Tony Stewart

In addition to his 3 wins in the Indy Racing League, Stewart has also won 2 International Race of Champions events. Broken Enigma messages are still extremely valuable today, as they provide some of the best surviving direct accounts of the Nazi war effort. During the 2005 season, Stewart won a total of $13,578,168, including $6,173,633 for winning the championshiop, making this the largest season total in NASCAR history. Marian Rejewski wrote a number of papers on his 1932 break into Enigma and his subsequent work on the cipher, well into World War II, with his fellow mathematician-cryptologists, Jerzy Różycki and Henryk Zygalski; most of Rejewski's papers appear in Władysław Kozaczuk's 1984 Enigma: How the German Machine Cipher Was Broken, and How It Was Read by the Allies in World War Two (edited and translated by Christopher Kasparek), which remains the standard reference on the crucial foundations laid by the Poles for World War II Enigma decryption. He was also praised by fellow competitors, notably NASCAR veteran Mark Martin who proclaimed Stewart as the greatest NASCAR driver of this generation. Information on British cryptology appears in the official history of British intelligence in World War II, edited by Sir Harry Hinsley; he also co-edited, with Alan Stripp, a volume of memoirs by participants in the British cryptological effort, Codebreakers: the Inside Story of Bletchley Park (1993). After winning his second championship, Stewart because only the third active driver in NASCAR to win multiple championships, along with Jeff Gordon and Terry Labonte. A brief description of the Enigma, as well as other codes/ciphers, can be found in Simon Singh's The Code Book (1999).

He is also one of the youngest drivers to win multiple championships. David Kahn's Seizing the Enigma (1991) is essentially about the solution of Naval Enigma, based on seizures of German naval vessels; British success in the endeavor almost certainly saved Britain from defeat in the crucial Battle of the Atlantic and thereby made the United States' entry into the war's European theater possible. On November 20, Stewart won his second NASCAR Nextel Cup Championship, joining Jeff Gordon as the only active drivers to have won multiple championships. Hugh Sebag-Montefiore's Enigma: the Battle for the Code (2000), which focuses largely on Naval Enigma, includes some previously unknown information—and many photographs of individuals involved; Bletchley Park had been his grandfather's house before it was purchased for GC&CS. He mentioned in a press release from his sponsor, "I plan to keep winning races and helping to drive down the cost of home improvement for The Home Depot customers.". A short account of World War II cryptology is Battle of Wits (2000) by Stephen Budiansky; it covers more than just the Enigma story. After his Allstate victory, Home Depot presented fans who presented the advertisement of his Allstate 400 win with a discount on purchasing bricks. A fictional version of this story is told in the novel Enigma by Robert Harris (ISBN 0099992000), the movie made from the novel—see "Enigma (2001 film)"—and is somewhat covered, also fictionally, in Neal Stephenson's Cryptonomicon (ISBN 0099410672).

After his second full climb of the fence in Loudon, NH, they ran a discount on ladders and fencing at the stores with a campaign named, "Hey Tony, we've got ladders," where anyone who presented the advertisement in national newspapers in their stores earned the discount. It was, in fact, a very narrow shave, and the reader may like to ponder [...] whether [...] we might have won [without] Ultra.". It also led to sponsor Home Depot cashing on Stewart's success with some promotions reminiscent of Stewart's Eldora Speedway drivers. "Let no one be fooled," Winterbotham admonishes in chapter 3, "by the spate of television films and propaganda which has made the war seem like some great triumphant epic. Tony was quoted as saying "I'm too fat for this," and recently purchased $17,000 worth of exercise equipment to remedy the problem. Winterbotham, the first author to limn, in his 1974 book The Ultra Secret, the influence of Enigma decryption on the course of World War II, likewise made the earliest contribution to an appreciation of Ultra's postwar influence, which now continues into the 21st century — and not only in the postwar establishment of Britain's GCHQ (Government Communication Headquarters) and the United States' NSA (National Security Agency). Stewart has, following his second win of the season, begun a tradition of climbing the fence separating the fans from the racetrack after each victory, a practice adopted from two-time Indy 500 winner Hélio Castroneves . F.W.

In an apparently unrelated incident, Kyle Busch was also fined $10,000 and placed on identical probation for ramming Anthony Lazzaro's car after the Sirius Satellite Radio race, also at Watkins Glen. This directly effected his attitude to the effectiveness of the post D-Day 1944 directives (orders) to target oil installations as he did not know that it was high level German sources which was being used by the Allied high command to assess just how much it was hurting the German war effort; so Harris tended to see the directives to bomb specific oil and munitions targets as a high level command "panacea" (his word), and as a distraction from the real task of making the rubble bounce in every large German city.^[1]. Stewart was also placed on probation until December 31st. The historian Frederick Taylor argues that as Harris was not cleared to know about ULTRA, he was given some information gleaned from ENIGMA, but not where it had come from. Stewart was driving a Busch series car owned by Kevin Harvick at the time. After D-Day with the resumption of the strategic bomber campaign over Germany, Harris remained wedded to area bombardment. On August 16th Stewart was fined $5000 for hitting the car of another driver, Brian Vickers, after the completion of the Busch Series Zippo 200 at Watkins Glen International. The destruction of city centres not only destroyed factories, houses, and railways, but damaged and degrade the telephone network, which as the war progressed forced the German armed forces to rely ever more heavily on encrypted radio traffic, which of course the Allies were able to read.

He won five races, including the Allstate 400 at The Brickyard, a race that Stewart said he would give up his championship to win, and took with it the #1 seed headed towards NASCAR's Chase for the Nextel Cup 10-race playoff. From February 1942 when Air Marshal Arthur Harris became Commander-in-Chief of RAF Bomber Command, the RAF implemented large scale night area bombardment of German cities. 2005 was one of Stewart's most successful years in the Nextel Cup. Improvements to ASDIC (sonar), coupled with Hedgehog depth charges, improved the likelihood of a surface attack sinking a U-boat. In addition to placing fourth, the trio placed third in the Daytona Prototype class. Improvements to Huff-Duff (radio-triangulation equipment used as part of ELINT) meant that a U-boat's location could be found even if the messages they were sending could not be read. With 15 minutes left in the race, and with Stewart at the wheel, one of the rear wheels came off, finally ending their run. As the air gap over the North Atlantic closed and convoys received escort-carrier protection, airborne anti-submarine aircraft became extremely efficient hunter-killers with the use of centimetric radar and airborne depth charges.

The result does not show the trio's performance, however: they had dominated the race until the last two hours, when the suspension cracked. However there were other technologies, equipment and tactics which moved the Battle of the Atlantic in the Allies' favour. in a Boss Motorsports Chevrolet to take fourth place in the 24 Hours of Daytona sports car race. He would later write, in Their Finest Hour (1949): "The only thing that ever really frightened me during the war was the U-boat peril." A major factor that averted Britain's defeat in the Battle of the Atlantic was her regained mastery of Naval-Enigma decryption. In 2004, Stewart teamed with Englishman Andy Wallace and Dale Earnhardt, Jr. An exhibit in 2003 on "Secret War" at the Imperial War Museum, in London, quoted British Prime Minister Winston Churchill telling King George VI: "It was thanks to Ultra that we won the war." Churchill's greatest fear, even after Hitler had suspended Operation Sealion and invaded the Soviet Union, was that the German submarine wolf packs would succeed in strangling sea-locked Britain. He also still makes the occasional cameo on dirt tracks, appearing regularly at an ARCA race on dirt and at many prominent midget car events, USAC's Turkey Night Grand Prix, and the indoor Chili Bowl Midget Nationals. Probably the question should be broadened to include Ultra's influence not only on the war itself, but on the postwar period as well.

Located in Rossburg, Ohio, Eldora is a half-mile dirt track known to many as "Auto Racing's Showcase Since 1954." Stewart began racing there in 1991 and continues racing in special events alongside other Nextel Cup drivers and dirt track legends. There has been controversy about the influence of Allied Enigma decryption on the course of World War II. In November of 2004, Stewart became the owner of one of the most legendary short-tracks in America, Eldora Speedway. As with other history, but more than for most, the history of cryptology, especially its recent history, should be read carefully, due to its complexity and to possibly confusing or misleading agendas. His current driver lineup in USAC consists of Josh Wise in the midget, sprint, and Silver Crown cars and Jay Drake in the sprint car and Silver Crown Series. This can be traced to a number of causes:. Yeley in 2003 and Jay Drake in 2004. Several are unreliable in many respects.

He also collected owner titles in USAC's National Sprint Car Series with J.J. Many accounts of the Enigma-decryption story, and of other World War II cryptological happenings, have been published. Yeley, and in 2004 with Dave Steele. The National Security Agency retired the last of its rotor-based encryption systems, the KL-7 series, in the 1980s. Stewart has won USAC car owner titles in the Silver Crown division in 2002 and 2003 with J.J. It was decided at this point to let the cat out of the bag, and revelations about some of Bletchley Park's operations were permitted in 1974. In addition to his Nextel Cup gig, Stewart, nicknamed "The Columbus Comet" (for his present hometown of Columbus, Indiana), "The Rushville Rocket" and "Smoke", is also the owner of a World of Outlaws sprint car driven by Danny "The Dude" Lasoski. By 1970 newer, computer-based ciphers were becoming popular as the world increasingly turned to computerised communications, and the usefulness of Enigma copies (and rotor machines generally) rapidly decreased.

He only won twice that season, but led more laps than he'd done the previous year and was highly competitive in the final races of the year. The same year, David Kahn in The Codebreakers described the 1945 capture of a Naval Enigma machine from U-505 and mentioned, somewhat in passing, that Enigma messages were already being read by that time, requiring "machines that filled several buildings." In 1971 Ladislas Farago's The Game of the Foxes gave an early published version of the myth of the purloined Enigma that enabled the British (according to Farago, Alfred Dillwyn Knox) to crack the cipher (Farago mentions an Abwehr Enigma). Driving a Chevrolet instead of his previous Pontiac ride (Gibbs switched), Tony actually had his worst Cup season, but it was still good enough for a 7th place finish in points. In 1967 the Polish military historian Władysław Kozaczuk in his book Bitwa o tajemnice (Secret War) first revealed that the German Enigma had been broken by Polish cryptologists before World War II. As defending champion, Stewart managed to have a relatively incident-free 2003. Some information about Enigma decryption did get out earlier, however. At the end of the year, Stewart held off a charging Mark Martin to win his first Winston Cup championship. Switzerland even developed its own version of the Enigma, the NEMA, and used it for decades (at least into the late '70s).

Stewart went on to win the race immediately after being disciplined, and went on a tear in the final races, finishing consistently in the top five. Their traffic was not so secure as they believed, however, which is of course one reason the British and Americans made the machines available. NASCAR put Stewart on probation for the rest of the season. As mentioned, after the war, surplus Enigmas and Enigma-like machines were sold to many countries around the world, which remained convinced of the security of the remarkable cipher machines. The second half of his season was plagued by an altercation he had with a photographer after the Brickyard 400. There is also a one-volume collection of reminiscences by Ultra veterans, Codebreakers (1993), edited by Hinsley and Alan Stripp. He won twice early in the season though, but was only 7th at the halfway point of the season. It was chiefly edited by Harry Hinsley, with one volume by Michael Howard.

Tony started 2002 even more inauspiciously than he'd started his previous season, as his Daytona 500 lasted just two laps due to a blown engine. The official history of British intelligence in World War II was published in five volumes from 1979 to 1988. Tony, understandably, earned a reputation for being NASCAR's bad boy. He was involved in Bletchley Park's intelligence analysis of decrypts, working between the cryptological operation and Winterbotham's distribution operation. Stewart was not allowed to practice until wearing one, and only managed to practice after his crew chief intervened. Peter Calvocorressi's book, Top Secret Ultra (1980), is in this regard better written and more responsible. He confronted the same official at the race in Talladega after refusing to wear a mandated head and neck restraint. He worked on the operation to distribute Ultra to end consumers and, based on the evidence of his book, did not understand much about cryptology.

This resulted in another fine and longer probation. Wintherbotham's book is very interesting, but is in error on many points. At the same race, he also got into an incident with a reporter, kicking away a tape recorder. Winterbotham, published The Ultra Secret. He got into further trouble at Daytona, when he confronted a Winston Cup official after ignoring a black flag. The British ban was finally lifted in 1974, the year that a key participant on the distribution side of the Ultra project, F.W. Stewart was fined and placed on probation by NASCAR. Nevertheless it was the public disclosure of Enigma decryption, in the book Enigma (1973) by French Intelligence officer Gustave Bertrand, that generated pressure to discuss the rest of the Enigma/Ultra story.

Gordon pulled a "bump and run" on Stewart to gain a better finishing position in a race in Bristol, and it resulted in Stewart retaliating in a post-race incident by spinning Gordon out on pit road. Discussion by either the Polish or the French of Enigma breaks carried out early in the war would have been uninformed regarding breaks carried out during the balance of the war. The season was not without controversy though. Since it was British and, later, American message-breaking which had been the most extensive, this meant that the importance of Enigma decrypts to the prosecution of the war remained unknown. Statistically, he had a worse season than 2000, but he was the runner up to Jeff Gordon for the Cup championship. The third explanation is given by Winterbotham (The Ultra Secret, introduction), who recounts that two weeks after V-E Day Churchill requested that former recipients of Ultra intelligence be asked not to divulge the source or the information they had received from it, in order that there might be neither damage to the future operations of the Secret Service nor any cause for the Allies' enemies to blame it for their defeat. He recovered to win three more races, and as he'd done before, ran near the front most of the season. A second explanation relates to a misadventure of Winston Churchill's between the World Wars, when he publicly disclosed information obtained by decrypting Russian secret communications; this had prompted the Russians to change their cryptography, leading to a cryptological blackout.

Amazingly, he walked away nearly unscathed. Winterbotham's The Ultra Secret, after World War II the British gathered up all the Enigma machines they could find and sold them to Third World countries, confident that they could continue reading the messages of the machines' new owners. Tony's 2001 got off to a frightening start, as he was involved in a nasty crash in the Daytona 500 where his car violently flipped over several times. First, as David Kahn pointed out in his 1974 New York Times review of F.W. The two are still heated rivals to this day, with Gordon always seeming to outlast his competetitor. All may be true. Stewart made his displeasure towards Gordon known in an obscenity-laden tirade. Each has plausibility.

The most well known of these came at Watkins Glen, when he and Jeff Gordon tangled and crashed into each other. At least three versions exist as to why Ultra was kept secret so long. Tony also began to get some bad press for his on-track incidents. During that period the important contributions to the war effort of a great many people remained unknown, and they were unable to share in the glory of what is likely one of the chief reasons the Allies won the war — or, at least, as quickly as they did. However, he "slipped" to 6th place in the standings because of a handful of DNFs, and an increase in the number of competitive drivers, among them his teammate Labonte, who won the Cup championship. While it is obvious why Britain and the United States went to considerable pains to keep Ultra a secret until the end of the war, it has been a matter of some conjecture why Ultra was kept officially secret for 29 years thereafter, until 1974. Stewart showed no signs of a sophomore slump in Winston Cup in 2000, as he won six races. The Japanese are said to have obtained an Enigma machine as early as 1937, although it is debated whether they were given it by their German ally or bought a commercial version which, except for plugboard and actual rotor wirings, was essentially the German Army / Air Force machine.

His attempt at "The Double" was mildly successful, as he finished in the top 10 at both races, but he fell 10 miles short of completing all of the miles. These reports included reviews of German strategy and intentions, reports on direct inspections (in one case, of Normandy beach defenses) by the ambassador, and reports of long interviews with Hitler. Tony also attempted to race 1,100 miles on Memorial Day, as he attempted to race the Indy 500 during the day and the Coca-Cola 600 in Charlotte at night. Some Purple decrypts proved useful elsewhere, for instance detailed reports by Japan's ambassador to Germany which were encrypted on the Purple machine. Not surprisingly, he ran away with the Winston Cup Rookie of the Year award. It was also cracked, by the US Army's Signal Intelligence Service. He finished his first year an unprecedented 4th in points, the highest points finish by a rookie in the modern era (since 1972), and only bested by James Hylton, who finished 2nd as a first-timer in 1966. In the Pacific theater, the Japanese cipher machine dubbed "Purple" by the Americans, and unrelated to the Enigmas, was used for highest-level Japanese diplomatic traffic.

He won a pair of pole positions at short tracks, and tied a rookie record with three victories. The information it provided was accurate and timely, and Soviet agents in Switzerland (including Alexander Rado, the director) eventually took it quite seriously. He only failed to finish a race once, and even then he finished 9th. The Lucy ring was operated, apparently, by one man, Rudolf Roessler, and was initially treated with considerable suspicion by the Soviets. Stewart spent most of his rookie season wowing people, as his car was often in the top 10. It has been alleged that "Lucy" was, in major part, a way for the British to feed Ultra intelligence to the Soviets in a way that made it appear to have come from highly-placed espionage and not from cryptanalysis of German radio traffic. In the 500 itself, Stewart ran near the front until problems with the car relegated him to a midpack finish. This was an extremely well informed, and rapidly responsive, ring which was able to get information "directly from the German General Staff Headquarters" — often on specific request.

The Intimidator came out on top, but Tony had nonetheless impressed quite a few people with his performance. An intriguing question concerns alleged use of Ultra information by the "Lucy" spy ring. He showed courage in one of the Gatorade Twin 125 races, when involved in a great battle with Dale Earnhardt for the win. (See Bamford's Body of Secrets in regard to the TICOM missions immediately after the war.). Stewart started his Winston Cup career with a bang, as he qualified his No 20 Home Depot Pontiac in second place in his first Cup race, the Daytona 500. They just found it impossible to imagine anyone going to the immense effort required. With that move, Stewart ended his three year career as a full time IRL driver. Among the things they learned was that German cryptographers, at least, understood very well that Enigma messages might be read; they knew Enigma was not unbreakable.

Gibbs had enough confidence in Tony that he was moved into Cup for the 1999 season. After the War, American TICOM project teams found and detained a considerable number of German cryptographic personnel. Stewart finished a solid 2nd place in 2 (of 31) starts, ahead of six drivers with more starts, and had an average finish that was comparable to some of the series' top 10 finishers. Likewise, Ultra traffic suggested an attack in the Ardennes in 1944, but the Battle of the Bulge was a surprise to the Allies because the information was disregarded. He came extremely close to winning his first Busch Series race in Rockingham, but was beaten on a last lap pass by Matt Kenseth. Rommel's intentions just prior to the Battle of the Kasserine Pass in North Africa in 1942 had been suggested by Ultra, but this was not taken into account by the Americans. On the Busch side, he finished in the top-five five times in 22 starts. However, Ultra information was also at times misused or ignored.

His season was something of a disappointment, especially as he finished last in the Indy 500 because of an engine failure. The Germans considered Enigma traffic so secure that they openly discussed their plans and movements, handing the Allies huge amounts of information. In the IRL, he won twice and finished 3rd in the championship. Had they been better informed, they could have changed systems, forcing Allied cryptologists to start over. The double duty did not affect his performance in either series. By 1945 almost all German Enigma traffic (Wehrmacht, Navy, Luftwaffe, Abwehr, SD, etc.) could be decrypted within a day or two, yet the Germans remained confident of its security. Stewart so impressed Gibbs that he was signed to drive the majority of the Busch schedule in 1998 to go along with a full-time IRL schedule. Intelligence from signals between Adolf Hitler and General Günther von Kluge was of considerable help during the campaign in France just after the Allied D-Day landings, particularly in regard to estimates of when German reserves might be committed to battle.

When Stewart was able to finish, he was in the top 10, and had a 3rd place in Charlotte. Ultra information was of considerable assistance to the British (Montgomery being "in the know" about Ultra) at El Alamein in Western Egypt in the long-running battle with the Afrika Korps under Rommel. This time, he was racing for Joe Gibbs, the former (and current as of 2004) coach of the Washington Redskins who was having a lot of success with driver Bobby Labonte in Winston Cup. British Admiral Cunningham also did some fancy footwork at a hotel in Egypt to prevent Axis agents from taking note of his movements and deducing that a major operation was planned. As he had done the previous year, he raced a handful of Busch Series races. Breaking of some messages (not in German Enigma) led to the defeat of the Italian Navy at Capa Matapan, and was preceded by another "fortuitous" search-plane sighting. Despite an average end to his season, finishing 7th, 14th, and 11th, and five DNFs, Stewart did just enough to beat Hamilton for the IRL title. It is commonly claimed that the breaks into Naval Enigma resulted in the war being a year shorter, but given its effects on the Second Battle of the Atlantic alone, that might be an underestimate.

He became the leading contender for the series' championship after a bad slump knocked points leader Davey Hamilton out of first place. Its traffic was routinely readable. Tony finally got his first career win at Pikes Peak, where he led all but seven laps of a 200 lap race. The U-boat network which used the four-rotor machine was known as Triton, codenamed Shark by the Allies. At that year's Indy 500, Stewart had a good enough car to win his first IRL race, as he led 64 laps, but tailed off near the end of the race and settled for 5th. Realizing the error, the U-boat retransmitted the same message using the 3-rotor Enigma, giving the British sufficient clues to break the new machine soon after it became operational on February 1, 1942. He failed to finish the first three races of a ten race schedule, but recovered to finish second in Phoenix. Fortunately for the Allies, in December a U-boat mistakenly transmitted a message using the four-rotor machine before it was due to be inaugurated.

Tony was poised to improve his IRL standing in 1997, but struggled with finishing at times. In 1941 British intelligence learned that the German Navy was about to introduce M4, a new version of Enigma with 4 rotors rather than 3. He had more success in a one-time ride in the Craftsman Truck Series, where he finished 10th. Coincidentally, German success in this respect almost exactly matched in time an Allied blackout from Naval Enigma. In nine races, however, he had only a best finish of 16th place. The more so, since his counterintelligence B-Dienst group, who had partially broken Royal Navy traffic (including its convoy codes early in the war), supplied enough information to support the idea that the Allies were unable to read Naval Enigma. Tony also made a handful of starts in NASCAR's Busch Series that year. However, the evidence was never enough to truly convince him that Naval Enigma was being read by the Allies.

When he wasn't racing Indy Cars, he raced stock cars. Dönitz had the settings book changed anyway, blacking out Bletchley Park for a period. In 1995, Stewart became the first driver to win USAC's version of the Triple Crown, earning championships in all three of USAC's major divisions, National Midget, Sprint, and Silver Crown. The analysis suggested that the signals problem, if there was one, wasn't due to the Enigma itself. Stewart was the USAC rookie of the year in 1991, and was the National Midget series champion in 1994. Dönitz immediately asked for a review of Enigma's security. He raced three-quarter midgets for a handful of years before moving up to the USAC series. They all escaped and reported what had happened.

Born in Columbus, Indiana, Stewart grew up racing go karts, highly successfully, winning the world karting championship in 1987. In one instance, three U-boats met at a tiny island in the Caribbean, and a British destroyer promptly showed up. . Karl Dönitz received reports of "impossible" encounters between U-boats and enemy vessels which made him suspect some compromise of his communications. Anthony Wayne "Tony" Stewart (born May 20, 1971), is an auto racing driver who has won championships in sprint cars, Indy cars, and stock cars. Some Germans had suspicions that all was not right with Enigma. 2002 and 2003 Virginia is for Lovers 200 (Richmond). In order to solve this problem the Allies, especially the US, "went industrial" and produced much larger versions of the Polish bomba that could rapidly test thousands of possible key settings.

2005 Hershey's Take 5 300 (Daytona). The number remaining was still huge, and due to the new rotors that the Germans had added from time to time, that number was much larger than the Poles had faced. 1999 Exide NASCAR Select Batteries 400 (Richmond), Checker Auto Parts/Dura Lube 500 (Phoenix), Pennzoil 400 presented by Kmart (Homestead). However, the new tricks only reduced the number of possible settings for a message. 2000 MBNA Platinum 400 (Dover), Kmart 400 (Michigan), thatlook.com 300 (Loudon), MBNA.com 400 (Dover), NAPA AutoCare 500 (Martinsville), Pennzoil 400 presented by Discount Auto Parts (Homestead). From this point on, Naval Enigma messages were being read constantly, even after changes to the ground settings. 2001 Pontiac Excitement 400(Richmond), Dodge/Save Mart 350 (Sonoma), Sharpie 500 (Bristol). was likely to have been broadcast by a weather-reporting boat in the Atlantic, and that meant the message would almost certainly contain these cribs; and similarly for other traffic.

2002 MBNA America 500 (Atlanta), Chevy American Revolution 400 (Richmond), Sirius Satellite Radio at The Glen (Watkins Glen), also won Winston Cup Championship. Thus a brief message sent from the west at 6 a.m. 2003 Pocono 500 (Pocono), UAW-GM Quality 500 (Charlotte). But by 1943 so much traffic had been decrypted that Allied cryptologists had an excellent understanding of the messages coming from various locations at various times. 2004 Tropicana 400 presented by Meijer (Chicago), Sirius at The Glen (Watkins Glen). Charting decrypted Enigma traffic against British shipping losses for a given month shows a strong pattern of increased losses when Naval Enigma was blacked out, and vice versa. 2005 Dodge/Save Mart 350 (Sonoma), Pepsi 400 (Daytona), New England 300 (Loudon), Allstate 400 at The Brickyard (Indianapolis), Sirius at The Glen (Watkins Glen), also won Nextel Cup Championship. Even these brief periods were enough to markedly affect the course of the war.

This technique was, at Bletchley, called gardening. In the case of mining this or that channel, they expected the word "Minen" to occur in some of the messages. To do this they would drop mines (or take some other action), then listen for messages thus provoked. In other cases, the Allies induced the Germans to provide them with cribs.

More fantastic scenarios were contemplated, such as Ian Fleming's James Bondian suggestion to "crash" captured German bombers into the sea near German shipping, hoping they would be "rescued" by a ship's crew, which would be taken captive by commandos concealed in the plane who would capture the cryptographic material intact. These included U-boats U-505 (1944) and U-559 (1942) and a number of German weather boats and converted trawlers such as the Krebs, captured during a raid on the Lofoten Islands off Norway. Naval Enigma machines or settings books were captured from a total of 7 U-boats and 8 German surface ships. And it was done again shortly afterwards.

On 7 May 1941 the Royal Navy deliberately captured a German weather ship, together with cipher equipment and codes; and 2 days later U-110 was captured, together with an Enigma machine, code book, operating manual and other information that enabled Bletchley Park to break submarine messages until the end of June. Different and far more difficult methods had to be used to break into Naval Enigma traffic, and with the U-boats running freely in the Atlantic after the fall of France, a more direct approach recommended itself. There was no hint at all to the initial settings for the machines, and there was little probable plaintext to use, either. From the beginning, the Naval version of Enigma used a larger selection of rotors than did the Army or Air Force versions, as well as operating procedures that made it much more secure than other Enigma variants.

In the summer of 1940, British cryptanalysts, who were successfully breaking German Air Force Enigma-cypher variants, were able to give Churchill information about the issuing of maps of England and Ireland to the Sealion invasion forces. Liaison officers were appointed for each field command to manage and control dissemination. The distribution of Ultra information to Allied commanders and units in the field involved considerable risk of discovery by the Germans, and great care was taken to control both the information and knowledge of how it was obtained. The British were, it is said, more disciplined about such measures than the Americans, and this difference was a source of friction between them.

Ultra information was used to attack and sink many Afrika Korps supply ships bound for North Africa; but, as in the North Atlantic, every time such information was used, an "innocent" explanation had to be provided: often scout planes were sent on otherwise unnecessary missions, to ensure they were spotted by the Germans. This was taken to the extreme that, for instance, though they knew from intercepts the whereabouts of U-boats lying in wait in mid-Atlantic, the U-boats often were not hunted unless a "cover story" could be arranged — a search plane might be "fortunate enough" to sight the U-boat, thus explaining the Allied attack. The Allies were seriously concerned to conceal from the Axis command that they had broken into Enigma traffic. Usable Ultra information came too late to be of great help during the Battle of Britain.

Instead the Germans every so often added new rotors to the mix, thereby allowing the British to work out the wirings of the newest rotors. However, due to the expense and difficulty of getting new rotors to all ships and units, this was never done. And had German operating practices been more secure, things would have been much more difficult for the British cryptologists. Had the Germans ever replaced every rotor at the same time, the British might not have been able to break back into the system.

Other German operators used "form letters" for daily reports, notably weather reports, so the same crib might be used every day. Analysts were set to finding such messages in the sea of daily intercepts, which winnowed out enough possibilities to allow Bletchley to use other original Polish techniques as well to find the initial daily keys. In other cases, as they had before the war, Enigma operators would constantly use the same settings for their message keys, often their own initials or those of a girlfriend (one apparently had the initials "C.I.L.," so Bletchley Park named such hints "cillies"). A British analyst received from an intercept station a long message containing not a single "T" and immediately realised what had happened.

In one instance, a clerk was asked to send a test message, and hit the T key repeatedly and transmitted the resulting letters. On some occasions, German cipher clerks helped the Allied cryptanalysts. This provided a clue to message keys. With a probable plaintext fragment and the knowledge that no letter could be enciphered as itself, a corresponding ciphertext fragment could often be identified.

Another technique counted on common German phrases, such as "Heil Hitler" or "please respond," which were likely to occur in a given plaintext; a successful guess as to a plaintext was known at Bletchley as a crib. One mode of attack on the Enigma relied on the fact that the reflector (a patented feature of the Enigma machines) guaranteed that no letter could be enciphered as itself, so an A could not be sent as an A. 31, 58.). (Kozaczuk, pp.

Even before the war, it had been a challenge to the Poles; only a portion of Naval Enigma had been read at B.S.-4 (the Cipher Bureau's German section) due to limited Bureau personnel and resources and because knowledge of army and air force traffic had been deemed more important to Poland's defense. (For a discussion of the many identical techniques used by the Poles and the British, see Kozaczuk 1984, appendix F.) A particular challenge would be German Naval Enigma. British attacks on the Enigmas were similar to the original Polish methods, but naturally continued evolving to keep pace with the growing complexity of German equipment and procedures. Such information enabled the Allies to maintain an accurate picture of enemy plans and orders of battle, and when appropriately used was of great value in formulating Allied strategy and tactics.

By 1943, a large proportion of intercepts (over 2,000 daily at the height of operations) were routinely read, including some from Hitler himself. Among the latter was Alan Turing, one of the founders of modern computing. The Bletchley Park workers included a mix of crossword enthusiasts, chess mavens, mathematicians and pioneer computer scientists. Such was the secrecy surrounding reports from "Boniface" that "his" reports were taken directly to Prime Minister Winston Churchill in a locked box to which he personally held the key.

Earlier in the war, the product from Bletchley Park was codenamed "Boniface" to give the impression to the uninitiated that the source was a secret agent. Eventually there would be a very large organization controlling the distribution of the resulting – secret – decrypted information, which in time came to be called "Ultra." Strict rules were established to restrict the number of people who knew about the existence of Ultra in the hope of ensuring that nothing (e.g., leaks, actions) would alert the Axis powers that the Allies were reading their messages. They also set up a large interception network to collect enciphered messages for the cryptologists at Bletchley and at five near-by off-site outstations at Adstock, Gayhurst, Wavendon, Stanmore, and Eastcote. (Work that would be done after the outbreak of World War II in France, at PC Bruno outside Paris, would be strictly the domain of the Polish Cipher Bureau cryptologists who had escaped Poland.) Early in 1939 Britain's secret service had installed its Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS) at Bletchley Park, 50 miles (80 km) north of London, to work on enemy message traffic.

Armed with this Polish assistance, the British began work on German Enigma traffic. Since neither the French nor the British had succeeded in breaking Enigma traffic, this was a major windfall for Poland's western allies. This happened during the famous meeting at Pyry, in the Kabaty Woods south of Warsaw, on July 25, 1939. Well before 1938, much German Enigma traffic was being routinely decrypted by the Poles; but accelerating changes in German operations (encipherment procedures, frequency of key changes, greater rotor choice) and looming war led the Poles to share their achievements in Enigma decryption with France and England.

They designed working "doubles" of the Enigmas and developed equipment and techniques which helped in finding the keys needed for decryption (including the "grill," "clock," cyclometer, cryptologic bomb, and perforated sheets). Together with two colleagues at the Polish General Staff's Cipher Bureau (Polish: Biuro Szyfrów), he went on to develop practical methods of decrypting Enigma traffic. The 27-year-old mathematician used advanced mathematics (group theory, particularly permutation theory) for the first time to crack the Enigma system. The fundamental break into the Enigma systems that were to be used by Nazi Germany was made in Poland in 1932, just on the eve of Adolf Hitler's accession to power, by Marian Rejewski.

Dilly Knox, of GC&CS, is said to have broken it during the 1920s. The commercial versions were not so secure. Each variant required different cryptanalytic treatment. The German Army, Navy, Air Force, Nazi party, Gestapo, and German diplomats all used Enigma machines, but there were several variants (eg, the Abwehr used a four-rotor machine without a plugboard, and Naval Enigma used different key management from that of the Army or Air Force, making its traffic far more difficult to cryptanalyze).

These messages were generated on several variants of an electro-mechanical rotor machine called "Enigma." The Enigma machine was widely thought to be in practice unbreakable in the 1920s, when a variant of the commercial Model D was first used by the German Navy. Ultra material largely came from German cipher traffic. . Eisenhower, as at war's end describing Ultra as having been "decisive" to Allied victory in World War II.

Winterbotham, in The Ultra Secret (1974), quotes the western Supreme Allied Commander, Dwight D. F.W. Although the volume of messages read from this system was much smaller than that from the Enigma, they more than made up for it in their importance. It was eventually attacked using the Colossus, considered to be the forerunner of the electronic programmable digital computer.

These also were broken, particularly TUNNY, which the British thoroughly penetrated. Several distinct systems were used, principally the Lorenz SZ 40/42 (initially code-named TUNNY) and Geheimfernschreiber (code-named STURGEON). Later the Germans began to use several stream cipher teleprinter systems for their most important traffic, to which the British gave the generic code-name FISH. For some time thereafter, "Ultra" was used only for intelligence from this channel.

Until the name "Ultra" was adopted, there were several cryptonyms for intelligence from this source, including Boniface. Much of the German cipher traffic was encrypted on the Enigma machine, hence the term "Ultra" has often been used almost synonymously with "Enigma decrypts.". The name arose because the code-breaking success was considered more important than the highest security classification available at the time (Most Secret) and so was regarded as being Ultra Secret. The term eventually became the standard designation in both Britain and the United States for all intelligence from high-level cryptanalytic sources.

Ultra (sometimes capitalised ULTRA) was the name used by the British for intelligence resulting from decryption of German communications in World War II. page 202. ISBN 0747570787. ^  Fredrick Taylor Dresden:Tuesday 13 February 1945, Pub (NY): HarperCollins, ISBN 0060006765, Pub (Lon): Bloomsbury.

Her account appears in Sebag-Montefiore's book. The fate of the German Enigma spy "Asché" was not publicly known till Hugh Sebag-Montefiore tracked down Asché's daughter about 1999. Sixth, many writers have not done their research. The account was claimed to have been written from the unpublished memoirs of an Australian cryptanalyst, but substantive parts of the published version appear to have been simply invented.

At least one incident is known of whole-cloth fabrication regarding British cryptanalytic progress on a particular World War II Japanese Navy cryptosystem. Fifth, several authors have had agendas which took precedence over accuracy in their reports. Fourth, governments have chosen to keep secret or release information to serve their own purposes, not historical accuracy or completeness. In any case, none of them were originally written, nor made available later, with historical clarity in mind; considerable perspective is required to make reasonable use of them.

Those not actually lost have taken decades to be released to the public, and some are, presumably, still to be released. Third, documents have been 'lost' in secret archives. It requires someone with a considerable understanding of cryptanalysis, and of Enigma, to adequately comprehend -- or explain -- how either worked. Second, the cryptanalytic work was tricky and quite technical.

Peter Calvocoressi's book, Top Secret Ultra, contains a sounder account of the episode. The story about Churchill deliberately not interfering with a Luftwaffe bombing of Coventry which was known through Enigma decrypts is one such. Several books have been published by those on the Ultra distribution side at Bletchley Park, but work there was seriously compartmentalised, making it difficult to credit some episodes when they are due only to such a source. First, not all the authors were in a position to know.