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T. S. Eliot

(Redirected from T.S. Eliot) T.S. Eliot (by E.O. Hoppe, 1919)

Thomas Stearns Eliot (September 26, 1888 – January 4, 1965) was an Anglo-American poet, dramatist, and literary critic, whose works like The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock, The Waste Land and Four Quartets, are considered major achievements of twentieth-century Modernism.

Life

Family and early life

Eliot was born into a prominent family from St. Louis, Missouri. His father, Henry Ware Eliot (1843-1919), was a successful businessman, becoming president and treasurer of the Hydraulic-Press Brick Company in St. Louis. His mother, née Charlotte Champe Stearns (1843-1929), taught school prior to marriage and wrote poetry. Thomas was their last child; his parents were 44 years old when he was born. Thomas' four surviving sisters were about eleven to nineteen years older than he; his brother, eight years older.

William Greenleaf Eliot, Eliot's grandfather, was a Unitarian minister who moved to St. Louis when it was still on the frontier and who was instrumental in founding many of the city's institutions including Washington University in St. Louis. One distant cousin was Charles William Eliot, President of Harvard University from 1869 to 1909, and a fifth cousin, another Tom Eliot, was Chancellor of Washington University.

Eliot's works allude to St. Louis (there was, in his youth, a Prufrock furniture store in town) and to New England. (His family had Massachusetts ties and summered at a large cottage they had built in Gloucester. The cottage, close to the shore at Eastern Point, had a view of the sea and the young Eliot would often go sailing.)

Education

From 1898 to 1905, Eliot was a day student at St. Louis's Smith Academy, a preparatory school for Washington University. At the academy, Eliot studied Latin, Greek, French and German. Although, upon graduation, he could have gone to Harvard University, his parents sent him, for a preparatory year, to Milton Academy, in Milton, Massachusetts, near Boston. There, he met Scofield Thayer, who would later publish his poem, The Waste Land. He studied at Harvard from 1906 to 1909, where he earned his A.B.. The Harvard Advocate published some of his poems, and he became life-long friends with Conrad Aiken. The following year, he earned an A.M at Harvard. In the 1910–1911 school year, Eliot lived in Paris, studying at the Sorbonne and touring the continent. Returning to Harvard in 1911 as a doctoral student in philosophy, Eliot studied the writings of F.H. Bradley, Buddhism, and Indic philology, (learning Sanskrit and Pali to read some of the religious texts). He was awarded a scholarship to attend Merton College, Oxford in 1914, and before settling there, he visited Marburg, Germany, where he planned to take a summer program in philosophy, but when World War I started, he went to London and then to Oxford. Eliot was not happy at Merton and declined a second year of attendance. Instead, in the summer of 1915, he married, and, after a short visit to the U.S. to meet with his family (not taking his wife), he took a few teaching jobs. He continued to work on his dissertation and, in the spring of 1916, sent it to Harvard, which accepted it. Because he did not appear in person to defend the thesis, however, he was not awarded his Ph.D. (In 1964, the dissertation was published as Knowledge and Experience in the Philosophy of F. H. Bradley.) During Eliot's university career, he studied with George Santayana, Irving Babbitt, Henri Bergson, C.R. Lanman, Josiah Royce, Bertrand Russell, and Harold Joachim.

Life in Britain

In a letter to Conrad Aiken late in December 1914, Eliot complained that he was still a virgin, adding "I am very dependent upon women. I mean female society." Less than four months later he was introduced to Vivienne Haigh-Wood, a Cambridge governess, by mutual friends in Oxford. On 26 June 1915, Eliot and Vivien (the name she preferred), both 27 years old, were married in a register office. "Tom" did not know that his bride had a history of recurrent illnesses, including episodes of headaches, backaches, stomach-aches, prolonged exhaustion, nervous collapse and excitability, all requiring medication with drugs, some of them morphine-based, that had become habit-forming. Nor did he know that she was subject to excessive, over-frequent menstrual periods. Bertrand Russell took an interest in Vivienne while the newlyweds were staying with Russell in his flat. Some critics have suggested that Vivien and Russell had an affair (see Carole Seymour-Jones, Painted Shadow), but these allegations have never been confirmed.

In the 1960s, Eliot would write: "I came to persuade myself that I was in love with [Vivienne] simply because I wanted to burn my boats and commit myself to staying in England. And she persuaded herself (also under the influence of Pound) that she would save the poet by keeping him in England. To her the marriage brought no happiness", adding "[T]o me it brought the state of mind out of which came 'The Waste Land'."

In 1927 Eliot took British citizenship and converted to Anglicanism (on June 29).

Eliot separated from his wife in 1933. She tried many times to waylay him, but succeeded only in November 1935: holding their dog Polly and wearing the black shirt of the British Union of Fascists—which she perhaps joined to please her husband, who had on one occasion expressed some admiration for Mussolini — she was able to get close enough to him after one of his public lectures and ask when he would be coming home. For the last nine years of her life she was confined to a mental hospital, which Eliot did not visit.

Eliot's second marriage was happy though short. On January 10, 1957 he married Esmé Valerie Fletcher. Unlike his hasty marriage to his first wife, Eliot knew Valerie well, as she had been his secretary at Faber and Faber since August, 1949. But, as with his marriage to Vivienne, the wedding was, to preserve his privacy, kept a secret, held in a church at 6:15 A.M. and with not many more other than his wife's parents attending. Valerie was 38 years younger than her husband and the years of her widowhood have been spent preserving his legacy; she has edited and annotated The Letters of T.S. Eliot and a facsimile of the draft of The Waste Land.

Eliot died of emphysema in London on January 4, 1965. For many years he had health problems due to his heavy smoking, often being laid low with bronchitis or tachycardia. After his death, his body was cremated and, according to Eliot's wishes, the ashes taken to St Michael's Church in East Coker, the village from which Eliot's ancestors emigrated to America. There, a simple plaque commemorates him. On the second anniversary of his death a large stone placed on the floor of Poets' Corner in London's Westminster Abbey was dedicated to Eliot. This commemoration contains his name, an indication that he had received the Order of Merit, dates, and a quote from Little Gidding: "the communication / Of the dead is tongued with fire beyond / the language of the living."

Late in his life, Eliot exchanged numerous letters with comedian Groucho Marx. A portrait of the comedian, which Eliot requested of Marx, was proudly displayed in Eliot's home next to pictures of Yeats and Valery.

Literary career

Eliot made his life and literary career in Britain. After the war, in the 1920s, he would spend time with other great artists in the Montparnasse Quarter in Paris where he was photographed by Man Ray. He dabbled in the study of Sanskrit and eastern religions and was a student of G. I. Gurdjieff.

Poetry

The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock

In 1915, Ezra Pound, then the overseas editor of Poetry magazine, recommended to Harriet Monroe, the magazine's founder, that she publish "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock". Although Prufrock is of decided late middle-age, Eliot wrote most of the poem when he was only 22.

Its mainstream reception can be gauged from a review by F.Dalton in The Times Literary Supplement, 31 June 1917: "The fact that these things occurred to the mind of Mr. Eliot is surely of the very smallest importance to anyone - even to himself. They certainly have no relation to 'poetry'..."

Its now-famous opening lines with a comparison of the evening sky to "a patient etherised upon a table" were particularly shocking and offensive at a time when the poetry of the Georgians was hailed for its weak derivations of the nineteenth century Romantic Poets.

The Waste Land

In October 1922, Eliot published the long poem The Waste Land in The Criterion. Composed during a period of personal difficulty for Eliot—his marriage was foundering, and both he and Vivienne suffered from precarious health—The Waste Land became one of the principal examples of a new trend in English poetry and came to represent the disillusionment of the post-World War I generation. Even before The Waste Land had been published as a book (December 1922), Eliot had distanced himself from the poem's vision of despair; "As for The Waste Land, that is a thing of the past so far as I am concerned and I am now feeling toward a new form and style" he wrote to Richard Aldington on November 15, 1922.

Despite the alleged obscurity of the poem—its slippage between satire and prophecy; its abrupt changes of speaker, location, and time; its elegiac but intimidating summoning up of a vast and dissonant range of cultures and literatures—, it has become a familiar touchstone of modern literature. Among its famous phrases are "April is the cruellest month"; "I will show you fear in a handful of dust"; and "Shantih shantih shantih."

Eliot's work was hailed by the W.H.Auden generation of 1930s poets. On one occasion Auden read out loud the whole of The Waste Land to a social gathering.

The publication of the draft manuscript of the poem in 1972 showed the strong influence of Ezra Pound upon its final form, prior to which Part I had been titled "He Do the Police in Different Voices". Part IV "Death by Water" was reduced to its current ten lines from an original ninety-two. Pound advised against Eliot's thought of scrapping it altogether. Eliot thanked Pound for "helping one to do it in one's own way."

Religious Conversion

Eliot's work, following his religious conversion, is sometimes religious in nature, but it also attempts to preserve historical English values that Eliot thought important. In 1928, Eliot summarised his beliefs well when he wrote in the preface to his book For Lancelot Andrewes that "The general point of view [of the book's essays] may be described as classicist in literature, royalist in politics, and anglo-catholic [sic] in religion." This period includes such works as Ash Wednesday, The Journey of the Magi, and Four Quartets.

Four Quartets

Eliot considered Four Quartets his masterpiece, as it draws upon his knowledge of mysticism and philosophy. It consists of four long poems,initially published separately: "Burnt Norton" (1936), "East Coker" (1940), "The Dry Salvages" (1941) and "Little Gidding" (1942), each in five sections. Although they resist easy characterisation, they have many things in common: each begins with a rumination on the geographical location of its title, and each meditates on the nature of time in some important respect—theological, historical, physical, and on its relation to the human condition. Also, each is associated with one of the four classical elements: air, earth, water, and fire. A reflective early reading suggests an inexact systematicity among them; they approach the same ideas in varying but overlapping ways, although they do not necessarily exhaust their questions.

"Burnt Norton" asks what it means to consider things that aren't the case but might have been. We see the shell of an abandoned house, and Eliot toys with the idea that all these "merely possible" realities are present together, but invisible to us: All the possible ways people might walk across a courtyard add up to a vast dance we can't see; children who aren't there are hiding in the bushes.

"East Coker" continues the examination of time and meaning, focusing in a famous passage on the nature of language and poetry. There is a sense of bitterness and loss, where the world is compared in a Shakespearian fashion to a stage. Out of darkness Eliot continues to reassert a solution ("I said to my soul, be still, and wait without hope").

"The Dry Salvages" treats the element of water, via images of river and sea. Its sections are less distinctive and its lines less memorable than the other Quartets. It again strives to contain opposites ("...the past and future/Are conquered, and reconciled").

"Little Gidding" (the element of fire) stands out as the tour de force and most anthologised of the individual Quartets. Eliot's own experiences as an air raid warden in the Blitz, empower the poem, and he imagines meeting Dante during the German bombing. The beginning of the Quartets ("Houses.../Are removed, destroyed") had become a violent everday experience; this creates an animation, where for the first time he talks of Love - as the driving force behind all experience. From this backgrouind, the Quartets end with the triumphant affirmation of Mother Julian of Norwich "all shall be well and/All manner of things shall be well".

Plays

Eliot's plays, mostly in verse, include "Sweeney Agonistes" (1925), Murder in the Cathedral (1935), The Family Reunion (1939), The Cocktail Party (1950), The Confidential Clerk (1953) and The Elder Statesman (1958).

Murder in the Cathedral is about the death of Thomas a Becket. Eliot confessed to being influenced by, among others, the works of 17th century preacher, Lancelot Andrewes.

Critical writing

Eliot is also known for his critical and theoretical writing, particularly for his advocacy of the "objective correlative", the notion that art should not be a personal expression, but should work through objective universal symbols. There is, however, evidence throughout his work of contrary practice (e.g. part II of "The Waste Land" in the section beginning "My nerves are bad tonight.")

Other works

He was appointed to the committee formed to produce the "New English" translation of the Bible. In 1939, he published a book of poetry for children, Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats – "Old Possum" being a name Pound had bestowed upon him. After his death, this work became the basis of the hit West End and Broadway musical by Andrew Lloyd Webber, Cats.

Influences

A particularly strong influence on Eliot's work was French poetry, in particular Charles Baudelaire, whose clear-cut images of Paris city life provided a model for Eliot's own images of London.

Criticism

Eliot's poetry was first criticised as not being poetry at all. However, like Modern Art, that battle has long been won. A more insistent criticism has been of his widespread interweaving of quotes from other authors into his work. "Notes on the Waste Land", which follows after the poem, gives the source of many of these, but not all. There are no such acknowledgements after the "Four Quartets".

This practice has been defended as a necessary salvaging of tradition in an age of fragmentation, and hence completely integral to the theme of the work, as well as adding richness through unexpected juxtaposition. It has, on the other hand, been condemned as showing a lack of originality.

Canadian academic Robert Ian Scott has pointed out that the title of The Waste Land and some of the images had previously appeared in the the work of a minor Kentucky poet, Madison Cawein (1865-1914). Bevis Hillier compared Cawein's lines "...come and go/Around its ancient portico" with Eliot's "...come and go/talking of Michelangelo." Cawein's "Waste Land" had appeared in the January 1913 issue of Chicago magazine Poetry (which also contained an article by Ezra Pound on London poets).

Recognition

Formal recognition

  • Awarded the Order of Merit by King George VI (United Kingdom, 1948)
  • Nobel Prize for Literature for "remarkable achievements as a pioneer within modern poetry." (Stockholm, 1948)
  • Officier de la Legion d'Honneur (1951)
  • Hanseatic Goethe Prize (Hamburg, 1955)
  • Dante Medal (Florence, 1959)
  • Commandeur de l'ordre des Arts et des Lettres, (1960)
  • Presidential Medal of Freedom (1964)
  • Numerous honorary doctorates
  • Posthumously won two Tony Awards (1983) for his writing used in the musical Cats
  • Eliot College of the University of Kent, England, was named for him
  • Eliot has also been honored with commemorative postage stamps

Popular recognition

In 1941 Henry Reed published Chard Whitlow, an intelligent and witty satire on Burnt Norton. Eliot wrote, "Most parodies of one's own work strike one as very poor. In fact, one is apt to think one could parody oneself much better. (As a matter of fact, some critics have said that I have done so.) But there is one which deserves the success it has had, Henry Reed's Chard Whitlow."

"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" is a greatly quoted and referenced piece. References have appeared in Hill Street Blues and The Long Goodbye by private-eye novelist Raymond Chandler.

In the movie Apocalypse Now based on the Joseph Conrad novel Heart of Darkness, one of the side-characters, a photographer obsessed with the life of the elusive Colonel Kurtz, quoted "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock," specifically the lines, "I should have been a pair of ragged claws/Scuttling across the floors of silent seas." Marlon Brando's character Kurtz later reads Eliot's poem "The Hollow Men": "We are the Hollow Men, We are the stuffed men...". Appropriately, Eliot's poem "The Hollow Men" quotes Heart of Darkness in its epigraph — "Mistah Kurtz—he dead." The American photojournalist (Dennis Hopper) also references the end of "The Hollow Men" when speaking to Willard.

In the autobiographical A Severe Mercy, Sheldon Vanauken's admiration for Eliot's poetry lends credibility in Vanauken's eyes to Christianity and plays a part, along with letters from C. S. Lewis, in his conversion.

A favourite of present-day Christians is "Choruses from 'The Rock'," a poem decrying what Eliot saw as the decadence of Western thought from the sublime (the Word as the Revelation of God, wisdom, life) to the humdrum (information, living).

Liverpool poet Adrian Henri included "Poem in Memoriam T.S.Eliot" in the best-selling 1968 anthology The Mersey Sound.

The band Crash Test Dummies released a song called "Afternoons and Coffee Spoons" from the album "God Shuffled His Feet" in the early 90's. This song borrows from and pays homage to the poem "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock".

Surprisingly, "The Love song of J. Alfred Prufrock" was also referenced by Chuck D of the seminal rap group Public Enemy, in Niggativaty, Do I Dare Disturb the Universe, on his solo album The Autobiography of Mistachuck.

Bibliography

Poetry

  • Prufrock and Other Observations (1917)
  • Poems (1920)
  • The Waste Land (1922)
  • "The Hollow Men" (1925)
  • "Ash Wednesday" (1930)
  • "Ariel Poems" (1930)
  • Coriolan (1931)
  • Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats (1939)
  • Four Quartets (1945)

Plays

  • Sweeney Agonistes (published in 1926, first performed in 1934)
  • The Rock (1934)
  • Murder in the Cathedral (1935)
  • The Family Reunion (1939)
  • The Cocktail Party (1949)
  • The Confidential Clerk (1954)
  • The Elder Statesman (first performed in 1958, published in 1959)

Nonfiction

  • The Sacred Wood: Essays on Poetry and Criticism (1920)
  • The Second-Order Mind (1920)
  • Homage to John Dryden (1924)
  • Shakespeare and the Stoicism of Seneca (1928)
  • For Lancelot Andrewes (1928)
  • Dante (1929)
  • Selected Essays, 1917?1932 (1932)
  • The Use of Poetry and the Use of Criticism (1933)
  • After Strange Gods (1934)
  • Elizabethan Essays (1934)
  • Essays Ancient and Modern (1936)
  • The Idea of a Christian Society (1940)
  • Notes Towards the Definition of Culture (1948)
  • Poetry and Drama (1951)
  • The Three Voices of Poetry (1954)
  • On Poetry and Poets (1957)

Further reading

  • T.S. Eliot: A Life by Peter Ackroyd (1984)
  • T.S. Eliot: An Imperfect Life by Lyndall Gordon (1998)
  • Painted Shadow: A Life of Vivienne Eliot by Carole Seymour-Jones (2001)
  • Great Tom: Notes Towards the Definition of T.S. Eliot by T.S. Matthews (1973)
  • T.S. Eliot: A Memoir by Robert Sencourt (1971)
  • T.S. Eliot by Stephen Spender (1975)
  • Affectionately, T.S. Eliot: The Story of a Friendship: 1947-1965 by William Turner Levy and Victor Scherle (1968)
  • T.S. Eliot and Prejudice by Christopher Ricks (1988)
  • Eliot's Dark Angel: Intersections of Life and Art by Ronald Schuchard (1999)
  • The Art of T.S. Eliot by Helen Gardner (1949)
  • The Composition of Four Quartets by Helen Gardner (1978)
  • T.S. Eliot: A Study in Character and Style by Ronald Bush (1984)
  • The Savage and the City in the Work of T.S. Eliot by Robert Crawford (1987)

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Alfred Prufrock" was also referenced by Chuck D of the seminal rap group Public Enemy, in Niggativaty, Do I Dare Disturb the Universe, on his solo album The Autobiography of Mistachuck. The official story is that he was an 8-month baby conceived just after his parents marriage; several sources suggest that he was born earlier (the date May 14 is the most prevalent), and that his mother was already pregnant at the time of her marriage. Surprisingly, "The Love song of J. ¹ While June 14, 1928 is Guevara's official date of birth, it may not be the actual date of birth. Alfred Prufrock".
. This song borrows from and pays homage to the poem "The Love Song of J. Movies and actors who have portrayed Che Guevara:.

The band Crash Test Dummies released a song called "Afternoons and Coffee Spoons" from the album "God Shuffled His Feet" in the early 90's. French philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre called Guevara, "the most complete human being of our age." Others believe that he was a hero of the Cuban revolution who was skillfully manipulated by Fidel Castro in order to inspire the masses, all the while being moved into positions where he would represent little or no danger to Fidel himself. Liverpool poet Adrian Henri included "Poem in Memoriam T.S.Eliot" in the best-selling 1968 anthology The Mersey Sound. Inside the mausoleum is also the original letter Guevara wrote to Castro in which he stated he would leave Cuba to continue to fight abroad for the cause of the revolution and renouncing all posts and his Cuban citizenship. A favourite of present-day Christians is "Choruses from 'The Rock'," a poem decrying what Eliot saw as the decadence of Western thought from the sublime (the Word as the Revelation of God, wisdom, life) to the humdrum (information, living). Among the tourists visiting the site were people from Argentina, Canada, Great Britain, Germany, Italy, Japan, South Africa, the United States, and Venezuela. Lewis, in his conversion. Some 205,832 persons visited his mausoleum in 2004, of which 127,597 were foreigners.

S. That year, his body was exhumed and brought from Bolivia, where he died in 1967. In the autobiographical A Severe Mercy, Sheldon Vanauken's admiration for Eliot's poetry lends credibility in Vanauken's eyes to Christianity and plays a part, along with letters from C. Guevara's remains, along with those of six of his former compañeros during the guerrilla campaign in Bolivia, have rested at a special mausoleum since 1997 in the Plaza Comandante Ernesto Guevara in Santa Clara, Cuba. Appropriately, Eliot's poem "The Hollow Men" quotes Heart of Darkness in its epigraph — "Mistah Kurtz—he dead." The American photojournalist (Dennis Hopper) also references the end of "The Hollow Men" when speaking to Willard. The narrator role involves creative license, because Guevara's only interaction with Eva Perón was to write her a letter in his youth, asking for a Jeep. Alfred Prufrock," specifically the lines, "I should have been a pair of ragged claws/Scuttling across the floors of silent seas." Marlon Brando's character Kurtz later reads Eliot's poem "The Hollow Men": "We are the Hollow Men, We are the stuffed men...". This portrays Guevara as becoming disillusioned with Eva Perón and her husband, President Juan Domingo Perón, because of Perón's increasing corruption and tyranny.

In the movie Apocalypse Now based on the Joseph Conrad novel Heart of Darkness, one of the side-characters, a photographer obsessed with the life of the elusive Colonel Kurtz, quoted "The Love Song of J. Guevara's reputation even extended into theatre, where he is depicted as the narrator in Tim Rice and Andrew Lloyd Webber's musical Evita. References have appeared in Hill Street Blues and The Long Goodbye by private-eye novelist Raymond Chandler. A dramatic photograph of Guevara taken by photographer Alberto Korda [2] in 1960 (see Che Guevara (photo)) soon became one of the century's most recognizable images, and the portrait was simplified and reproduced on a vast array of merchandise, such as T-shirts, posters, and baseball caps. Alfred Prufrock" is a greatly quoted and referenced piece. Especially in the late 1960s, he became a popular icon for revolution and left-wing political ideals among youngsters in Western and Middle Eastern culture. "The Love Song of J. And when he gained power in Cuba, he gave up all the trappings of government office in order to return to the revolutionary battlefield and ultimately, to die.

(As a matter of fact, some critics have said that I have done so.) But there is one which deserves the success it has had, Henry Reed's Chard Whitlow.". He is singled out from other revolutionaries by many young people in the West because he rejected a comfortable background to fight for global revolution. In fact, one is apt to think one could parody oneself much better. Even liberal elements that felt little sympathy with Guevara's Communist ideals during his lifetime expressed admiration for his spirit of self-sacrifice. Eliot wrote, "Most parodies of one's own work strike one as very poor. Demonstrations in protest against his assassination occurred throughout the world, and articles, tributes, and poems were written about his life and death. In 1941 Henry Reed published Chard Whitlow, an intelligent and witty satire on Burnt Norton. While pictures of Guevara's dead body were being circulated and the circumstances of his death were being debated, Guevara's legend began to spread.

Bevis Hillier compared Cawein's lines "...come and go/Around its ancient portico" with Eliot's "...come and go/talking of Michelangelo." Cawein's "Waste Land" had appeared in the January 1913 issue of Chicago magazine Poetry (which also contained an article by Ezra Pound on London poets). Fidel Castro has denied involvement in this translation. Canadian academic Robert Ian Scott has pointed out that the title of The Waste Land and some of the images had previously appeared in the the work of a minor Kentucky poet, Madison Cawein (1865-1914). The Bolivian Diary was quickly and crudely translated by Ramparts magazine and circulated around the world. It has, on the other hand, been condemned as showing a lack of originality. He suffered from asthma, and most of his last offensives were carried out to obtain medicine. This practice has been defended as a necessary salvaging of tradition in an age of fragmentation, and hence completely integral to the theme of the work, as well as adding richness through unexpected juxtaposition. As the campaign drew to an unexpected close, Guevara became increasingly ill.

There are no such acknowledgements after the "Four Quartets". It shows that Guevara had a great deal of difficulty recruiting from the local populace, due mainly to the fact that the guerrilla group had learned Quechua and not the local languages of the Bolivian Amazon, such as Guarani. "Notes on the Waste Land", which follows after the poem, gives the source of many of these, but not all. It records the split between Guevara and the Bolivian Communist Party that resulted in Guevara having significantly fewer soldiers than originally anticipated. A more insistent criticism has been of his widespread interweaving of quotes from other authors into his work. The diary tells how the guerrillas were forced to begin operations prematurely due to discovery by the Bolivian Army, the eventual split of the group, and their general failure. However, like Modern Art, that battle has long been won. The first entry is on 7 November 1966 shortly after Guevara's arrival at a farm in the Bolivian jungle and the last entry is on 7 October 1967 just before his capture.

Eliot's poetry was first criticised as not being poetry at all. Also removed was Guevara's diary, which documented events in the guerrilla war being fought in Bolivia. A particularly strong influence on Eliot's work was French poetry, in particular Charles Baudelaire, whose clear-cut images of Paris city life provided a model for Eliot's own images of London. On the 12 July 1997 Guevara's remains were buried with full military honours in the city of Santa Clara, in the province of Villa Clara, where he had won the decisive battle of the Cuban Revolution. After his death, this work became the basis of the hit West End and Broadway musical by Andrew Lloyd Webber, Cats. In 1997, the skeletal remains of Guevara's body were exhumed, positively identified by DNA matching and returned to Cuba, where he is revered as a heroic revolutionary leader. In 1939, he published a book of poetry for children, Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats – "Old Possum" being a name Pound had bestowed upon him. The death of Guevara was regarded as a severe blow to the socialist revolutionary movements throughout Latin America.

He was appointed to the committee formed to produce the "New English" translation of the Bible. On October 15 Castro admitted that the death had occurred and proclaimed three days of public mourning throughout Cuba. part II of "The Waste Land" in the section beginning "My nerves are bad tonight."). Also his hands were cut off and sent to Fidel Castro. There is, however, evidence throughout his work of contrary practice (e.g. The former Cuban leader's body was publicly displayed and photographed, and fingerprints were offered as proof of identification. Eliot is also known for his critical and theoretical writing, particularly for his advocacy of the "objective correlative", the notion that art should not be a personal expression, but should work through objective universal symbols. As Debray's trial — which had become an international cause célèbre — was beginning in early October, Bolivian authorities on October 11 reported that Guevara had been shot and killed in an engagement with government forces on October 9.

Eliot confessed to being influenced by, among others, the works of 17th century preacher, Lancelot Andrewes. Debray claimed that he had merely been acting as a reporter, and that Che, who had mysteriously disappeared several years earlier, was leading the guerrillas. Murder in the Cathedral is about the death of Thomas a Becket. In April 1967 government forces captured Debray, a young French Marxist theoretician and writer, and accused him of collaborating with the guerrillas. Eliot's plays, mostly in verse, include "Sweeney Agonistes" (1925), Murder in the Cathedral (1935), The Family Reunion (1939), The Cocktail Party (1950), The Confidential Clerk (1953) and The Elder Statesman (1958). A side issue connected with the guerrillas was the arrest and trial of Régis Debray. From this backgrouind, the Quartets end with the triumphant affirmation of Mother Julian of Norwich "all shall be well and/All manner of things shall be well". Rodriguez had removed Guevara's hands to send to different parts of the world to verify his identity.

The beginning of the Quartets ("Houses.../Are removed, destroyed") had become a violent everday experience; this creates an animation, where for the first time he talks of Love - as the driving force behind all experience. After the execution, Rodriguez took Guevara's Rolex watch, often proudly showing it to reporters during the ensuing years. Eliot's own experiences as an air raid warden in the Blitz, empower the poem, and he imagines meeting Dante during the German bombing. After hearing of Guevara's capture Rodriguez relayed the information to CIA headquarters at Langley, Virginia via CIA stations in various South American nations. "Little Gidding" (the element of fire) stands out as the tour de force and most anthologised of the individual Quartets. A CIA agent and veteran of the US invasion of Cuba at the Bay of Pigs, Felix Rodriguez headed the hunt for Guevara in Bolivia. It again strives to contain opposites ("...the past and future/Are conquered, and reconciled"). Shoot, coward, you are only going to kill a man".

Its sections are less distinctive and its lines less memorable than the other Quartets. Che Guevara did have some last words before his death; he allegedly said to his executioner, "I know you are here to kill me. "The Dry Salvages" treats the element of water, via images of river and sea. Biting his arm to avoid crying out, he was eventually spared his pain and shot in the chest, his lungs filling with blood. Out of darkness Eliot continues to reassert a solution ("I said to my soul, be still, and wait without hope"). The most widely agreed upon account is that Guevara received multiple shots to the legs, so as to avoid maiming his face for identification purposes and simulate combat wounds to conceal his execution. There is a sense of bitterness and loss, where the world is compared in a Shakespearian fashion to a stage. Others say he was so nervous he refused to look Guevara in the face and shot him in the side and the throat, which was the fatal wound.

"East Coker" continues the examination of time and meaning, focusing in a famous passage on the nature of language and poetry. Some say the executioner was too nervous, left, and was forced back inside. We see the shell of an abandoned house, and Eliot toys with the idea that all these "merely possible" realities are present together, but invisible to us: All the possible ways people might walk across a courtyard add up to a vast dance we can't see; children who aren't there are hiding in the bushes. Several versions exist about what happened next. "Burnt Norton" asks what it means to consider things that aren't the case but might have been. The executioner was a sergeant in the Bolivian army, who had drawn a short straw and had to shoot Guevara. A reflective early reading suggests an inexact systematicity among them; they approach the same ideas in varying but overlapping ways, although they do not necessarily exhaust their questions. Guevara was taken to an old schoolhouse and executed, bound by his hands to a board.

Also, each is associated with one of the four classical elements: air, earth, water, and fire. Barrientos ordered his execution immediately upon being informed of Guevara's capture. Although they resist easy characterisation, they have many things in common: each begins with a rumination on the geographical location of its title, and each meditates on the nature of time in some important respect—theological, historical, physical, and on its relation to the human condition. However, this claim is disputed, as some soldiers claim this story was set loose to show Guevara in a more humiliating light. It consists of four long poems,initially published separately: "Burnt Norton" (1936), "East Coker" (1940), "The Dry Salvages" (1941) and "Little Gidding" (1942), each in five sections. According to soldiers present at the capture, during the skirmish as soldiers approached Guevara he allegedly shouted, "Do not shoot! I am Che Guevara and worth more to you alive than dead". Eliot considered Four Quartets his masterpiece, as it draws upon his knowledge of mysticism and philosophy. His surrender was offered after being wounded in the legs and having his rifle destroyed by a bullet.

In 1928, Eliot summarised his beliefs well when he wrote in the preface to his book For Lancelot Andrewes that "The general point of view [of the book's essays] may be described as classicist in literature, royalist in politics, and anglo-catholic [sic] in religion." This period includes such works as Ash Wednesday, The Journey of the Magi, and Four Quartets. On October 8, the encampment was encircled and Guevara was captured while leading a patrol in the vicinity of La Higuera. Eliot's work, following his religious conversion, is sometimes religious in nature, but it also attempts to preserve historical English values that Eliot thought important. The Bolivians were notified of the location of Guevara's guerrilla encampment by a deserter. Eliot thanked Pound for "helping one to do it in one's own way.". Some were tortured for information. Pound advised against Eliot's thought of scrapping it altogether. In addition, the CIA also helped anti-Castro Cuban exiles set up interrogation houses for those Bolivians thought to be assisting Guevara and/or his guerrillas.

Part IV "Death by Water" was reduced to its current ten lines from an original ninety-two. Guevara and his associates found themselves hamstrung in Bolivia by the American aid and military trainers to the Bolivian government and a lack of assistance from his allies. The publication of the draft manuscript of the poem in 1972 showed the strong influence of Ezra Pound upon its final form, prior to which Part I had been titled "He Do the Police in Different Voices". His isolation was further exacerbated by the fact that the shortwave transmitter provided to him by Cuba turned out to be non-operational so that he was unable to send messages to Havana, and some months into the campaign the tape recorder that the guerrillas used to decode shortwave messages sent to them from Havana was lost while crossing a river. On one occasion Auden read out loud the whole of The Waste Land to a social gathering. Guevara had also not received the expected assistance and cooperation from the local dissidents when he undertook his journey, and Bolivia's Moscow-oriented Communist Party did not aid him in the insurrection. Eliot's work was hailed by the W.H.Auden generation of 1930s poets. Instead, the Bolivian Army was being trained by US Army Special Forces advisors, including a recently organized elite battalion of Rangers trained in jungle warfare.

Among its famous phrases are "April is the cruellest month"; "I will show you fear in a handful of dust"; and "Shantih shantih shantih.". He had expected to deal with a poorly trained and equipped national army. Despite the alleged obscurity of the poem—its slippage between satire and prophecy; its abrupt changes of speaker, location, and time; its elegiac but intimidating summoning up of a vast and dissonant range of cultures and literatures—, it has become a familiar touchstone of modern literature. After the US government learned of his location, CIA operatives were sent into Bolivia to aid the anti-insurrection effort. Even before The Waste Land had been published as a book (December 1922), Eliot had distanced himself from the poem's vision of despair; "As for The Waste Land, that is a thing of the past so far as I am concerned and I am now feeling toward a new form and style" he wrote to Richard Aldington on November 15, 1922. However, there was a US presence in Bolivia. Composed during a period of personal difficulty for Eliot—his marriage was foundering, and both he and Vivienne suffered from precarious health—The Waste Land became one of the principal examples of a new trend in English poetry and came to represent the disillusionment of the post-World War I generation. He had expected to deal only with the country's military government.

In October 1922, Eliot published the long poem The Waste Land in The Criterion. Guevara's hope of fomenting revolution in Bolivia appears to have been predicated upon a number of misconceptions. Its now-famous opening lines with a comparison of the evening sky to "a patient etherised upon a table" were particularly shocking and offensive at a time when the poetry of the Georgians was hailed for its weak derivations of the nineteenth century Romantic Poets. In September, however, the Army managed to eliminate two guerrilla groups, reportedly killing one of the leaders. They certainly have no relation to 'poetry'...". Guevara's guerrillas, numbering about 50, were well equipped and scored a number of early successes in difficult terrain in the mountainous Camiri region of the country against Bolivian regulars. Eliot is surely of the very smallest importance to anyone - even to himself. He ordered the Bolivian Army to hunt Guevara and his followers down.

Its mainstream reception can be gauged from a review by F.Dalton in The Times Literary Supplement, 31 June 1917: "The fact that these things occurred to the mind of Mr. On learning of his presence in Bolivia, President René Barrientos is alleged to have expressed the desire to see Guevara's head displayed on a pike in downtown La Paz. Although Prufrock is of decided late middle-age, Eliot wrote most of the poem when he was only 22. Little was accomplished in the way of building a guerrilla army. Alfred Prufrock". The evidence suggests that this training was more hazardous than combat to Guevara and the Cubans accompanying him. In 1915, Ezra Pound, then the overseas editor of Poetry magazine, recommended to Harriet Monroe, the magazine's founder, that she publish "The Love Song of J. A parcel of jungle land in Ñancahuazú was purchased by native Bolivian Communists and turned over to him for use as a training area.

Gurdjieff. The persistent reports that he was assisting the guerrillas in Bolivia were ultimately proven true. I. Juan Almeida, announced that Guevara was "serving the revolution somewhere in Latin America". He dabbled in the study of Sanskrit and eastern religions and was a student of G. In a speech at the May Day rally in Havana, the Acting Minister of the armed forces, Maj. After the war, in the 1920s, he would spend time with other great artists in the Montparnasse Quarter in Paris where he was photographed by Man Ray. Speculation continued during 1966 as to the whereabouts of the former Minister of Industry and President of the National Bank.

Eliot made his life and literary career in Britain. Later that same year, ill and frustrated after seven months of hardship, Guevara left the Congo with the Cuban survivors (six of Guevara's column had died). A portrait of the comedian, which Eliot requested of Marx, was proudly displayed in Eliot's home next to pictures of Yeats and Valery. The incompetence, intransigence and infighting of the local Congolese forces are cited by Che in his Congo Diaries as the key reasons for the revolt's failure. Late in his life, Eliot exchanged numerous letters with comedian Groucho Marx. Guevara's aim was to export the Cuban Revolution by indoctrinating local Simba fighters in communist ideology and strategies of guerrilla warfare. This commemoration contains his name, an indication that he had received the Order of Merit, dates, and a quote from Little Gidding: "the communication / Of the dead is tongued with fire beyond / the language of the living.". CIA advisors working with the Congolese army were able to monitor Guevara's communications, arrange to ambush the rebels and the Cubans whenever they attempted to attack, and interdict Guevara's supply lines.

On the second anniversary of his death a large stone placed on the floor of Poets' Corner in London's Westminster Abbey was dedicated to Eliot. He had the experiences of the Cuban revolution, including his successful march on Santa Clara, which was central to Batista finally being overthrown by Castro's forces. There, a simple plaque commemorates him. His asthma prevented him from entering military service in Argentina, a fact of which he was proud, given his opposition to the government. After his death, his body was cremated and, according to Eliot's wishes, the ashes taken to St Michael's Church in East Coker, the village from which Eliot's ancestors emigrated to America. Guevara was only 35 at the time and had no formal military training. For many years he had health problems due to his heavy smoking, often being laid low with bronchitis or tachycardia. "Nothing leads me to believe he is the man of the hour," Guevara wrote.[1].

Eliot died of emphysema in London on January 4, 1965. Guevara dismissed Kabila as insignificant. Eliot and a facsimile of the draft of The Waste Land. In 1965, Guevara was assisted for a time in the former Belgian Congo by guerrilla leader Laurent-Désiré Kabila, who helped Lumumba supporters lead a revolt that was suppressed in November of that same year by the Congolese army and a large group of white mercenaries. Valerie was 38 years younger than her husband and the years of her widowhood have been spent preserving his legacy; she has edited and annotated The Letters of T.S. He wanted to work with the pro-Lumumba, Marxist Simba movement in the former Belgian Congo (later Zaïre and currently the Democratic Republic of the Congo). and with not many more other than his wife's parents attending. Guevara persuaded Castro to back him in the first covert Cuban involvement in Africa.

But, as with his marriage to Vivienne, the wedding was, to preserve his privacy, kept a secret, held in a church at 6:15 A.M. Guevara's movements and whereabouts remained a secret for the next two years. Unlike his hasty marriage to his first wife, Eliot knew Valerie well, as she had been his secretary at Faber and Faber since August, 1949. During an interview with four foreign correspondents on November 1, Castro remarked that he knew where Guevara was but that he would not disclose the place, and added, denying reports that his former comrade-in-arms was dead, that "he is in the best of health." Despite Castro's assurances the fate of Guevara remained a mystery at the end of 1965. On January 10, 1957 he married Esmé Valerie Fletcher. In the letter Guevara announced his resignation from all his positions in the government, in the party, and in the Army, and renounced his Cuban citizenship, which had been granted to him in 1959 in recognition of his efforts on behalf of the revolution. Eliot's second marriage was happy though short. He explained that "other nations are calling for the help of my modest efforts" and that, having "always identified with the world outcome of our Revolution", he had decided to go and fight as a guerrilla in different parts of the world.

For the last nine years of her life she was confined to a mental hospital, which Eliot did not visit. On October 3 of that year, Castro revealed an undated letter purportedly written to him by Guevara some months earlier in which Guevara reaffirmed his enduring solidarity with the Cuban Revolution but stated his intention to leave Cuba to fight abroad for the cause of the revolution. She tried many times to waylay him, but succeeded only in November 1935: holding their dog Polly and wearing the black shirt of the British Union of Fascists—which she perhaps joined to please her husband, who had on one occasion expressed some admiration for Mussolini — she was able to get close enough to him after one of his public lectures and ask when he would be coming home. Numerous rumors about his disappearance spread both inside and outside Cuba. Eliot separated from his wife in 1933. Pressed by international speculations on Guevara's fate, Castro said on June 16 that the people would be informed about Guevara when Guevara himself wished to let them know. In 1927 Eliot took British citizenship and converted to Anglicanism (on June 29). But he strongly supported the Communist side in the Vietnam War, despite North Vietnam's pro-Soviet position, and urged his comrades in South America to create "many Vietnams".

To her the marriage brought no happiness", adding "[T]o me it brought the state of mind out of which came 'The Waste Land'.". He saw the Northern Hemisphere, led by the US in the West and the Soviets in the East, as the exploiter of the Southern Hemisphere. And she persuaded herself (also under the influence of Pound) that she would save the poet by keeping him in England. Indeed, by this point Guevara had grown more skeptical of the Soviet Union. In the 1960s, Eliot would write: "I came to persuade myself that I was in love with [Vivienne] simply because I wanted to burn my boats and commit myself to staying in England. According to Western observers of the Cuban situation, the fact that Guevara was opposed to Soviet recommendations that Castro seemed obliged to agree to might have been the reason for his disappearance. Some critics have suggested that Vivien and Russell had an affair (see Carole Seymour-Jones, Painted Shadow), but these allegations have never been confirmed. Since the early days of the Cuban revolution Guevara had been considered an advocate of Maoist strategy in Latin America and the originator of a plan for the swift industrialization of Cuba.

Bertrand Russell took an interest in Vivienne while the newlyweds were staying with Russell in his flat. Guevara's pro-Chinese orientation was increasingly problematic for Cuba as the Cuban economy became more and more dependent on the Soviet Union. Nor did he know that she was subject to excessive, over-frequent menstrual periods. Castro's explanations for Che's disappearance have always been suspect (see below) — it is surprising that Che never announced his intentions publicly, but only through an undated letter to Castro. "Tom" did not know that his bride had a history of recurrent illnesses, including episodes of headaches, backaches, stomach-aches, prolonged exhaustion, nervous collapse and excitability, all requiring medication with drugs, some of them morphine-based, that had become habit-forming. It may also be that Fidel had grown increasingly wary of Che Guevara's popularity and considered him a potential threat. On 26 June 1915, Eliot and Vivien (the name she preferred), both 27 years old, were married in a register office. His disappearance was variously attributed to the relative failure of the industrialization scheme he had advocated while minister of industry, to pressure exerted on Castro by Soviet officials disapproving of Guevara's pro-Chinese Communist outlook as the Sino-Soviet split grew more pronounced, and to serious differences between Guevara and the Cuban leadership regarding Cuba's economic development and ideological line.

I mean female society." Less than four months later he was introduced to Vivienne Haigh-Wood, a Cambridge governess, by mutual friends in Oxford. Guevara's whereabouts were the great mystery of 1965 in Cuba, as he was regarded as second in power to Castro himself. In a letter to Conrad Aiken late in December 1914, Eliot complained that he was still a virgin, adding "I am very dependent upon women. Guevara was not seen in public after his return to Havana on March 14 from a three-month tour of the People's Republic of China, the United Arab Republic (Egypt), Algeria, Ghana, Guinea, Mali, Dahomey, Congo-Brazzaville and Tanzania. Lanman, Josiah Royce, Bertrand Russell, and Harold Joachim. After April 1965 Guevara dropped out of public life and then vanished altogether. Bradley.) During Eliot's university career, he studied with George Santayana, Irving Babbitt, Henri Bergson, C.R. To the Russians, Guevara caustically remarked, "Is this how the proletariat live in Russia?".

H. Once, on a trip to Russia, Guevara was dining with high-ranking officials from the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, when the group's food was served to them on expensive china. (In 1964, the dissertation was published as Knowledge and Experience in the Philosophy of F. This austerity also manifested itself as a general dislike of luxury. Because he did not appear in person to defend the thesis, however, he was not awarded his Ph.D. For example, upon becoming a member of the government, he refused an increase in pay, opting to continue drawing the (considerably) lower salary he received as a Comandante (Major), in the Rebel Army. He continued to work on his dissertation and, in the spring of 1916, sent it to Harvard, which accepted it. Guevara was also known for his austerity, simple lifestyle and habits.

to meet with his family (not taking his wife), he took a few teaching jobs. He believed such sacrifice and dedication on the part of the people was necessary to achieve true Communism through the Socialist society. Instead, in the summer of 1915, he married, and, after a short visit to the U.S. He regularly devoted his weekends and evenings to volunteer labour, be it working at shipyards, in textile factories or cutting sugarcane. Eliot was not happy at Merton and declined a second year of attendance. As a government official, Guevara served as an example of the "New Man" (el Hombre Nuevo). He was awarded a scholarship to attend Merton College, Oxford in 1914, and before settling there, he visited Marburg, Germany, where he planned to take a summer program in philosophy, but when World War I started, he went to London and then to Oxford. All they needed was a vanguard to inspire them.

Bradley, Buddhism, and Indic philology, (learning Sanskrit and Pali to read some of the religious texts). It worked in Cuba because the people already wanted to get rid of Batista. Returning to Harvard in 1911 as a doctoral student in philosophy, Eliot studied the writings of F.H. However, the failure of his "Cuban Style" revolution in Bolivia was thought to have been due to his lack of grassroots support there, and hence this strategy is now thought by some to be ineffective. In the 1910–1911 school year, Eliot lived in Paris, studying at the Sorbonne and touring the continent. Guevara believed that a small group (foco) of guerrillas, by violently targeting the government, could actively foment revolutionary feelings among the general populace, so that it was not necessary to build broad organisations and advance the revolutionary struggle in measured steps before launching armed insurrection. The following year, he earned an A.M at Harvard. Guevara's book, Guerrilla Warfare, was seen for a time as the definitive philosophy for fighting irregular wars.

The Harvard Advocate published some of his poems, and he became life-long friends with Conrad Aiken. Jon Lee Anderson reports that after the crisis Guevara told Sam Russell, a British correspondent for the socialist newspaper Daily Worker, that if the missiles had been under Cuban control, they would have fired them. He studied at Harvard from 1906 to 1909, where he earned his A.B. Guevara believed that the installation of Soviet missiles would protect Cuba from any direct military action against it by the United States. There, he met Scofield Thayer, who would later publish his poem, The Waste Land. Prior to the Cuban Missile Crisis, Guevara was part of a Cuban delegation to Moscow in early 1962 with Raúl Castro where he endorsed the planned placement of Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba. Although, upon graduation, he could have gone to Harvard University, his parents sent him, for a preparatory year, to Milton Academy, in Milton, Massachusetts, near Boston. For this a socialist state would first be necessary, a ladder to be ascended and then cast away in a society of equals without states or governments.

At the academy, Eliot studied Latin, Greek, French and German. The ideal Communist society is not possible unless the people first evolve into a 'new man' (el Hombre Nuevo). Louis's Smith Academy, a preparatory school for Washington University. El socialismo y el hombre en Cuba (1965) (English: Man and Socialism in Cuba, (1967)) is an examination of Cuba's new brand of Socialism and Communist ideology. From 1898 to 1905, Eliot was a day student at St. His highly influential manual on guerrilla strategy and tactics (English translation, Guerrilla Warfare, 1961) advocated peasant-based revolutionary movements in the developing countries. The cottage, close to the shore at Eastern Point, had a view of the sea and the young Eliot would often go sailing.). During this period, he defined Cuba's policies and his own views in many speeches, articles, letters, and essays.

(His family had Massachusetts ties and summered at a large cottage they had built in Gloucester. An active participant in the economic and social reforms implemented by Castro's government, he became known in the West for his fiery attacks on US foreign policy in Africa, Asia, and especially Latin America. Louis (there was, in his youth, a Prufrock furniture store in town) and to New England. Guevara helped guide the Castro regime on its socialist, proto-Communist, path. Eliot's works allude to St. After negotiating a trade agreement with the Soviet Union in 1960, Guevara represented Cuba on many commercial missions and delegations to Soviet-aligned nations in Africa and Asia after the United States imposed an embargo on the nation. One distant cousin was Charles William Eliot, President of Harvard University from 1869 to 1909, and a fifth cousin, another Tom Eliot, was Chancellor of Washington University. In this capacity, Guevara faced the challenge of transforming Cuba's capitalist agrarian economy into a socialist industrial economy.

Louis. Later, Guevara became an official at the National Institute of Agrarian Reform, President of the National Bank of Cuba, and Minister of Industries. Louis when it was still on the frontier and who was instrumental in founding many of the city's institutions including Washington University in St. During his term as commander of the fortress from 1959–1963, he oversaw the hasty trials and executions of many former Batista regime officials, including members of the BRAC secret police (some sources say 156 people, others estimate as many as 500). William Greenleaf Eliot, Eliot's grandfather, was a Unitarian minister who moved to St. In 1959, he was appointed commander of the La Cabaña Fortress prison. Thomas' four surviving sisters were about eleven to nineteen years older than he; his brother, eight years older. Che Guevara became as prominent in the new government as he had been in the revolutionary army.

Thomas was their last child; his parents were 44 years old when he was born. The couple would have four children together. His mother, née Charlotte Champe Stearns (1843-1929), taught school prior to marriage and wrote poetry. Later he married a member of Castro's army, Aleida March. Louis. Shortly thereafter, Guevara became a Cuban citizen and divorced his Peruvian wife, Hilda Gadea, with whom he had one daughter. His father, Henry Ware Eliot (1843-1919), was a successful businessman, becoming president and treasurer of the Hydraulic-Press Brick Company in St. After Castro's troops entered the capital of Havana on January 2, 1959, a new socialist government was established.

Louis, Missouri. A newer translation was published in 1996 under the title Episodes of the Cuban Revolutionary War. Eliot was born into a prominent family from St. The book is composed of a series of articles that originally appeared in Verde Olivo, a weekly publication of the Revolutionary Armed Forces. . Guevara recorded the two years spent in overthrowing Batista's regime in a detailed account entitled Pasajes de la Guerra Revolucionaria (English translation, Reminiscences of the Cuban Revolutionary War, 1968), first published in 1963. Alfred Prufrock, The Waste Land and Four Quartets, are considered major achievements of twentieth-century Modernism. His march on Santa Clara in late 1958, where his column derailed an armored train filled with Batista's troops and took over the city, was the final straw that forced Batista to flee the country.

Thomas Stearns Eliot (September 26, 1888 – January 4, 1965) was an Anglo-American poet, dramatist, and literary critic, whose works like The Love Song of J. Within months, Guevara rose to the highest rank, Comandante (Major), in the revolutionary army. Eliot by Robert Crawford (1987). He personally executed Eutimio Guerra, a suspected Batista informant, with a single shot from his .32(7.65mm) caliber pistol. The Savage and the City in the Work of T.S. Guevara took responsibility for the execution of informers, insubordinates, deserters and spies in the revolutionary army. Eliot: A Study in Character and Style by Ronald Bush (1984). Guevara exhibited great courage, skills in combat, and ruthlessness, and soon became one of Castro's ablest and most trusted aides.

T.S. The remaining rebels fled to the mountains, where they slowly grew in strength, seizing weapons and winning support and recruits from the local peasants in rural areas and intellectuals and workers in urban areas. The Composition of Four Quartets by Helen Gardner (1978). Guevara, the group's physician, laid down his knapsack containing medical supplies in order to pick up a box of ammunition dropped by a fleeing comrade, a moment which he later recalled as marking his transition from doctor to combatant. Eliot by Helen Gardner (1949). Only 15 rebels survived. The Art of T.S. Shortly after disembarking in a swampy area near Niquero in southeastern Cuba, the expeditionary unit was attacked by Batista's forces.

Eliot's Dark Angel: Intersections of Life and Art by Ronald Schuchard (1999). (The name was most likely a tribute to the grandmother of the previous owner, an American.) Guevara was the only non-Cuban aboard. Eliot and Prejudice by Christopher Ricks (1988). Castro, Guevara, and 80 other guerrillas departed from Tuxpan, Veracruz, aboard the cabin cruiser Granma in November 1956. T.S. Guevara quickly joined the "26th of July Movement", named in commemoration of the date of the failed attack on the Moncada barracks that was the cause of Castro's exile. Eliot: The Story of a Friendship: 1947-1965 by William Turner Levy and Victor Scherle (1968). The Castro brothers were preparing to return to Cuba with an expeditionary force in an attempt to overthrow General Fulgencio Batista, who had assumed dictatorial powers following a coup d'état during the 1952 presidential elections.

Affectionately, T.S. Guevara met Fidel Castro and Fidel's brother Raúl in Mexico City where the two sought refuge after being exiled from Cuba. Eliot by Stephen Spender (1975). Following the coup, Guevara volunteered to fight, but Arbenz told his supporters to leave the country, and Guevara briefly took refuge in the Argentine consulate before moving on to Mexico. T.S. This helped strengthen his conviction that Marxist socialism was the only true way to remedy such problems. Eliot: A Memoir by Robert Sencourt (1971). The overthrow of the Arbenz government by a 1954 CIA-backed coup d'état cemented Guevara's view of the United States as an oppressive imperialist power that would consistently oppose governments attempting to address the socioeconomic inequality endemic to Latin America and other developing third world countries.

T.S. See International Phonetic Alphabet." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Doulos SIL', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family /**/:inherit; text-decoration: none">/ʃeɪ/ are fairly common, probably under French influence. Matthews (1973). In English, the misspelling "Ché" (with an acute accent) and the mispronunciation Great Tom: Notes Towards the Definition of T.S. It is an exclamation, often used to get attention or express surprise, and so it corresponds in some ways to exclamations such as "hey!", "eh!" and "wow!".

Painted Shadow: A Life of Vivienne Eliot by Carole Seymour-Jones (2001). See International Phonetic Alphabet." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Doulos SIL', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family /**/:inherit; text-decoration: none">/tʃe/) is a Spanish interjection used commonly in Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, some parts of Bolivia, Costa Rica and in the Portuguese of the south of Brazil. Eliot: An Imperfect Life by Lyndall Gordon (1998). Che (pronounced by Peter Ackroyd (1984). Following his graduation from the University of Buenos Aires medical school in 1953, Guevara went on to Guatemala, where President Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán headed a left-populist government that, through various reforms, particularly land reform, was attempting to bring about a social revolution.

T.S. Upon his return to Argentina, he completed his medical studies as quickly as he could, in order to continue his travels around South America. On Poetry and Poets (1957). He began to develop his concept of a united South America without borders, bound together by a common 'mestizo' culture, an idea which would figure prominently in his later revolutionary activities. The Three Voices of Poetry (1954). His travels also inspired him to look upon Latin America not as a collection of separate nations but as a single cultural and economic entity, the liberation of which would require an intercontinental strategy. Poetry and Drama (1951). Through his first-hand observations of the poverty and powerlessness of the masses, he decided that the only remedy for Latin America's economic and social inequities lay in revolution.

Notes Towards the Definition of Culture (1948). Guevara narrated this journey in The Motorcycle Diaries, translated in 1996 (and turned into a motion picture of the same name in 2004). The Idea of a Christian Society (1940). Guevara and the 29-year-old Alberto soon set off from their hometown of Alta Gracia. Essays Ancient and Modern (1936). In 1951, Guevara's older friend, Alberto Granado, a biochemist and a political radical, suggested that Guevara take a year off from his medical studies to embark on a trip they had talked of doing for years, traversing South America on a Norton 500 cc motorcycle nicknamed La Poderosa meaning "the mighty one", with the idea of spending a few weeks volunteering at a leper colony in Peru on the banks of the Amazon River during the trip. Elizabethan Essays (1934). He spent many of his holidays traveling around Latin America.

After Strange Gods (1934). There he also excelled as a scholar and completed his medical studies in March 1953. The Use of Poetry and the Use of Criticism (1933). In 1948, he entered the University of Buenos Aires to study medicine. Selected Essays, 1917?1932 (1932). Though suffering from the crippling bouts of asthma that were to handicap him throughout his life, he excelled as an athlete. Dante (1929). In this upper-middle class family with strongly left-wing views, Guevara became known for his dynamic and radical perspective even as a boy.

For Lancelot Andrewes (1928). Guevara Lynch married Celia de la Serna y Llosa in 1927 and they had five children. Shakespeare and the Stoicism of Seneca (1928). Her son Ernesto Guevara Lynch (Guevara's father) was born in 1900. Homage to John Dryden (1924). Francisco Lynch (Guevara's great-grandfather) was born in 1817, and Ana Lynch (his beloved grandmother) in 1861. The Second-Order Mind (1920). He left for Bilbao, Spain, and traveled from there to Argentina.

The Sacred Wood: Essays on Poetry and Criticism (1920). One of Guevara's forebears, Patrick Lynch, was born in Galway, Ireland in 1715. The Elder Statesman (first performed in 1958, published in 1959). The birth certificate may have been deliberately falsified to help shield the family from a scandal relating to his mother's having been three months pregnant when she was married. The Confidential Clerk (1954). The date of birth recorded on his birth certificate was June 14, 1928. The Cocktail Party (1949). Guevara was born in Rosario, Argentina, the eldest of five children in a family of mixed Spanish and Irish descent.

The Family Reunion (1939). . Murder in the Cathedral (1935). He also became a popular icon for revolution and left-wing political ideals in Western culture. The Rock (1934). After his death, Guevara became a hero of Third World socialist revolutionary movements, as a theorist and tactician of asymmetric warfare. Sweeney Agonistes (published in 1926, first performed in 1934). The details of his death are unclear, but many believe the Bolivian government purposefully executed him in order to avoid a public trial and potential martyrization of Che's image.

Four Quartets (1945). It is believed by some that the CIA wished to keep Guevara alive for interrogation, but he died at the hands of the Bolivian Army in La Higuera near Vallegrande on October 9, 1967. Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats (1939). After serving in various important posts in the new government, Guevara left Cuba in 1965 with the hope of fomenting revolutions in other countries, first in the Congo-Kinshasa (currently the Democratic Republic of the Congo) and later in Bolivia, where he was captured in a CIA-organized military operation. Coriolan (1931). Guevara was a member of Fidel Castro's "26th of July Movement", which seized power in Cuba in 1959. "Ariel Poems" (1930). Ernesto Rafael Guevara de la Serna (June 14, 1928[1] – October 9, 1967), commonly known as Che Guevara or el Che, was an Argentine-born Marxist revolutionary and Cuban guerrilla leader.

"Ash Wednesday" (1930). Dr. "The Hollow Men" (1925). Colegio Cesar Chavez. The Waste Land (1922). Che-Lives. Poems (1920). Guevarism.

Prufrock and Other Observations (1917). Pop culture images of Che Guevara. Eliot has also been honored with commemorative postage stamps. Luis Carlos Prestes. Eliot College of the University of Kent, England, was named for him. History of Cuba. Posthumously won two Tony Awards (1983) for his writing used in the musical Cats. Travelling with Che Guevara - The Making of a Revolutionary, Alberto Granado, Pimlico, ISBN 1-8441-3426-1.

Numerous honorary doctorates. June 1985. Presidential Medal of Freedom (1964). Davis, University of Nebraska-Lincoln Public Relations. Commandeur de l'ordre des Arts et des Lettres, (1960). Guerrilla Warfare Ernesto Guevara and Thomas M. Dante Medal (Florence, 1959). Guevara, Also Known as Che, Paco Ignacio Taibo II, Saint Martin's Press, ISBN 0312206526.

Hanseatic Goethe Prize (Hamburg, 1955). The Che Guevara Reader, Collection of Guevara works edited by David Deutschmann, Ocean Press, ISBN 1876175699. Officier de la Legion d'Honneur (1951). Chapter 1 includes the story of the falsified birth certificate. Nobel Prize for Literature for "remarkable achievements as a pioneer within modern poetry." (Stockholm, 1948). Che Guevara: A Revolutionary Life, Jon Lee Anderson, Bantam Press, ISBN 0553406647 or Grove Press, ISBN 0-8021-1600-0. Awarded the Order of Merit by King George VI (United Kingdom, 1948). Socialism and Man in Cuba: Also Fidel Castro on the Twentieth Anniversary of Guevara's Death, Monad, paperback.

Manifesto: Three Classic Essays on How to Change the World, Consortium, paperback. Our America and Theirs, Ocean Press (AU), paperback, ISBN 1876175818. Critical Notes on Political Economy, Ocean Press, paperback. Che Guevara Reader: Writings on Guerrilla Warfare, Politics and History, Ocean Press, paperback.

Che Guevara Talks to Young People, Pathfinder, paperback. Che Guevara Speaks, Pathfinder, paperback. Reminiscences of the Cuban Revolutionary War, Monthly Review Press, paperback, 1998. Guerrilla Warfare, Souvenir Press Ltd, paperback, ISBN 0285636804.

Bolivian Diary, Pimlico, paperback, ISBN 0712664572. The African Dream: The Diaries of the Revolutionary War in the Congo, Grove Press, paperback. Back on the Road: A Journey to Central America (Harvill Panther S.), The Harvill Press, paperback, ISBN 0802139426. The Motorcycle Diaries: Notes on a Latin American Journey, Perennial Press, ISBN 0007182228.

The Diary of Che Guevara, Amereon Ltd,. Self-Portrait: Che Guevara, Ocean Press, 320pp, paperback, 2005. Original copies of the "Guevara" edition of the Japanese Famicom edition go for high amounts on the collectors' market. Che Guevara's exploits during the Cuban Revolution were very loosely dramatized in the 1987 video game Guevara, released by SNK in Japan and "converted" into Guerrilla War for Western audiences, removing all references to Che but keeping all the visuals and a game map that clearly resembles Cuba.

Che: The Movie at the Internet Movie Database – Benicio Del Toro (announced to begin production in 2005). The Motorcycle Diaries (Diarios de motocicleta) – Gael García Bernal (2004). Fidel at the Internet Movie Database – Gael García Bernal (2002). Hasta la victoria siempre at the Internet Movie Database – Alfredo Vasco (1999).

Leandro Katz (1997). "El Día Que Me Quieras" at the Internet Movie Database ("The Day You'll Love Me" is a song by Carlos Gardel) – dir. Evita at the Internet Movie Database – Antonio Banderas (1996). Che! at the Internet Movie Database – Omar Sharif (1969).

El 'Che' Guevara at the Internet Movie Database – Francisco Rabal (1968).