and even light medium-duty trucks in North America will use gasoline engines. The tone of the violin stands out above other instruments, making it appropriate for playing a melody line.

Trucks can use all sorts of engines. Since the Baroque era the violin has been one of the most important of all instruments in classical music, for several reasons. There are a few possible cab configurations:. In addition to the skill and reputation of the maker, an instrument's age can also influence both price and quality. Modern cabs feature air conditioning, a good sound system, and ergonomic seats (often air suspended). Nevertheless, instruments of approximately 300 years of age, especially those made by Stradivari and Guarneri del Gesù, are the most sought after instruments (for both collectors and performers). They can range from a simple 2 to 4 foot (0.6 to 1.2 m) bunk to a 12 foot (3.7 m) apartment-on-wheels. The majority of old instruments have undergone these modifications, and hence are in a significantly different state than when they left the hands of their makers, doubtless with differences in sound and response.

A sleeper is a compartment attached to the cab where the driver can rest while not driving. It is still believed, perhaps erroneously, that at the beginning of the 18th century, the violin was built in a way that can be expressed as "perfect." It is commonly asserted that "Never since that time has a major improvement been made to the instrument", but changes have occurred, particularly to do with the length and angle of the neck, as well as a heavier bass bar. The cab is an enclosed space where the driver is seated. The most famous violin makers, called luthiers, between the late 16th century and the 18th century included:. The chassis is the main structure of the truck, and the other parts attach to it. It is now located in the Ashmolean Museum of Oxford. It is usually made of steel, but can be made (whole or in part) of aluminium for a lighter weight. "The Messiah" or "Le Messie" (also known as the 'Salabue') made by Antonio Stradivari in 1716 remains pristine, never having been used.

A truck chassis consists of two parallel U-shaped beams held together by crossmembers. The oldest surviving violin, dated inside, is the "Charles IX" by Andrea Amati, made in Cremona in 1564. Almost all trucks share a common contruction: they are made of a chassis, a cab, axles, suspension and wheels, an engine and a drivetrain. Needless to say, the violin immediately became very popular, both among street-musicians and the nobility, illustrated by the fact that the French king Charles IX ordered Amati to build a whole orchestra in the second half of the 16th century. Trucks that never use public roads, such as the biggest ever truck, the Liebherr T 282B off-road mining truck, are not constrained by weight limits. It is said that the first real violin was built by Andrea Amati in the first half of the 16th century by order of the Medici family, who had asked for an instrument that could be used by street-musicians, but with the quality of a lute, which was a very popular instrument among the noble in that time. Highway-legal trucks are sometimes outfitted with off-road features such as a front driving axle and special tires for applications such as logging and construction. By this time the violin had already begun to spread throughout Europe.

In Australia many trailers are connected to make road trains. The earliest explicit description of the instrument, including its tuning, was in the Epitome musical by Jambe de Fer, published in Lyons in 1556. They are mostly used for long-haul purposes, often in semi-trailer configuration. Most likely the first makers of violins borrowed from three different types of current instruments: the rebec, in use since the 10th century (itself derived from the Arab rebab), the Renaissance fiddle, and the lira da braccio. Heavy trucks are the largest trucks allowed on the road. The violin first emerged in northern Italy in the early 16th century. Local delivery and public service (dump trucks, garbage trucks) are normally around this size. The bow could be recharged by passing it over the collected rosin on the fiddle's belly.

For the UK the cut-off is 7.5 tonnes. The practice of allowing the rosin to accumulate may have originated in times and places when rosin was hard to obtain. In the US, they are defined as weighing between 6,300 kg (13,000 lb) and 15,000 kg (33,000 lb). Others playing in the same traditions do keep theirs cleaned. Medium (or medium-duty) trucks are bigger than light but smaller than heavy trucks. Some folk instrumentalists do not clean rosin from the body of the instrument, believing that an accumulation over time improves the tone of their instrument. They are comprised of:. There are now bows available made from fiberglass or carbon composite which are less fragile.

Light trucks are car-sized (in the US, no more than 6,300 kg (13,000 lb)) and are used by individuals and commercial entities alike. When the bow is not being used the hair must be loosened in order to prevent the bow from becoming "sprung" and the hair stretched. Always check up before you go. When so many hairs have been lost that the bow no longer plays well, the old horse hair is replaced with new hair. Notice that these hours are different in other jurisdictions. For the bow, the only real maintenance is regular cleaning of the stick with a cloth, and re-hairing. Violations of these laws are subject to large fines. A teacher can advise students how often to change strings, as it depends on how much and how seriously one plays.

Many other rules apply. Violinists carry replacement strings with their instruments to have one available in case a string breaks. Rules are in place for tractor-trailer rigs, regulating how many hours a driver may be on the clock, and how much rest time/sleep time is necessary (11hrs on/10hrs off; 60hrs/7days; or 70hrs/8days). The tuning pegs may occasionally be treated with "peg dope" when they either slip too freely, causing the string to go flat or slack, or when they stick, making tuning difficult. This is one reason that UPS vehicles are called 'package cars', because that exempted them from certain tax-rates. The violin should be occasionally checked by a technician, who will know if repairs need to be made. Partly this is because they are bigger, heavier, and cause more wear and tear on roadways. A common wine cork serves admirably, quietly scrubbing off the crust of rosin without damaging the winding of the string.

Trucks have often had to pay higher tax rates, and have been subject to extensive regulation. Cleaning the rosin off strings can also make a striking difference to the sound, and should be done regularly. In the United States, it took much longer for diesel engines be accepted: gasoline engines were still in use on heavy trucks in the 1970s, while in Europe they had been completely replaced 20 years earlier. The bow stick should also be wiped off for the same reason. Although it had been invented in 1890, the Diesel engine was not common in trucks in Europe until the 1920s. If left for long enough, the rosin will fuse with the varnish. Touring car builders such as Ford and Renault entered the heavy truck market. Each time the violin has been used, the top and fingerboard should be wiped with a soft cloth to remove accumulated rosin dust.

The first modern semi-trailers also appeared. The violin itself requires careful maintenance and it should last and improve for many years. After World War I, several advances were made: pneumatic tires replaced full rubber, electric starters, power brakes, 6 cylinder engines, closed cabs, electric lighting. The sound of a violin may be said to "open up" in the first weeks and months of use, a process which continues more gradually over the years. In 1904, 700 heavy trucks were built in the United States, 1000 in 1907, 6000 in 1910 and 25000 in 1914. Then the instrument begins the playing-in process, as its parts adjust to the string tension. Trucks of the era mostly used two-cylinder engines could have a carrying capacity 1500 to 2000 kg. A chinrest may be put on at this time.

Others, such as Peugeot, Benz and Renault also built theirs. Vital to the sound and playability of the instrument is setup, which includes adjusting the neck angle if needed, fitting the pegs so they turn smoothly and hold firmly, dressing the fingerboard to the proper scooped shape, fitting the soundpost and bridge, adjusting the tailgut and installing the tailpiece, and stringing up. The first internal combustion engine truck was built in 1898 by Gottlieb Daimler. When the body is complete, the neck, carved out of a separate piece of wood (usually maple), is set in its mortise to complete the basic structure of the instrument, after which it is varnished. Steam-powered trucks were sold in France and the United States until the eve of World War I, and the beginning of World War II in the United Kingdom. The front and back are carved sections which fit the garland of ribs after it is separated from the mould. The first semi-trailer appeared in 1881, towed by a De Dion steam tractor. The ribs, flat pieces of wood curved by means of careful heating, are built around the mould, being glued to the blocks.

The roads of the time, built for horse and carriages, limited these vehicles to very short hauls, usually from a factory to the nearest railway station. The template is used to construct a mould, which is a thick violin-shaped piece of wood with notches to hold the blocks temporarily glued in place. However, steam trucks were not common until the mid-1800s. From these plans a template is constructed, which can be made from thin metal or other materials, and is a flat "half-violin" shape. Trucks and cars have a common ancestor: the steam-powered "fardier" Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot built in 1769. The outer contour is designed by the violin maker, and today the outlines of the old masters' violins are usually used. . The traditional approach starts with a set of plans, which include a drawing of the outer shape of the instrument.

for chilled freight, removal vans, etc). Some composers have used practice mutes for special effect, for example at the end of Luciano Berio's Sequenza VIII for solo violin. A pantech is a truck and/or van with a freight hull made of (or converted to) hard panels (i.e. Such mutes are generally not used in performance, but are used to deaden the sound of the violin in practice areas such as hotel rooms. A Pantech truck or van is a word derivation of "pantechnicon" commonly currently used in Australia. These are known as "practice mutes" or "hotel mutes". Vehicles transporting furniture to and from the building, known as pantechnicon vans, soon came to be known simply as pantechnicons. (The instruction to play normally, without the mute, is senza sord.) There are also massive metal, rubber, or wooden mutes available.

The shop soon closed down and the building was turned into a furniture warehouse, but the name was kept. Parts to be played muted are marked con sord., for the Italian sordina, mute. It was originally coined in 1830 as the name of a craft shop or bazaar, in Motcomb Street in Belgravia, London; the name is Greek for "pertaining to all the arts or crafts". Attaching a small metal or rubber device called a "mute" to the bridge of the violin gives a more mellow tone, with fewer audible overtones. Pantechnicon is a disused British word for a furniture removal van. The eerie quality of a violin section playing col legno is exploited in some symphonic pieces, notably the "witches' dance" of the last movement of Berlioz' Symphonie Fantastique. In Australia and New Zealand a small truck with an open back is called a ute (short for "utility vehicle"). This bowing technique is somewhat rarely used, and results in a muted percussive sound.

Other languages have loanwords based on these terms, such as the Malay lori. A marking of col legno (Italian for "with the wood") in the written music calls for striking the string(s) with the stick of the bow, rather than by drawing the hair of the bow across the strings. This type of truck is a motor vehicle designed to carry goods, with a cab and a tray or compartment for carrying goods. (The index finger is most commonly used here.) Sometimes in virtuoso solo music where the bow hand is occupied (or for show-off effect), left-hand pizzicato will be indicated by a "+" (plus sign) below or above the note. The term is most commonly used in American English and Australian English to refer to what earlier was called a motor truck, and in British English is often called a lorry, a Heavy Goods Vehicle (HGV), or a wagon (sometimes spelled waggon). A note marked pizz. (abbreviation for pizzicato) in the written music is to be played by plucking the string with a finger of the right hand rather than by bowing. They come in all sizes, from the automobile-sized pickup truck to towering off-road mining trucks or heavy highway semi-trailers. Various methods of 'attack' with the bow produce different articulations.

Unlike automobiles, which usually have a unibody construction, most trucks (with the exception of the car-like minivan) are built around a strong frame called a chassis. Suzuki referred to the sounding point as the "Kreisler highway"; one may think of different sounding points as "lanes" in the highway. A truck is a motor vehicle for transporting goods. Dr. Mack Trucks. Playing close to the bridge (sul ponticello) gives a more intense sound than usual, emphasizing the higher harmonics; and playing with the bow over the end of the fingerboard (sul tasto) makes for a delicate, ethereal sound, emphasizing the fundamental frequency. Scania. The sounding point where the bow intersects the string also influences timbre.

DaimlerChrysler. The two methods are not equivalent, because they produce different timbres; pressing down on the string tends to produce a harsher, more intense sound. Nissan Diesel. The violin produces louder notes with greater bow speed or more weight on the string. Iveco (Italy, but local divisions in Asia). The right arm, hand, and bow are responsible for tone quality, rhythm, dynamics, articulation, and certain (but not all) changes in timbre. Isuzu. Elaborate passages in artificial harmonics can be found in virtuoso violin literature, especially of the 19th and early 20th centuries.

Hino (Japan)(joint ventures with Scania and Renault). These harmonics are less commonly used; in the case of the major third, the harmonic does not speak as readily; in the case of the fifth, the stretch is greater than is comfortable for many violinists. Tata Motors (India, previously called Telco). The "harmonic finger" can also touch at a major third above the pressed note, or a fifth higher. Mitsubishi (Japan). Finger placement and pressure, as well as bow speed, pressure, and sounding point are all essential in getting the desired harmonic to sound. Dong Feng (China). Stopping a note on one string and having another finger just touching the string a fourth higher produces the fourth harmonic, two octaves above the stopped note.

Nissan Diesel. Artificial harmonics are more difficult to produce than the natural harmonics described above. Scania. There are two types of harmonics: natural harmonics and artificial harmonics. Fuso. Harmonics are marked in music with a little circle above the note that determines the pitch of the harmonic. Navistar. A responsive instrument will provide numerous possible harmonic nodes along the length of the string.

MAN Nutzfahrzeuge. Each node is at an integer division of the string, for example half-way or one-third along the length of the string. Hino. Instead of the normal solid tone a wispy-sounding overtone note of a higher pitch is heard. PACCAR. Lightly touching the string with a fingertip at a harmonic node while bowing close to the bridge can create harmonics. Iveco. This can be an obstacle to a classically-trained violinist wishing to play in a style that uses little or no vibrato at all, such as baroque music played in period style and many traditional fiddling styles.

Volvo Global Trucks. Music students are taught that unless otherwise marked in music, vibrato is assumed or even mandatory. DaimlerChrysler Commecial Vehicles. Vibrato does little, if anything, to disguise an out-of-tune note: in other words, vibrato is a poor substitute for good intonation. "Hood" : Any conventional that is NOT an "aardvark". Violinists oscillate backwards, or lower in pitch from the actual note when using vibrato, since perception favors the highest pitch in a varying sound. "Aardvark" : The aerodynamically designed conventional. While various parts of the hand or arm may be involved in the motion, the end result is a movement of the fingertip bringing about a slight change in vibrating string length.

"Tiltin' Hilton" :Cab-over with a sleeper berth. Vibrato is a technique of the left hand and arm in which the pitch of a note varies in a pulsating rhythm. Slang terms