Turin

Turin is surrounded by several smaller cities in the Province of Turin such as Grugliasco, Rivoli, Chivasso, Venaria, Settimo Torinese, Orbassano, Moncalieri, Avigliana, Buttigliera Alta, Gassino Torinese, Nichelino, Collegno and others, that make up one of Italy's primary metropolitan areas. In particular, the auction website eBay has a policy stating that used garments must be completely clean before being listed for sale and listings for underwear are not allowed at all.[1]. Turin produces a typical chocolate, named Gianduiotto after Gianduia, a local Commedia dell'arte mask, and many other kinds of chocolate in a host of confectioneries all around the city. Used clothes are occasionally sold on the Internet. It was in Turin that Doret invented at the end of the 18th century a revolutionary machine that could make solid chocolate as we eat it now. Used cars may require more maintenance or have fewer features than later equivalent models. Turin is the birth place of solid chocolate. George Akerlof published a paper entitled "The Market for Lemons", examining the effects of information asymmetry on the used car market.

Turin was also the city where the FISA (international rowing federation) was born in 1892. Used cars may have been bought or leased by their previous user, and may be purchased directly from the previous owner or through a dealer. Among those who lost their lives was Valentino Mazzola, father of Ferruccio and Sandro Mazzola (who were also later to be football champions). Used cars are especially notable for depreciating in value much faster than many other items. team (at that time the most important in Europe and aka Grande Torino) hit the church of Superga, on the Turin hills. Purchasing used items may also prevent them from becoming waste. In a terrible air accident in 1949, a plane carrying the whole Torino F.C. The strategy of buying used items is sometimes used to save money, as they are typically worth less than the equivalent new items.

Turin has also hosted two summer Universiade the first in 1959 and 1970, in 2007 it will host the first Winter Universiade. Some stores will take used items in exchange for credit toward the purchase of newer goods. and Juventus, and is the host of the 2006 Winter Olympics. Used items can often be found for sale in thrift stores and pawnshops, as well as internet auction sites. The city is famous for two very sucessful football teams, Torino F.C. When a person gives an item of some value that they have used to someone else, typically an acquaintance or family member, it is sometimes referred to as a "hand-me-down". From April 2006 to April 2007 Turin will host a festival called "Signs of Writing" composed of events, meetings, seminars, debates, letters, and performances. A used item is one that is not new or a resource that has been partially or completely depleted.

After Alexandria, Madrid, New Delhi, Antwerp and Montreal, Turin has been chosen by UNESCO as World Book Capital for the year 2006 because of its activity of book and reading promotion, especially with the International Book Fair, one of the most important fairs in Europe of its kind. . The city is also famous for being the film set of the 1969 classic film The Italian Job starring Michael Caine - it is possible to visit all the locations on a special tour - and Deep Red (1975), directed by Italian horror filmmaker Dario Argento. Superga can be reached by means of the Superga Rack Railway from the suburb of Sassi. In the hills above the city is the basilica church of Superga, from where there is a splendid panorama of Turin against a backdrop of the snow-capped Alps.

In 1997, this complex of historical buildings was recognised as a world heritage site by Unesco. Some of these (first and foremost Rivoli, the location of the Museum of the same name) host events, exhibitions and cultural initiatives not only of local interest. The Hunting Lodge by Juvarra can be admired in Stupinigi and there is also the royal estate in Pollenzo. In the area around the city, the castles of Rivoli, Moncalieri, Venaria, Agliè, Racconigi, and Govone can be visited.

Torino is home to Palazzo Chiablese, the Royal Armoury, the Royal Library, Palazzo Madama, Palazzo Carignano, Villa della Regina, and the Valentino Castle. In addition to the Royal Palace, the official residence of the Savoys until 1865, the circuit includes palaces, residences and castles in the city centre and in the surrounding towns. Turin offers a circuit of great historical and architectural interest: the Savoy Residences. The Museo Egizio has the most important collection of Egyptian antiquities in the world after the Cairo Museum.

The Cathedral of St John the Baptist houses the Shroud of Turin, an old linen cloth with an imprint of a man, which is believed by many to be the cloth that covered Jesus in his grave. One of its main symbols is the Mole Antonelliana, which hosts the National Cinema Museum of Italy. A project to build an underground system was ready in the seventies, with government funding for it and for similar projects in Milan and Rome; whilst the other two cities went ahead with the projects, Turin local gorvernment lead by major Diego Novelli shelved the proposal as it believed it to be too costly and unnecessary, but that only meant more funding for Rome and Milan. In fact, the main street in the town centre ('Via Roma') runs atop a tunnel built during the fascist era (when 'Via Roma' was built); the tunnel was supposed to host the underground line but is now used as an underground car park.

This underground transportation project has historical importance for Turin, as the town has dreamed of an underground line for decades, the first project dating as far back as the twenties. This first leg of the subway system links the nearby town of Collegno with the 'Porta Susa' station in Turin's town centre; the next leg extending the service to the 'Porta Nuova' railway station is expected by June 2007. This project is expected to continue for years and to cover a larger part of the town, but its first phase was finished in time for the Olympic Games (inaugurated on 4 February 2006 and opened to the public the day after). The other major project is the construction of a subway line based on the VAL system.

The railroad previously ran in a trench, which will now be covered by a major boulevard; the town rail station on this line will become the main station of Turin ('Porta Susa'). One is the 'Spina' ('spine') which includes the doubling of a major railroad crossing the town. Some of the work sites deal with general improvements to car traffic, such as underpasses and flyovers, but two projects are of major importance and will change the shape of the town radically. Although this activity has increased as a result of the 2006 Winter Olympics, parts of it had long been planned.

The town currently has a large number of rail and road work sites. Most of these industries have moved to other parts of Italy, but Turin still hosts the National Museum of Cinema. Turin is also the birthplace of major aspects of the Italian economy, such as telecommunications Telecom Italia, television (Rai, National TV channel) and cinema. The future European launcher projects beyond Ariane 5 will also be managed from Turin, by the new NGL company, a subsidiary of EADS (70%) and Finmeccanica (30%).

Some major elements of the International Space Station, such as the Multi-Purpose Logistics Modules, were produced in Turin. It is also a center for aerospace industry, with Alenia. Other companies founded in Turin are Invicta, founded 1821, Lavazza, Martini, Kappa and the chocolate factory Caffarel. The city is home to the famous Lingotto building, which was at one time the largest car factory in the world, and is now a convention centre, concert hall, art gallery, shopping centre and hotel.

Today the city is a major industrial centre, known particularly as home to the headquarters and main production lines of the car company Fiat. The population remains overwhelmingly Italian (96.1%), but there are groups like Romanian: 2.3%, Moroccans: 1.5%, Peruvians: 0.5%, Albanian: 0.4%, and others. The city has seen a rise in immigrants, including the suburban areas. Around 16.4% of the population are under 14 years over age, while those in retirement age number 18.8%.

The city of Turin grew by 0.88% during the last 3 years, which was attributed to a somewhat low birth rate, contributing to an aging population. Three major rivers pass through the city: the Po and two of its tributaries, the Dora Riparia (from the Celtic duria meaning "water," later changed to "Duria Minor" by the Romans), and the Stura di Lanzo and Sangone. It is surrounded on the western and northern front by the Alps and on the southern front by the hills of Monferrato. Turin is located in northwest Italy.

See also: List of mayors of Turin. Sergio Chiamparino, the current mayor, belongs to the center-left coalition. The mayor of Turin is directly elected every 5 years. In 2006, Turin was the home of the Olympics.

The 2005 population is 908,000. In the '80's the first industrial crisis hit the city and its population began to decline (and continues to, while the metropolitan area grows). The population reached 1 million in 1960 and peaked at 1.5 millions in 1975. After WWII Turin was rapidly rebuilt and its industries greatly developed, which caused waves of immigration mainly from the southern regions of Italy.

After WWI the conflicts between worker and industrialists began, the first strikes took place and in 1920 the Lingotto factory was occupied. By this time, Turin had grown to 430,000 inhabitants. The Universal Exposition held in Turin in 1902 is often considered the pinnacle for Art Nouveau design, and the city hosted the Exposition again in 1911. (Since 1870 the capital has been Rome.) Turin reacted to the loss of importance, beginning a rapid industrialization: in 1899 FIAT was founded and Lancia in 1909.

In 1865 the capital was moved to Florence. In 1861, Turin became the capital of the newly proclaimed United Italy. The Museo Egizio, the Mole Antonelliana, the Gran Madre church and Vittorio Veneto square were built in this period. The city now had 250,000 inhabitants.

The Fréjus Tunnel was opened and made Turin an important communication node. In the 19th century, after brief occupation by Napoleon, the city began to actively pursue the unification of Italy. Now the capitol of a European kingdom, Turin had about 90,000 inhabitants at the time. After the subsequent treaty of Utrecht, the Kingdom of Sardinia was annexed to the Duchy of Savoy and the architect Filippo Juvarra began a major redesign of the city.

In 1706 the French besieged the city for 117 days without conquering it. Piazza San Carlo, via Po and the Royal Palace (Palazzo Reale) were built in this period. Emanuele Filiberto (Iron Head) made Turin the capital of the Duchy of Savoy in 1563. Many of the garden and palaces were built in the 15th century when the city was redesigned; the University was also founded during this period.

At the end of the 13th century, when it was annexed to the Duchy of Savoy, the city already had 20,000 inhabitants. After the fall of the Roman empire the city was conquered by the Lombards, then the Franks; it was then ruled by the Bishops. Turin reached about 5,000 inhabitants at the time, all living inside the high walls. The typical Roman street grid can still be seen in the modern city.

(probably 28 B.C.), the Romans created a military camp (Castra Taurinorum), later dedicated to Augustus (Augusta Taurinorum). In the first century B.C. The area was settled by the Taurini in pre-Roman times. The Italian name, Torino, happens to mean "little bull" in Italian; hence the coat of arms and the symbol of the city.

The name of Turin comes from Tau, a Celtic word that means mountains. . Turin is currently hosting the 2006 Winter Olympics. mi), and one of the most populous, with 2,236,941 inhabitants at the 2004 census.

The province is one of the largest in Italy, with 6,830 square kilometres (2,637 sq. The population of Turin city is 908,000 (2004 census), but with its metropolitan area totals about 1.7 million inhabitants. Turin (Italian: Torino; Piedmontese: Turin) is a major industrial city in north-western Italy, capital of the Piedmont region, located mainly on the west bank of the Po River. Elio Vittorini.

Germain Sommeiller. Ascanio Sobrero. Emilio Salgari. Jean-Jacques Rousseau.

Cesare Pavese. Vilfredo Pareto. Friedrich Nietzsche. Giulio Natta.

Joseph de Maistre. Tulse Luper. Cesare Lombroso. Antonio Gramsci.

Natalia Ginzburg. Guido Fubini. Erasmus. Luigi Einaudi.

Umberto Eco. Renato Dulbecco. Francesco Cirio. Gaspare Campari.

Italo Calvino. Francesco Faà di Bruno. John Bosco. St.

Edmondo de Amicis. Victor Emmanuel II of Italy (1820-1878) - King of Piedmont and the first King of the united Italy. Umberto Tozzi (1952- ) - Singer. Massimo Taparelli, marquis d'Azeglio (1798-1866) - Statesman, novelist and painter.

Piero Sraffa (1898-1983) Influential economist. Tullio Regge (1931- ) Physicist. Aurelio Peccei (1908-1984) Founder of the Club of Rome. Giuseppe Peano (1858-1932) Mathematician.

Adriano Olivetti (1901-1960) Businessman. Rita Levi-Montalcini (1909- ) Nobel Prize in physiology and medicine. Alessandro Martini (1812-1905) Businessman in vermouth industry. Salvador Edward Luria (1912-1991) - Nobel Prize in physiology and medicine.

Primo Levi (1919-1987) - Philosopher and writer. Carlo Levi (1902-1975) - Painter. Luigi Lavazza (1859-1949) - Inventor and businessman of coffee. Vincenzo Lancia (1881-1937) - Sportsman and businessman, founder of Lancia.

Joseph Louis Lagrange (1736-1813) - Mathematician. Piero Gobetti (1901-1926) - Intellectual. Sonia Gandhi (1946- ) - Politician. Galileo Ferraris (1847-1897) - Physicist and electrical engineer.

Robert Fano (1917- ) - Engineer. Antonio Benedetto Carpano (1764-1815) - Inventor of vermouth and apéritif. Pierre Paul Caffarel (1795-1850) - Inventor of chocolate and businessman. Norberto Bobbio (1909-2004) - Historian and philosopher.

Camillo Benso, count of Cavour - Politician (Italian unification). Giuseppe Marc'Antonio Baretti (1719-1789) - Critic. Alessandro Baricco (1958- ) - writer. Amedeo Avogadro (1776-1856) - Physicist.

Gianni Agnelli (1921-2003) - Chairman director of FIAT and very influential Italian. Giovanni Agnelli (1866-1945) - Founder of FIAT. Istituto Europeo di Design (Turin) / http://www.ied.it/. Politecnico di Torino (Turin) / http://www.polito.it/.

University of Turin (Università degli Studi di Torino) / http://www.unito.it/.