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Swimsuit

It has been suggested that Monokini be merged into this article or section. (Discuss) A woman wearing a bikini, Romania, 2004

A swimsuit (also swimmers), bathing suit (also bathers) or swimming costume (sometimes shortened to cozzie) is an item of clothing designed to be worn for swimming. In New Zealand English swimsuits are usually called togs. This terms is less common in other parts of the Commonweath where it can also refer to clothes in general. Swimsuits can be skin-tight or loosely fitting and range from garments designed to preserve as much modesty as possible to garments designed to reveal as much of the body as possible without actual nudity. They are often lined with a fabric that prevents them from becoming transparent when wet.

Swimsuits in general

A woman wearing a string bikini in Romania during summer, 2004

Swimsuits are generally designed to cover at least the genitalia. Men's swimsuit styles tend to be shorts, trunks, boardshorts, jammers, speedo-style briefs, thongs, or cut-off jeans. Women's swimsuits are generally either one-piece swimsuits, bikinis, or thongs.

The monokini, a style of swimsuit that most often takes the form of a bikini bottom without the corresponding top, leaves a woman's breasts uncovered. Monokinis are quite common in many places throughout South America and Europe, though due to particularly stringent taboos they are almost never seen in the United States, except in places with a strong European tourist influence. For pre-pubescent girls leaving the chest uncovered is sometimes considered more acceptable.

Swimsuits are also seen on beaches and around swimming pools even if no swimming is involved. Many authorities believe that children of both sexes should also wear T-shirts outdoors on sunny days to protect from sunburn.

Special swimsuits for competitive swimming, designed to reduce skin drag, can resemble unitards. For some kinds of swimming and diving, special bodysuits called diveskins are worn. These suits are made from spandex and provide little thermal protection, but they do protect the skin from stings and abrasion. Most competitive swimmers also wear special swimsuits including partial and full bodysuits, racerback styles, jammers, and racing briefs to assist their glide through the water and gain speed advantages (see competitive swimwear).

Swimming without a bathing suit is a form of nudism. Special nude beaches may be reserved for nude sunbathing and swimming. Swimming in the nude is also known by the slang term skinny-dipping. As an alternative to a bathing suit some people use their trousers, underpants, or T-shirt as a make-shift swimsuit. At beaches norms for this tend to be more relaxed than at swimming pools, which tend not to permit this because underwear is unlined, may become translucent, and may be unclean.

Woman's bathing suit, 1920s, USA

Swimsuits are also worn for the purpose of body display in beauty pageants. The magazine Sports Illustrated has an annual "swimsuit issue" that features models and sports personalities in swimsuits.

History

1858 Woman's bathing suit

In Classical antiquity swimming and bathing was most often done nude. In some settings coverings were used. Murals at Pompeii show women wearing two-piece suits covering the areas around their breasts and hips in a fashion remarkably similar to a bikini of c. 1960. After this, the notion of special water apparel seems to have been lost for centuries.

In the 18th century women wore "bathing gowns" in the water; these were long dresses of fabrics that would not become transparent when wet, with weights sewed into the hems so that they would not rise up in the water. The men's swim suit, a rather form-fitting wool garment with long sleeves and legs similar to long underwear, was developed and would change little for a century.

In the 19th century, the woman's two piece suit became common—the two pieces being a gown from shoulder to knees plus a set of trousers with leggings going down to the ankles.

In the Victorian era, popular beach resorts were commonly equipped with bathing machines designed to avoid the exposure of people in swimsuits, especially to people of the opposite sex.

Man and woman in swimsuits, c. 1910. (Woman is exiting a bathing machine)

In 1907 the swimmer Annette Kellerman from Australia visited the United States as an "underwater ballerina", a version of synchronized swimming involving diving into glass tanks. She was arrested for indecent exposure because her swimsuit showed arms, legs and the neck. Kellerman changed the suit to have long arms and legs and a collar, still keeping the close fit that revealed the shapes underneath. She later starred in several movies, including one about her life.

After this, bathing wear slowly became less conservative, first uncovering the arms and then the legs up to mid-thigh. Collars receded from up around the neck down to about mid-way between the neck and nipples. The development of new fabrics allowed for new varieties of more comfortable and practical swim wear.

Due to the figure-hugging nature of these garments, glamour photography of the 1940s and 1950s often featured people wearing swimsuits. This subset of glamour photography eventually evolved into swimsuit photography with the help of Sports Illustrated and swimsuit photographers around the world.

The first bikinis were introduced just after World War II. Early examples were not very different from the women's two pieces common since the 1920s, except that they had a gap below the breast line allowing for a section of bare midriff. They were named after Bikini Atoll, the site of several nuclear weapons tests, for their supposed explosive effect on the viewer.

Through the 1950s, it was thought proper for the lower part of the bikini to come up high enough to cover the navel. From the 1960s on, the bikini shrank in all directions until it sometimes covered little more than the nipples and genitalia, although less revealing models giving more support to the breasts remained popular. At the same time, Fashion designer Rudi Gernreich introduced the monokini, a topless suit for women consisting of a modest bottom supported by two thin straps. Although not a commercial success, the suit opened eyes to new design possibilities. In the 1980s the thong or "tanga" came out of Brazil, said to have been inspired by traditional garments of native tribes in the Amazon. However, the one-piece suit continued to be popular for its more modest approach.

Men's swimsuits developed roughly in parallel to women's during this period, with the shorts covering progressively less. Eventually racing-style "speedo" suits became popular—and not just for their speed advantages. Thongs were often seen among the more daring and provocative crowds. But in the 1990s, longer and baggier shorts became popular, with the hems often reaching to the knees. Perhaps due to the greater weight of these suits when wet, or perhaps from sheer daring, they were often worn lower on the hips than regular shorts.

Swimsuit styles

A woman wearing a bikini Women wearing the typical monokini Male model in swimsuit, 2003

Women's swimsuit

One-piece swimsuits

  • monokini- a term used for different styles of one-piece swimsuits inspired by the bikini style. Most commonly, a monokini is a bikini bottom without the corresponding top, worn by women, that leaves the breasts bare. Sling bikinis are sometimes, though not often, referred to as monokinis.
  • sling bikinis provide as little coverage (or as much exposure) as a bikini. Usually, it is worn like a bikini bottom with the side straps extending upwards to cover the breasts and go over the shoulders instead of going around the hips or waist, leaving the entire sides of the torso uncovered, but the torso and lower half covered. The straps reach down the back of the sling bikini to become a thong.
  • tank suit - probably the most common form of one-piece swimsuit, the tank suit form is inspiration for the subsequent creation of the tank top as a mainstream article of clothing. The name "tank suit" is derived from the term swimming tank, an obsolete term for what is now called a swimming pool.
  • other types include stringbodys, halter-necks, maillots, plunge fronts and pretzel suits.

Two-piece swimsuits

  • bikini
    • Thong, T-back, or G-string
    • tankini (A tank top combined with a bikini bottom.)

Men's swimsuit

  • boardshorts
  • briefs
  • jammers - a type of men's swimwear worn primarily by competitive athletes to obtain speed advantages. They are made of nylon and lycra/spandex material and have a form fitting design to reduce water resistance. They provide moderate coverage from the mid-waist to the area above the knee, somewhat resembling compression shorts worn by many athletes. They provide greater leg coverage than speedos or competative briefs, although they also have slightly more water resistance.
  • speedo (suit style)
  • sunga - a Brazilian term for a men’s swimsuit. In the US, a bikini is typically a small bikini, but in Brazil — and especially Rio—you’ll see this modern and updated men’s bikini. The shape is similar, but the side is an inch thicker: it’s a cross between a bikini and a square cut.
  • Tangas, Thongs or T-backs and G-strings.

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Perhaps due to the greater weight of these suits when wet, or perhaps from sheer daring, they were often worn lower on the hips than regular shorts. If a tire wears out of shape, or gets flat-spotted, but has a reasonable amount of metal left, it can be turned on a wheel lathe to refinish it, reshaping it to the correct profile. But in the 1990s, longer and baggier shorts became popular, with the hems often reaching to the knees. Tires are reasonably thick, up to about an inch thick or more, giving plenty of room to wear. Thongs were often seen among the more daring and provocative crowds. Removing a tire is done in reverse - the tire is heated while on the wheel until it loosens. Eventually racing-style "speedo" suits became popular—and not just for their speed advantages. When cold, friction between the tire and the wheel is such that the tire will not budge even under quite extreme forces.

Men's swimsuits developed roughly in parallel to women's during this period, with the shorts covering progressively less. After placing it on the wheel, the tire is cooled, and it shrink fits onto the wheel. However, the one-piece suit continued to be popular for its more modest approach. As the tire heats, it expands, making it big enough to fit around the wheel. In the 1980s the thong or "tanga" came out of Brazil, said to have been inspired by traditional garments of native tribes in the Amazon. Railroad workshops generally have special equipment to do so. Although not a commercial success, the suit opened eyes to new design possibilities. To fit a tire, it is heated up until it is glowing hot.

At the same time, Fashion designer Rudi Gernreich introduced the monokini, a topless suit for women consisting of a modest bottom supported by two thin straps. As with wagon wheels, the tire is held by an interference fit - it is made slightly smaller than the wheel on which it is supposed to fit. From the 1960s on, the bikini shrank in all directions until it sometimes covered little more than the nipples and genitalia, although less revealing models giving more support to the breasts remained popular. No obvious form of fastening is generally used to attach it. Through the 1950s, it was thought proper for the lower part of the bikini to come up high enough to cover the navel. The tire is a hoop of steel that is fitted around the steel or iron wheel. They were named after Bikini Atoll, the site of several nuclear weapons tests, for their supposed explosive effect on the viewer. Replacing a whole wheel because of a worn contact surface proves expensive, so the concept of fitting steel tires to train wheels came about.

Early examples were not very different from the women's two pieces common since the 1920s, except that they had a gap below the breast line allowing for a section of bare midriff. The friction so caused can heat the wheel (and rail) enough to cause permanent heat damage. The first bikinis were introduced just after World War II. Another, different form of damage to a train's wheels takes place if violent wheelslip occurs. This subset of glamour photography eventually evolved into swimsuit photography with the help of Sports Illustrated and swimsuit photographers around the world. Wear can also take place unevenly if wheels lock up under heavy braking, causing flat spots. Due to the figure-hugging nature of these garments, glamour photography of the 1940s and 1950s often featured people wearing swimsuits. The shape of a train wheel is designed and specified precisely for the best possible riding and cornering characteristics, and too much wear can alter that.

The development of new fabrics allowed for new varieties of more comfortable and practical swim wear. As well as the simple wearing away of the wheel surface, a wheel that wears begins to deviate from the correct profile. Collars receded from up around the neck down to about mid-way between the neck and nipples. Efficient though the rolling of steel wheel on steel rail is, wear still takes place - on acceleration, on braking, and on cornering. After this, bathing wear slowly became less conservative, first uncovering the arms and then the legs up to mid-thigh. (Some trains, mostly certain types of metros and people movers, have rubber tires, including some lines of the Paris Métro, the Mexico City Metro, the Caracas Metro and the Montreal Metro). She later starred in several movies, including one about her life. The steel wheels of trains are fitted with tires which are themselves usually made of steel.

Kellerman changed the suit to have long arms and legs and a collar, still keeping the close fit that revealed the shapes underneath. See: Tire manufacturing. She was arrested for indecent exposure because her swimsuit showed arms, legs and the neck. Because of slow leaks or changes in weather or other conditions, tire pressure may occasionally have to be adjusted, usually by refilling through the valve stem with some pressurized air which is often available at service stations. In 1907 the swimmer Annette Kellerman from Australia visited the United States as an "underwater ballerina", a version of synchronized swimming involving diving into glass tanks. There are simple hand-held tire-pressure gauges which can be temporarily attached to the valve stem to check a tire's interior air pressure. In the Victorian era, popular beach resorts were commonly equipped with bathing machines designed to avoid the exposure of people in swimsuits, especially to people of the opposite sex. Routine maintenance including tire rotation, exchanging the front and rear tires with each other, is often done periodically to even out tire wear.

In the 19th century, the woman's two piece suit became common—the two pieces being a gown from shoulder to knees plus a set of trousers with leggings going down to the ankles. Front tires, especially on front wheel drive vehicles, have a tendency to wear out more quickly than rear tires. The men's swim suit, a rather form-fitting wool garment with long sleeves and legs similar to long underwear, was developed and would change little for a century. Alternatively, many modern cars and trucks are equipped with run flat tires that may be driven with a puncture - or perhaps are even self-repairing for moderate sized holes. In the 18th century women wore "bathing gowns" in the water; these were long dresses of fabrics that would not become transparent when wet, with weights sewed into the hems so that they would not rise up in the water. Cans of pressurized "gas" can sometimes be bought separately for convenient emergency refill of a tire. After this, the notion of special water apparel seems to have been lost for centuries. Not included, but sometimes available separately, are hand or foot pumps for filling a tire with air by the vehicle owner.

1960. Jacks and tire irons for emergency replacement of a flat tire with a spare tire are included when buying a new car. Murals at Pompeii show women wearing two-piece suits covering the areas around their breasts and hips in a fashion remarkably similar to a bikini of c. A few modern vehicle models may use conventional spare tires also. In some settings coverings were used. Years ago, full-size or conventional spare tires were used. In Classical antiquity swimming and bathing was most often done nude. These days, most spare tires for cars are smaller than normal tires (to save on trunk space, gas mileage, and cost) and should not be driven very far before replacement with a full-size tire.

The magazine Sports Illustrated has an annual "swimsuit issue" that features models and sports personalities in swimsuits. Vehicles typically carry a spare tire, already mounted on a rim, to be used in case a flat tire or blowout occurs. Swimsuits are also worn for the purpose of body display in beauty pageants. Occasionally, other types of damage require replacement of a tire. At beaches norms for this tend to be more relaxed than at swimming pools, which tend not to permit this because underwear is unlined, may become translucent, and may be unclean. This replacement means the tire will have to be taken off the rim and remounted after the valve replacement. As an alternative to a bathing suit some people use their trousers, underpants, or T-shirt as a make-shift swimsuit. A leaking valve stem may occasionally be the cause of a leak, necessitating valve stem replacement.

Swimming in the nude is also known by the slang term skinny-dipping. The damaged tire typically must be replaced after that. Special nude beaches may be reserved for nude sunbathing and swimming. Sometimes a more serious rupture of the tire material occurs resulting in a blowout. Swimming without a bathing suit is a form of nudism. Tire repair with such patches requires the tire to be taken off the rim and then remounted after the patch is applied. Most competitive swimmers also wear special swimsuits including partial and full bodysuits, racerback styles, jammers, and racing briefs to assist their glide through the water and gain speed advantages (see competitive swimwear). Patches covering a hole have been glued or rubber-cemented to the interior surface of a tire also, particularly if a hole is too elongated for a simple plug.

These suits are made from spandex and provide little thermal protection, but they do protect the skin from stings and abrasion. The rubber covering the plug solidifies rather quickly, after which the protruding ends of the plug can be cut off, the tire can be refilled with air to the appropriate pressure, and the repaired wheel replaced on the vehicle. For some kinds of swimming and diving, special bodysuits called diveskins are worn. Then a plug coated with a semi-liquid form of rubber can be inserted into the hole with a special tool. Special swimsuits for competitive swimming, designed to reduce skin drag, can resemble unitards. A puncturing object, such as a nail or a screw, can be pulled out using pliers. Many authorities believe that children of both sexes should also wear T-shirts outdoors on sunny days to protect from sunburn. If submerging a tire underwater is not possible, the leak can be searched for by covering the pressurized tire surface with a soapy solution to see where leaking air forms soap bubbles.

Swimsuits are also seen on beaches and around swimming pools even if no swimming is involved. A leak in a tire can often be found by submerging the tire, pressurized with air, under water to see where air bubbles come out. For pre-pubescent girls leaving the chest uncovered is sometimes considered more acceptable. If the hole is small and not elongated, the tire can often be repaired by using plugs from a tire repair kit. Monokinis are quite common in many places throughout South America and Europe, though due to particularly stringent taboos they are almost never seen in the United States, except in places with a strong European tourist influence. Many leaks in flat tires, though, are caused by nails, screws, caltrops, broken glass or other sharp objects puncturing the rubber tire wall. The monokini, a style of swimsuit that most often takes the form of a bikini bottom without the corresponding top, leaves a woman's breasts uncovered. A leak may be slow in a few cases, such as is sometimes observed when the seal between the rim and tire edge is not perfect.

Women's swimsuits are generally either one-piece swimsuits, bikinis, or thongs. Sometimes a pneumatic tire gets a hole or a leak through which the air inside leaks out resulting in a flat tire, a condition which must be fixed before the car can be driven further safely. Men's swimsuit styles tend to be shorts, trunks, boardshorts, jammers, speedo-style briefs, thongs, or cut-off jeans. Because this bonding may occasionally come loose on the tire, new tires are superior to recapped tires. Swimsuits are generally designed to cover at least the genitalia. a new layer of rubber with grooves is bonded onto the outer perimeter of a worn tire. . e.

They are often lined with a fabric that prevents them from becoming transparent when wet. Sometimes tires with worn tread are recapped, i. Swimsuits can be skin-tight or loosely fitting and range from garments designed to preserve as much modesty as possible to garments designed to reveal as much of the body as possible without actual nudity. A bald tire should be replaced as soon as possible. This terms is less common in other parts of the Commonweath where it can also refer to clothes in general. When the tread is worn away completely and especially when the wear on the outer rubber exposes the reinforcing threads inside them, the tire is said to be bald. In New Zealand English swimsuits are usually called togs. More wear on a tire facing the outside or the inside of a car is often a sign of bad wheel alignment.

A swimsuit (also swimmers), bathing suit (also bathers) or swimming costume (sometimes shortened to cozzie) is an item of clothing designed to be worn for swimming. Uneven or accelerated tire wear can be caused by bad wheel alignment. Tangas, Thongs or T-backs and G-strings. The same tire rims can usually be used throughout the lifetime of the car. The shape is similar, but the side is an inch thicker: it’s a cross between a bikini and a square cut. When the tire tread becomes too shallow, the tire is worn out and should be replaced. In the US, a bikini is typically a small bikini, but in Brazil — and especially Rio—you’ll see this modern and updated men’s bikini. Friction from moving contact with the road causes the tread on the outer perimeter of the tire to eventually wear away.

sunga - a Brazilian term for a men’s swimsuit. This is likely to increase the tire life, but may turn out to be a bad idea if the worn out part of nanocarbon deposited on the roads is washed off and ends up in the food chain. speedo (suit style). There is currently an attempt to reinforce the tire with nanomaterial. They provide greater leg coverage than speedos or competative briefs, although they also have slightly more water resistance. Essentially, part of the tire tread is shallower than the rest and will show when the tire is worn down to that level. They provide moderate coverage from the mid-waist to the area above the knee, somewhat resembling compression shorts worn by many athletes. Wearbars may be designed into the tire tread to indicate when it is time to replace the tire.

They are made of nylon and lycra/spandex material and have a form fitting design to reduce water resistance. Local legislation may specify minimum tread depths, typically between 1/8" (3.2 mm) and 1/32" (0.8 mm). jammers - a type of men's swimwear worn primarily by competitive athletes to obtain speed advantages. Tire tread gauges are small rulers designed to be inserted into tire treads to measure the remaining tread depth. briefs. Tire rotation moves tires between the different wheels of the vehicle as front and back axles carry different loads and thus the tires wear differently. boardshorts. It is important not to put a 'clockwise' tire on the left hand side of the car or a 'counter-clockwise' tire on the right side.

tankini (A tank top combined with a bikini bottom.). Some tread designs are unidirectional and the tire has a rotation direction indicated by an arrow showing which way the tire should rotate when the vehicle is moving forwards. Thong, T-back, or G-string. New automotive tires now also have ratings for traction, treadwear, and temperature resistance (collectively known as UTQG ratings); as well as speed and load ratings. bikini

    . See tire code. other types include stringbodys, halter-necks, maillots, plunge fronts and pretzel suits. Automobile tires have numerous rating systems.

    The name "tank suit" is derived from the term swimming tank, an obsolete term for what is now called a swimming pool. This is known in general throughout the industry as Tyre Uniformity. tank suit - probably the most common form of one-piece swimsuit, the tank suit form is inspiration for the subsequent creation of the tank top as a mainstream article of clothing. Tires outside the specified limits for RFV and LFV are rejected. The straps reach down the back of the sling bikini to become a thong. These variations are measured as Radial Force Variation and Lateral Force Variation, which are measured on a Force Variation Machine at the end of the manufaturing process. Usually, it is worn like a bikini bottom with the side straps extending upwards to cover the breasts and go over the shoulders instead of going around the hips or waist, leaving the entire sides of the torso uncovered, but the torso and lower half covered. This was because the structure and manufacture of a radial tire lends itself to the problems of variation in stiffnes around the tyre.

    sling bikinis provide as little coverage (or as much exposure) as a bikini. With the introduction of radial tires, however, it was found that some vibrations could not be cured by adding balance weights. Sling bikinis are sometimes, though not often, referred to as monokinis. Such tire balancing with these kind of weights avoids vibration when the vehicle is driven at higher speeds. Most commonly, a monokini is a bikini bottom without the corresponding top, worn by women, that leaves the breasts bare. Because tires are often not made with perfectly even mass all around the tire, a special tire-balancing apparatus at a repair shop spins the wheel with the tire to determine where small weights should be attached to the outer edge of the rim to balance out the wheel. monokini- a term used for different styles of one-piece swimsuits inspired by the bikini style. The rim with the tire mounted onto it comprises the removable wheel, which is then attached to the vehicle through a number of holes in the rim using lug nuts.

    After mounting, the tire is inflated (pressurized) with air through the valve stem to manufacturer's specified pressure, which is more than atmospheric pressure. The common motor vehicle tire is mounted around a steel rim at service stations or repair shops for vehicles using a special tire mounting apparatus while the wheel is off the vehicle. The "steering feel" of such tires is also different from that of pneumatic tires, as their solidity does not allow the amount of torsion that exists in the carcass of a pneumatic tire under steering forces, and the resultant sensory feedback through the steering apparatus. The result is a tire which is less forgiving, particularly with regards to sharp transient bumps and provides poor ride and handling characteristics.

    As a result compression is localised within the tire and the effective spring rate rises sharply as the tire compresses. "Airless" tires usually employ a type of foam or sponge like construction which consists of a large number of small air filled cells. The air in conventional pneumatic tires acts as a near constant rate spring because the decrease in the tire's volume as the tire compresses over a bump is minimal. Attempts have been made to make various types of solid tire but none has so far met with much success.

    Tires are inflated through a Schrader valve. The air compresses as the wheel goes over a bump and acts as a shock absorber. Pneumatic tires are made of a flexible elastomer material such as rubber with reinforcing threads/wires inside the elastomer material. Air-filled tires are known as pneumatic tires, and these are the type in almost universal use today.

    This work was done by a wheelwright, a craftsman who specialized in making wagon wheels. The tire was heated in a forge, placed on the wheel and quenched, causing the metal to shrink, which drew the rim against the spokes and provided stiffness to the wheel. The earliest tires were hoops of metal placed around wagon wheels. Tires with radial yarns (known as radial tires) are standard for almost all modern automobiles.

    Pneumatic tires generally have reinforcing threads in them; based on the orientation of the threads, they are classified as bias-ply/cross ply or radial. The inner tubes are usually made of halobutyl rubber, because of its suitable mechanical properties and excellent impermeability for air. This method, however, tends to fail desperately if the vehicle is used on rough roads (for example Kenyan roads) as a small bend on the rim (metal wheel) will result in deflation. Others, including modern radial tires, use a seal between the metal wheel and the tire to maintain the internal air pressure (tubeless tire).

    This is a fully sealed rubber tube with a valve to control flow of air in and out. Some air-filled tires, especially those used with spoked wheels such as on bicycles, or on vehicles travelling on rough roads, have an inner tube; this was also formerly the case of automobile tires. To avoid tearing at these inner edges, particularly when the tire is being mounted, there are a number of concentric steel wires buried inside the rubber at both inner edges of the tire. The sidewalls are the sections of the tire which are between the crown and the inner circular edges of the tire contacting the rim.

    When the tread on the outer perimeter of the tire inevitably wears away from use, reducing the tread depth, the tire should be replaced. The depth of these grooves essentially constitutes the tread depth at any time during the lifetime of the car. Traction is especially important for good braking. Without such grooves, a layer or film of water would form between the wet roads and the tire surface, which would cause hydroplaning, substantially reducing traction.

    The water from the rain would be compressed into the grooves by the vehicle's weight, providing better traction in the tire to road contact. These grooves are especially useful during weather with rain (or snow). The outer perimeter of the tire, often called the crown, has various designs of jagged shaped grooves in it. Fowler also notes that the altered spelling tyre originally met with resistance from conservative British institutions such as The Times newspaper.

    According to the Oxford English Dictionary, quoted in Fowler's Modern English Usage, the word is a shortening of attire, and the British spelling tyre is a recent divergence from historical tradition. External link: Robert William Thomson. In 2005, Michelin was reported to be attempting to develop a tire and wheel combination, the Tweel, which does not use air. All modern car tires are now radial.

    This type of tire uses parallel carcass plies for the sidewalls and crossed belts for the crown of the tire. The radial tire was invented by Michelin, a French company, in 1946, but did not see wide use in the United States, the largest market at that time, until the 1970s. Dunlop's company has since merged with the Bridgestone company, after a brief partnership with Pirelli. The invention quickly caught on for bicycles and was later adapted for use on cars.

    Dunlop partnered with William Harvey du Cros to form a company which later became the Dunlop Rubber Company to produce his invention. By Dunlop's time, the bicycle had been fully developed (see Rover) and it proved a far more suitable application for pneumatic tires. Because neither bicycles nor automobiles had been invented when Thomson produced his tire, that tire was only applied to horse drawn carriages. It wasn't long before rubber inner tubes were invented.

    Dunlop's tire had a modified leather hosepipe as an inner tube and rubber treads. John Dunlop re-invented the tire for his ten year old son's tricycle in 1887 and was awarded a patent for his tire in 1888 (rescinded 1890). The tire gave a good ride, but there were so many manufacturing and fitting problems that the idea had to be abandoned. This invention consisted of a canvas inner tube surrounded by a leather outer tire.

    In 1845 the first pneumatic (inflatable) tire was patented by fellow Scotsman, the engineer Robert William Thomson as the Aerial Wheel. John Boyd Dunlop, a Scottish veterinary surgeon working in Belfast, Ireland, is widely recognized as the father of the modern tire, although he was not the first to come up with the idea. In 1844, Charles Goodyear invented vulcanization, the process that would later be used to produce cured rubber tires. The modern tire came about in stages in the 19th century.

    For most of history wheels had very little in the way of shock absorption and journeys were very bumpy and uncomfortable. .
    . spelling) or tyre (UK spelling) is a roughly toroidal piece of material placed on the circumference of a wheel, either for the purpose of cushioning or to protect the wheel from wear and tear.

    A tire (U.S. The large lugs on mud tires tend to tear and chip on roads, because they are made from hard rubber compounds that do not bend easily. They can be noisy at highway speeds, and due to the open tread design, they have less of a contact area with the road, limiting traction. Depending on the composition and tread pattern, many mud terrain tires are not well suited to on-road use.

    Mud terrain tires also tend to be wider than other tires, to spread the weight of the vehicle over a greater contact patch to prevent the vehicle from sinking too deep into the mud. The large open design also allows mud to clear more quickly from between the lugs. Mud terrain tires are characterized by large, chunky tread patterns designed to bite into muddy surfaces and provide grip. Mud tires

      .

      Within the all-terrain category, many of the tires available are designed primarily for on-road use, particularly all-terrain tires that are originally sold with the vehicle. These tires often have stiffer sidewalls for greater resistance against puncture when traveling off-road, the tread pattern offers wider spacing than all-season tires to evacuate mud from the tread. All-terrain tires are typically used on SUVs and light trucks. All-terrain tires

        .

        Run flat tires. However, due to the compromise with performance during summer, winter performance is usually not comparable with a winter tire. the same as winter tires. All-Season tires are marked M+S, i.e.

        The all-season tire is therefore a poor compromise, and is neither a good summer tire, nor a good winter tire. However, the type of rubber and the tread pattern best suited for use under summer conditions cannot, for technical reasons, give good performance on snow and ice. These are an attempt to make a tire that will be a compromise between a tire developed for use on dry and wet roads during summer, and a tire developed for use under winter conditions, when there is snow and ice on the road. All-season tires

          .

          Use of studs is regulated in most countries, and even prohibited in some countries due to the increased road wear caused by studs. The studs also roughen the ice, so providing better friction between the ice and the soft rubber in winter tires. Many winter tires are designed to be studded for additional traction on icy roads. Winter tires are marked M+S or MS (Mud & Snow), although there is no valid criterion based on testing for marking a tire M+S.

          Winter tires are usually removed for storage in the spring, because the rubber compound becomes too soft in warm weather resulting in a reduced tire life. Winter tires often have fine grooves and siping in the tread patterns that are designed to grip any unevenness on ice. The rubber compound used in the tread of the tire is usually softer than that used in tires for summer conditions, so providing better grip on ice and snow. Winter tires are designed to provide improved performance under winter conditions compared to tires made for use in summer.

          Winter tires

            . Slick tires are not legal for use on public roads in most countries due to their extremely poor wet weather characteristics. The ultimate variant of performance tires has no tread pattern at all and is called slick tire. Performance tires are often called summer tires, because they sacrifice wet weather handling, by having shallower water channels, and tire life from softer rubber compounds, for dry weather performance.

            The trade off of this softer rubber is a lower treadwear rating. They often have a softer rubber compound for improved traction, especially on high speed cornering. Performance tires tend to be designed for use at higher speeds. Performance tires

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