Sugar

Small quantities of sugar, especially speciality grades of sugar, are sold as 'fair trade' commodities; these products are produced and sold with the understanding that a larger-than-usual fraction of the revenue supports small farmers in the developing world. . Volume 15 and later are released in the HDCD format. The African, Caribbean, Pacific and Least developed country sugar exporters have reacted with dismay to the EU sugar proposals, arguing for a fairer reform of the EU regime which would be pro-development and meaningful towards the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. . About three new volumes were being released each year. In response, the European Commission proposed on 22 June 2005 to radically reform the EU sugar regime, cutting prices by 39% and eliminating all EU sugar exports. Started in 1993, as of January 14, 2006 there are thirty-six volumes in the series, each covering a part or all of one or more concerts. In 2004, the WTO sided with a group of cane sugar exporting nations led by Brazil, and ruled that the EU sugar regime and the accompanying ACP-EU Sugar Protocol, whereby a group of African, Caribbean, and Pacific countries are given preferential access to the European sugar market, are illegal. The above list does not include the Dick's Picks series of concert recordings taken from the band's archives, selected by archivist Dick Latvala and, after his death, David Lemieux.

While both the European Union and United States maintain trade agreements whereby certain developing and least-developed countries (LDCs) can sell certain quantities of sugar into their markets, free of the usual import tariffs, countries outside these preferred trade regimes have complained that these arrangements violate the "most favored nation" principle of international trade. .
. In international trade bodies, especially the World Trade Organization, the "G20" countries led by Brazil have argued that because their cane sugar exports are essentially excluded from these sugar markets, they receive lower prices than they would under free trade. As of now, any future plans are unknown, and are largely contingent on Weir and Lesh making up. . Their inability to reconcile these differences kept Deadheads from seeing a tour to celebrate the 40th anniversary of the Grateful Dead, and also made the annual celebration honoring Jerry Garcia seem a little flat, as his own bandmates couldn't put aside their differences to take the stage together in his honor. In recent years, sugar prices in these countries have been three times the price on the international market. The band did not tour in 2005, due to a fight between Bob Weir and Phil Lesh over how they believe certain things happened in the history of the band.

The European Union, the United States, and Japan all maintain elevated price floors for sugar through subsidizing domestic production and imposing high tariffs on imports. Haynes is best known for his work with Gov't Mule and the Allman Brothers Band. In many industrialized countries, sugar is among the most heavily subsidized agricultural products. Blues." The band accepted Warren Haynes as their new lead guitarist. On average Americans eat or drink 5 pounds of sugar a month, drastically higher than 10 years ago due to the fact that sugar is in many foods under many different names. . The members would continue to tour on and off through the end of their 2004 Summer Tour, the "Wave That Flag" tour, named after a lyric from the song, "U.S. Others believe that the hyperactive effects of sugar can be seen equally in children and adults. On February 14, 2003, (as they said) "reflecting the reality that [was]," they renamed themselves The Dead, reflecting the abbreviated form of the band name that fans had long used and keeping "Grateful" retired out of respect for Garcia.

The belief in the possibility of a sugar-high among parents and teachers may cause them to perceive children being more energetic and excited after consumption of sweets and sugary beverages through observer bias. . The mid-2002 fall tour of The Other Ones, with Bob, Bill, Phil and Mickey, was so successful and satisfying that the band decided the name was no longer appropriate. Recent studies have not shown a link between the consumption of sugar and hyperactivity levels, even when the researchers focused on children with a presumed "sugar-sensitivity" [4]. The remaining members occasionally got together under the pseudonym Crusader Rabbit Stealth Band during the late 1990s, infrequently playing unannounced shows. There is common belief among the general public that eating too much sugar (not only sucrose, but other varieties such as glucose) will cause some children to become hyperactive—giving rise to the term "sugar high" or "sugar buzz". Though some of them occasionally toured through the late 1990s under the name "The Other Ones", they mainly chose to pursue various solo projects, most notably Bob Weir's Ratdog, Phil Lesh and Friends and Mickey Hart's music for the 1996 Olympics. As stated in the Diabetes in America, 2nd Edition [3] more and more children at younger ages are becoming victims of this deadly disease. . Following Garcia's death in 1995, the remaining members formally decided to disband.

In the United States sugar has also been attributed as a leading cause of diabetes and obesity. These records largely featured the band's laid-back acoustic musicianship and more traditional song structures. There is an on-going argument as to the value of extrinsic sugar (sugar added to food) compared to that of intrinsic sugar (sugar, seldom sucrose, naturally present in food). . The 1969 live album Live/Dead did capture more of their essence, but commercial success did not come until Workingman's Dead and American Beauty, both released in 1970. However, the Sugar Association[2] of the US insists that other evidence indicates that a quarter of our food and drink intake can safely consist of sugar. The early records reflected the Dead's live repertoire — lengthy instrumental jams with guitar solos by Garcia, best exemplified by "Dark Star" — but, lacking the energy of the shows, did not sell well. It stated that sugar should not account for more than 10% of a healthy diet. Most connoisseurs believe that the Grateful Dead's true spirit was rarely well captured in studio performance.

agencies, the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), compiled by a panel of 30 international experts. Often (both in performance and on recording) the Dead left room for exploratory, spacey soundscapes—a form of psychedelia that might run the gamut from strange to exotically beautiful. In 2003, a report was commissioned by four U.N. Individual tunes within their repertoire could be identified under one of these stylistic labels, but overall their music drew on all of these genres and more, frequently melding several of them. The process of separating the sugar from the molasses also received mechanical attention: the centrifuge was first applied to this task by David Weston in Hawaii in 1852. . The Dead were not inclined to fit their music to an established category such as pop rock, blues, folk rock, or country/western. Today, multiple-effect evaporators are employed widely in many industries for evaporating water. . This was natural, because they played psychedelic dances, open-air park events, and closed-street Haight-Ashbury block parties.

The vapors from each pan were used to heat the next, and little heat wasted. The Grateful Dead’s early music (in the mid 1960s) was part of the process of establishing what "psychedelic music" was, but theirs was essentially a "street party" form of it. This system consisted of a series of vacuum pans, each held at a lower pressure than the previous. Listening to their first LP (The Grateful Dead, Warner Brothers, 1967), one is also reminded that it was recorded only a few years after the big "surfing music" craze; that California rock-music sound seeped in, to some degree, as well. Further gains in fuel efficiency were achieved through the multiple-effect evaporator, designed by the African-American engineer Norbert Rillieux perhaps as early as the 1820s, although the first working model was not built until 1845. But the new Dead music was also naturally different from bands like Dylan's or the Spoonful, partly because their fellow musician Phil Lesh came out of a schooled classical and electronic-music background, while Ron "Pigpen" McKernan was a no-nonsense deep blues lover and drummer Bill Kreutzmann had a jazz background. At reduced pressure, water boils at a lower temperature, and this development both saved fuel and reduced the amount of sugar lost through caramelization. It was natural for Jerry Garcia and Bob Weir, each of whom had been immersed in the American folk-music revival of the late 1950s and early '60s, to be open-minded toward electric guitars.

In 1813, the British chemist Edward Charles Howard invented a sugar refining method in which the cane juice was boiled not in an open kettle, but in a closed vessel heated by steam and held under partial vacuum. Grateful Dead members have said that it was after attending a concert by the touring New York "folk-rock" band The Lovin' Spoonful that they decided to "go electric." Gradually, many of the East-Coast American folk musicians, formerly luminaries of the coffee-house scene, were moving in the electric direction. The steam engine was first used to power a sugar mill in Jamaica in 1768, and soon thereafter, steam replaced direct firing as the source of process heat. . Former folk-scene star Bob Dylan had recently put out a couple of records featuring electric instrumentation. Beginning in the late 18th century, sugar production became increasingly mechanized. The Grateful Dead formed during the era when bands like the Beatles and Rolling Stones were dominating the airwaves. A large beet refinery producing around 1,500 tonnes of sugar a day needs a permanent workforce of about 150 for 24 hour production. . Kahle claimed that the whole affair had been a "misunderstanding," but John Perry Barlow, one of the band's lyricists, claimed that concerts had been restored after several members of the band had backed away from their earlier opposition after realizing they had created a public relations "catastrophe.".

In the developed countries, the sugar industry is machine reliant, with a low requirement for manpower. Several days after the announcement that the concerts had been removed, Brewster Kahle of Archive.Org made a cryptic announcement that audience tapes of the concerts would again become available, though so-called board tapes would only be available as streaming audio. Cuba was a large producer of sugar in the 20th century until the collapse of the Soviet Union took away their export market and the industry collapsed. . The removal of the Dead's concerts from Archive.org created a storm of protest, in addition to a rapidly spreading boycott of the band's remaining commercial products. While it is no longer grown by slaves, sugar growing in developing countries continues to this day to be associated with workers earning minimal wages and living in extreme poverty. However, David Gans, host of a syndicated radio program, "The Grateful Dead Hour," speculates that the band is motivated by money, noting "when they were making $50 million a year on the road, there wasn't a lot of pressure to monetize their archives."[5]. The beet sugar industry that emerged in its place grew, and today, beet sugar enjoys approximately 30% of world sugar production. . The band's spokesman, Dennis McNally, claimed such a repository "doesn't represent Grateful Dead values" because it doesn't foster one-to-one connections between fans.

Napoleon, cut off from Caribbean imports by a British blockade and at any rate not wanting to fund British merchants, banned sugar imports in 1813. In November of 2005, the Dead's management outraged fans by asking the operators of the popular Internet Archive (archive.org) to stop making concerts available for download, and to offer only streamcast recordings instead. While never profitable, this plant operated from 1801 until being destroyed during the Napoleonic Wars. . Not surprisingly, these Internet-only albums have met with the same success as their CD-based brethren. This discovery remained a mere curiosity for some time, but eventually his student Franz Achard built a sugarbeet processing factory at Cunern in Silesia, under the patronage of Frederick William III of Prussia. In the summer of 2005 the Dead began offering downloadable versions of both their existing live releases, and a new internet-only series, The Grateful Dead Download Series, that is available exclusively through both their own GDStore.com (which offers the albums in both 256 kbit/s mp3 files and FLAC files -- a preferred audio standard for those who archive Dead and other fan-made live recordings on the Internet) and the iTunes Music Store (which offers them in their 128 kbit/s AAC format). In 1747 the German chemist Andreas Marggraf identified sucrose in beet root. All three series of releases continue to this day.

Production spread to South America as well as to new European colonies in Africa and the Pacific. . A series of videos began to trickle out of "The Vault", starting with View From the Vault (recorded in Pittsburgh on July 8, 1990 at Three Rivers Stadium) and View from the Vault II (recorded in Washington, DC on June 14, 1991 at RFK Stadium); these releases are accompanied by the simultaneous release of multi-disc soundtrack CDs of the same shows represented on the videos. After the world's only successful slave revolution established the independent nation of Haiti, sugar production in that country declined and Cuba replaced Saint-Domingue as the world's largest producer. There have been at least 36 Dick's Picks releases as of November 2005. All these things increased their production and production rate. . Starting in 1991, the Grateful Dead released numerous live concerts from their archives in two concurrent series: the From the Vault releases are multi-track remixes, whereas the Dick's Picks series (named for the band's late archivist, Dick Latvala) are based on two-track mixes made at the time of the recording. They had been introduced to modern milling methods such as water mills, enclosed furnaces, steam engines, and vacuum pans. After the show, a deadhead with the post-show munchies could probably find a grilled cheese sandwich made on a camping stove at the door of a VW bus by a friendly hippie.

Cuba also prospered above other islands because they used better methods when harvesting the sugar crops. (Some deadheads would earn their entire touring budget selling such items.) Concertgoers typically congregated in the lot for hours before a show, playing guitar, hacky sacking and getting high. Instead, nearly three-quarters of its land formed a rolling plain which was ideal for planting crops. One could find items for sale at many cars in the lot, from grilled cheese sandwiches to "kind" brews and nitrous balloons. For example, it was in this century that Cuba rose as the richest land in the Caribbean (with sugar being its dominant crop) because it was the only major island that was free of mountainous terrain. The parking lot of a Grateful Dead concert was as much a part of the event as the concert itself. Sugar cane quickly exhausts the soil and larger islands with fresher soil were pressed into production in the nineteenth century. Whatever their differences, the deadheads are often considered to be the most devoted fans in the rock world.

. The late 1980s and 90s saw the Grateful Dead attracting a huge following that left many long time deadheads in doubt as to whether people were coming out for shows to see the band, or simply to be part of the atmosphere. Sugar was commonly sold in solid cones and required a sugar nip, a pliers-like tool, to break off pieces. These new followers were deemed "Touchheads" by the more established fans, a reference to their relative inexperience with the band. At first most sugar in Britain was used in tea, but later candies and chocolates became extremely popular. In the 1980s, the band scored a top 40 hit with the song "Touch of Grey" (from In the Dark), which garnered a much younger and more mainstream fandom that was considered sharply different from the traditional Deadheads. What had previously been a luxury good began, by the eighteenth century, to be commonly consumed by all levels of society. The band allowed sharing of tapes of their shows, as long as no profits were made on the sale of their show tapes.

As Europeans established sugar plantations on these larger Caribbean islands, prices fell, especially in Britain. For many years, almost all of their shows would have dedicated taping sections. Sugar was a highly desired product, and the islands knew exactly how to take advantage of the situation. . In contrast to many other bands, the Grateful Dead encouraged their fans to tape their shows. Despite these and other improvements, the prices of sugar reached soaring heights, especially during events such as the revolt against the Dutch and the Napoleonic wars. Many of their fans, commonly referred to as Deadheads, would follow the band on tour. They also developed more advanced mills and began using better types of sugar cane. Bitchin'!!" Kelly/Mouse Studios then began including the icon in most of the band's posters and graphics.

For example, they began using more animal manure when growing their crops. The band's skull-and-lightning-bolt icon is called Steal Your Face, a sanitized version of the icon's original name, Skull Fuck, which was a direct reflection both of the anti-establishment sensibilities of the times and of the Grateful Dead's role as a voice for the "hippies." Garcia and McKernan are said to have been tripping on ancient icons from the Aztec or Mayan visual lexicon, particularly the celebration of Dia de los Muertos (Day of the Dead) and to have exclaimed, "Fuck they're all skulls.. Planters later began developing ways to boost production even more. '. For instance, Barbados and the British Leewards can be said to have been the most successful in the production of sugar because it counted for ninety-three and ninety-seven percent of the island’s exports, respectively. . The rising cost of fuel and personnel, as well as friction among many of the newer crew members (and associated hangers-on), contributed to the band's 1974 "retirement." The Wall of Sound was disassembled, and when the Dead began touring again in 1976, it was with a more logistically practical sound system. Of course some islands were more successful than others when it came to producing the product. The Wall's quadraphonic format never translated well to soundboard tapes made during the period, as the sound was compressed into an unnatural stereo format and suffers from a pronounced tinniness.

In fact, they produced up to ninety percent of the sugar that the western Europeans consumed. Because this was often switched to the vocal mikes, many of Lagin's parts were lost in the mix. Reacting to this increasing craze, the islands took advantage of the situation and began harvesting sugar in extreme amounts. Synthesist Ned Lagin, who toured with the group throughout much of 1974, never received his own dedicated input into the system, and was forced to use the vocal subsystem for amplification. For example, they began consuming jams, candy, tea, coffee, cocoa, processed foods, and other sweet victuals in much greater numbers. The Wall of Sound was very efficient for its day, but it did have its pitfalls in addition to its sheer size. The main reason for the heightened demand and production of sugar was a great change in the eating habits of many Europeans. Though the initial framework and a rudimentary form of the system was unveiled in February 1973 (ominously, every speaker tweeter blew as the band began their first number), the Grateful Dead did not begin to tour with the full system until a year later in 1974.

During the eighteenth century, sugar became enormously popular and went through a series of booms. Four semi trucks and 21 crew members were required to haul and set up the 75-ton Wall. Jamaica was another major producer in the 1700s. . It was the largest portable sound system ever built (although "portable" is a relative term). The largest sugar producer in the world, by 1750, was the French colony known as Saint-Domingue, which is today the independent country of Haiti. It was capable of producing acceptable sound at a quarter mile, and excellent sound for up to six hundred feet, when the sound began to be distorted by wind. Thus the economies of entire islands such as Guadaloupe and Barbados were based on sugar production. The Wall of Sound used 89 300-Watt solid state and three 350-Watt tube amplifiers to produce 26,400 total Watts RMS of audio power.

Sugar cane could be grown on these islands using slave labour at vastly lower prices than cane sugar imported from the East. The signals were summed, the sound that was common to both mics (the sound from the Wall) was cancelled, and only the vocals were amplified. With the European colonization of the Americas, the Caribbean became the world's largest source of sugar. The vocalist sang into the top microphone, and the lower mic picked up whatever other sound was present in the stage environment. Local Native Americans had been reduced by European diseases like smallpox. . The Dead used matched pairs of condenser microphones spaced 60mm apart and run out-of-phase. European indentured servants were in shorter supply, susceptible to disease and a less economic investment. Because of this, a special microphone system had to be designed to prevent feedback.

African slaves became the dominant plantation worker as they were resistant to the diseases of malaria and yellow fever. The Wall of Sound was designed to act as its own monitor system, and it was therefore assembled behind the band so the members could hear exactly what their audience was hearing. Sugar production also increased in the American Colonies, Cuba, and Brazil. Because each speaker was producing the sound of just one instrument or vocalist, the sound was exceptionally clear and intermodulation distortion between instruments was nonexistent. Price declined slowly as production became multi-sourced especially through British colonial policy. One channel amplified the bass drum, and two channels amplified the other drums and cymbals in stereo. In the years 1625 to 1750, sugar was worth its weight in gold. Phil Lesh's bass was quadraphonic, each of the four strings having its own channel and set of speakers.

After 1625, the Dutch carried sugarcane from South America to the Caribbean islands from Barbados to the Virgin Islands. Vocals, lead guitar, rhythm guitar, and piano each had their own channel and set of speakers. Sugar mill construction is the missing link of the technological skills needed for the Industrial Revolution that is recognized as beginning in the first part of the 1600s. . After Owsley Stanley was released from prison in late 1972, he, along with Dan Healey, Mark Raizene of the Grateful Dead's sound crew, and Ron Wickersham, Rick Turner, and John Curl of Alembic Inc accomplished this by essentially combining eleven separate sound systems. Specialist trades in mold making and iron casting were inevitably created in Europe by the expansion of sugar. The desire driving the development of the Wall of Sound was for a distortion-free sound system that could serve as its own monitor system. Approximately 3000 small mills built before 1550 in the New World created an unprecedented demand for cast iron gears, levers, axles and other implements. The band also welcomed Dan Healy into the fold on a permanent basis that year; Healy was a more superior engineer than Stanley and would mix the Grateful Dead's live sound until 1993.

Hans Staden, published in 1555, writes that by 1540 there were 800 sugar mills on Santa Catalina Island and another 2000 up the north coast of Brazil, Demarara and Surinam. Because of this, Alembic would play an integral role in the research, development, and production of the Wall of Sound. The Portuguese took sugar to Brazil. In 1971, the band purchased their first solid sound system from Alembic Inc Studios. When he finally sailed she gave him cuttings of sugarcane, the first to reach the New World. . After Stanley was placed in jail for LSD production in 1970, the group briefly used house PAs, but ultimately found them to be less reliable than the systems conceived by their former soundman. He stayed a month. Stanley's sound systems were delicate and finicky, and frequently brought shows to a halt with technical issues.

Columbus became romantically involved with the Governor of the Island, Beatrice. The band were never satisfied with the house system anywhere they played, so in their early days, soundman Owsley "Bear" Stanley designed a PA and monitor system for them. In 1493, Christopher Columbus stopped, intending to stay only four days, at Gomera in the Canary Islands, for wine and water. The Wall of Sound was an enormous sound system designed specifically for the Grateful Dead. . Musically this may be illustrated in that the band not only improvised within the form of a song, yet also improvised with the forms. In the 1420s, sugar was carried to the Canary Islands, Madeira and the Azores. A hallmark of their concert sets were continuous sets of music where each song would blend into the next (a segue).

This permitted economic expansion of sugar plantations to Andalusia and the Algarve. The band was famous for its extended jams, which showcased both individual improvisation as well as a distinctive "group-mind" improvisation where each of the band members improvised individually, while still blending together as a cohesive musical unit, often engaging in extended improvisational flights of fancy. In the 1390s, a better press, which doubled the juice obtained from the cane, was developed. Their numerous studio albums were generally collections of new songs that had been initially played in concert. While sugar cane could not be grown in northern Europe, sugar could be extracted from certain beets and these began to be widely cultivated around 1801, after the British control of the seas during the Napoleonic wars isolated mainland Europe from the Caribbean. . (They also appeared at the legendary Monterey Pop Festival in 1967 and the even more famous Woodstock Festival in 1969; their largest concert audience came in 1973 when they played, along with The Allman Brothers Band and The Band, before an estimated 600,000 people at the Summer Jam at Watkins Glen.). Crusaders also brought sugar home with them after their campaigns in the Holy Land, as there they encountered caravans carrying this "sweet salt" as it was called. With the exception of 1975, when the band was on "hiatus" and played only four concerts together, the Grateful Dead toured regularly around the USA from the winter of 1965 until July 9, 1995—with a few detours to Canada, Europe and three nights at the Great Pyramid of Giza in Egypt in 1978.

It arrived in Europe with the arrival of the Moors. In their early years, the band was also dedicated to their community, the Haight-Ashbury area of San Francisco, making available free food, lodging, music and health care to all comers; they were the "first among equals in giving unselfishly of themselves to hippie culture, performing 'more free concerts than any band in the history of music'" ^[4]. Later sugar spread to other areas of the world through trade. They promoted a sense of community among their fans, who became known as Deadheads, many of whom followed their tours for months or years on end. Similarly, the Chinese term for table sugar is "gravel sugar" (Traditional Chinese:砂糖)。 . The Grateful Dead are well-known for their near constant touring throughout their long career in music. The Sanskrit word for sugar (sharkara), also means gravel. Owsley "Bear" Stanley was the Grateful Dead's soundman for many years; he was also one of the largest suppliers of LSD.

In early refining methods, the cane was ground or pounded to extract the juice, and the juice then boiled down or dried in the sun to yield sugary solids that resembled gravel. Robert Hunter and John Perry Barlow were the band's primary lyricists. Sugar refining was developed in the Middle East, India and China, where it became a staple of cooking and desserts. For a year and a half, Welnick was often joined by special guest Bruce Hornsby on piano. Originally, the cane was chewed raw to extract its sweetness. Almost immediately, former Tubes keyboardist Vince Welnick joined on keyboards and vocals. Nearchos, one of Alexander the Great's commanders, described it as "a reed that gives honey without bees." . He became the third Dead keyboardist to die.

Westerners discovered sugarcane in the course of military expeditions into India. Brent Mydland was the keyboardist for the Dead for 11 years until his death in 1990. By 200 B.C., it was being grown in China as well. Keith Godchaux died in a car accident in 1980. In the course of prehistory, its culture spread throughout the Pacific Islands and into India. Keith and Donna left the band in 1979, and Brent Mydland joined as keyboardist and vocalist. Sugarcane is a tropical grass, probably native to New Guinea. In early 1972, Keith's wife, Donna Jean Godchaux, joined the Dead as a backing vocalist.

Making sugar by evaporating cane juice was developed in India about 500 BC. Two years later, in late 1971, Pigpen was joined by another keyboardist, Keith Godchaux, who played grand piano alongside Pigpen's Hammond B-3 organ. This resulting syrup is sweeter than the original sucrose, and is useful for making confections sweeter and softer in texture. . Tom "TC" Constanten played keyboards alongside Pigpen from 1968 to 1970. Sucrose can be converted by hydrolysis into a syrup of fructose and glucose, producing what is called invert sugar. Hart rejoined the Dead for good in 1975. The formula of these disaccharides is C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁. . Hart quit the Grateful Dead in 1971, embarrassed by the financial misdealings of his father, Dead money manager Lenny Hart, and leaving Kreutzmann once again as the sole percussionist.

As far as disaccharides are concerned, the most common are sucrose (cane or beet sugar - made from one glucose and one fructose), lactose (milk sugar - made from one glucose and one galactose) and maltose (made of two glucoses). Bill Kreutzmann played drums, and in 1968 was joined by a second drummer, New York native Mickey Hart, who also played a wide variety of other percussion instruments. Simple sugars include sucrose, fructose, glucose, galactose, maltose, lactose and mannose. All of the previously mentioned Grateful Dead members shared in vocal performance of songs, although none of them had a particularly strong or tuneful voice. The term "glyco-" indicates the presence of a sugar in an otherwise non-carbohydrate substance: for example, a glycoprotein is a protein to which one or more sugars are connected. . Ron "Pigpen" McKernan played keyboards, harmonica and was also a group vocalist until shortly before his death in 1973 at the age of 27. After digestion and absorption the principal monosaccharides present in the blood and internal tissues are: glucose, fructose, and galactose. . Bob Weir, the youngest original member of the group, played rhythm guitar.

Glycosidic bonds must be hydrolysed or otherwise broken by enzymes before such compounds can be used in metabolism. Classically-trained trumpeter Phil Lesh played bass guitar. Monosaccharides in a closed-chain form can form glycosidic bonds with other monosaccharides, creating disaccharides, such as sucrose, and polysaccharides such as starch. One of the main influences on his musical style was bluegrass music, and Garcia also performed-—on banjo, his other great instrumental love-—in the bluegrass band Old and in the Way with mandolinist David Grisman. Glucose in solution exists mostly in the ring form at equilibrium, with less than 0.1% of the molecules in the open-chain form. . Jerry was a native of San Francisco and grew up in the Excelsior District. In these closed-chain forms the aldehyde or ketone group is not free, so many of the reactions typical of these groups cannot occur. De facto bandleader Jerry Garcia was the lead guitarist for the band—-although he was often seen both by the public and the media as 'leader' or a primary spokesperson for the Grateful Dead, he was reluctant to be seen that way, especially since Garcia and the other group members saw themselves as equal participants and contributors to their collective musical and creative output.

Many pentoses and hexoses are capable of forming ring structures. . Through photosynthesis plants produce glucose which is then converted for storage as an energy reserve in the form of other carbohydrates such as starch, or as in cane and beet as sucrose. . These various influences were distilled into a diverse and psychedelic whole that made the Grateful Dead "the pioneering Godfathers of the jam band world." ^[3]. Hexoses (6 carbon sugars) include glucose which is a universal substrate for the production of energy in the form of ATP. Their musical influences varied widely with input from the psychedelic music of the era, combined with blues, jazz, rock and roll, and bluegrass. Ribose is also a component of several chemicals that are important to the metabolic process, including NADH and ATP. The Grateful Dead became the de facto resident band of Ken Kesey's Merry Pranksters, with the early sound heavily influenced by Kesey's LSD-soaked Acid Tests, as well as R&B.

Pentoses ( 5 carbon sugars) include ribose and deoxyribose, which are present in nucleic acids. 62), "...Jer (Garcia) picked up an old Britannica World Language Dictionary...(and)...In that silvery elf-voice he said to me, 'Hey, man, how about the Grateful Dead?'". Derivatives of trioses (C₃H₆O₃) are intermediates in glycolysis. Some claim it was a Funk & Wagnalls, others an Oxford Dictionary, but according to Phil Lesh, in his biography (pp. As well as being classified by their reactive group, sugars are also classified by the number of carbons they contain. The name "Grateful Dead" was chosen at random from a dictionary. A notable exception is deoxyribose, which as the name suggests is "missing" an oxygen. The Grateful Dead most embodied "all the elements of the San Francisco scene and came, therefore, to represent the counterculture to the rest of the country" ^[2].

Most sugars conform to (CH₂O)_n where n is between 3 and 7. (Also see entry for the San Francisco Sound.) Of these bands, the Grateful Dead had members with arguably the highest level of musicianship, including banjo and guitar player Jerry Garcia, blues musician "Pigpen" McKernan, the classically trained Phil Lesh and drummer Bill Kreutzmann ^[1]. Sugars contain either aldehyde groups (-CHO) or ketone groups (C=O), where there are carbon-oxygen double bonds, making the sugars reactive. Many bands from this area, such as Jefferson Airplane, Big Brother & the Holding Company, and Santana, went on to national fame, giving San Francisco an image as a center for the hippie counterculture of the era. These include monosaccharides and disaccharides, trisaccharides and the oligosaccharides; these being sugars composed of 1, 2, 3 or more units. Eventually, they moved to the Haight-Ashbury section of San Francisco. In biochemistry, a sugar is the simplest molecule that can be identified as a carbohydrate. The Grateful Dead's career began under the name "The Warlocks" in Palo Alto, California, but as another band was already recording under that name (interestingly, it was the future Velvet Underground), the band had to change its name in order to get a recording contract.

They are also prone to hardening if exposed to the atmosphere although this is reversible. . Many followers referred to the band simply as The Dead. Their color and taste become stronger with increasing molasses content, as does their moisture retaining properties. These so-called Deadheads were renowned for their dedication to the band's music. Brown sugars are obtained in the late stages of sugar refining, when sugar forms fine crystals with significant molasses content, or by coating white refined sugar with a cane molasses syrup. Some of the band's fans followed the band from concert to concert for years. There are also sugar cubes for convenient consumption of a normal amount. . Formed in 1965 in San Francisco from the remnants of another band, "Mother McCree's Uptown Jug Champions," the Grateful Dead were known for their unique and eclectic songwriting style—which fused elements of rock, folk music, bluegrass, blues, country, and jazz—and for live performances of long modal jams.

Granulated sugar is available in various crystal sizes, for home and industrial use depending on the application: . The Grateful Dead was an American psychedelia-influenced rock band. . 36: September 21, 1972 from the Spectrum, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. White refined sugar is typically sold as granulated sugar, which has been dried to prevent clumping. Vol. Beet sugar refineries produce refined white sugar directly without an intermediate raw stage. 35: August 7, 1971 from San Diego, California and August 24, 1971 from Chicago, Illinois with bonus tracks of August 6, 1971 from the Palladium, Hollywood, California.

It is then further decolorized by filtration through a bed of activated carbon or bone char depending on where the processing takes place. Vol. Refined sugar can be made by dissolving raw sugar and purifying it with a phosphoric acid method similar to that used for blanco directo, a carbonatation process involving calcium hydroxide and carbon dioxide, or by various filtration strategies. 34: November 5, 1977 from the Community War Memorial, Rochester, New York with bonus tracks of November 2, 1977 from the Seneca College Field House, Toronto, Ontario. White refined sugar is the most common form of sugar in North America and Europe. Vol. In terms of sucrose purity, blanco directo is more pure than mill white, but less pure than white refined sugar. . 33: October 9 and 10, 1976 from the Oakland Stadium, Oakland, California (one of Bill Graham's Days on the Green).

In producing blanco directo, many impurities are precipitated out of the cane juice by using phosphatation a treatment with phosphoric acid and calcium hydroxide similar to the carbonatation technique used in beet sugar refining. Vol. Blanco directo is a white sugar common in India and other south Asian countries. 32: August 7, 1982 from the Alpine Valley, East Troy, Wisconsin. This is the most common form of sugar in sugarcane growing areas, but does not store or ship well; after a few weeks, its impurities tend to promote discoloration and clumping. . Vol. Mill white sugar, also called plantation white, crystal sugar, or superior sugar, is raw sugar whose colored impurities have not been removed, but rather bleached white by exposure to sulfur dioxide. 31: August 4 and 5, 1974 from the Philadelphia Civic Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and August 6, 1974 from the Roosevelt Stadium, Jersey City, New Jersey.

The resulting sugar cakes or loaves are called jaggery or gur in India, pingbian tong in China, and panela, panocha, pile, and piloncillo in various parts of Latin America. . Vol. Raw sugar is sometimes prepared as loaves rather than as a crystalline powder: in this technique, sugar and molasses are poured together into molds and allowed to dry. 30: March 28, 1972 from the Academy of Music, New York City and March 25, 1972 (including five songs with Bo Diddley). Mauritius and Malawi are significant exporters of such specialty sugars. Vol. Types of raw sugar available as a specialty item outside the tropics include demerara, muscovado, and turbinado. 29: May 19, 1977 from the Fox Theatre, Atlanta, Georgia and May 21, 1977 from the Lakeland Civic Arena, Lakeland, Florida.

Raw sugars are produced in the processing of sugar beet juice but only as intermediates en route to white sugar. Vol. Raw sugars are yellow to brown sugars made from clarified cane juice boiled down to a crystalline solid with minimal chemical processing. 28: February 26, 1973 from the Pershing Municipal Auditorium, Lincoln, Nebraska and February 28, 1973 from the Salt Palace, Salt Lake City, Utah. Cane and beet pulp can be burnt for fuel, but beet pulp is generally dried, pelleted and used as an animal feedstuff. . Vol. While cane molasses can be used as an ingredient, molasses from sugar beet is unpalatable and generally used for industrial fermentation or as animal feedstuff. 27: December 16, 1992 from the Oakland Coliseum Arena, Oakland, California.

The residues of sugar production differ substantially and from place to place. Vol. Testing for impurities can distinguish the two, and these have been developed to reduce fraudulent abuse of EU subsidies, and also aid detection of adulteration of fruit juice. . 26: April 26, 1969 from the Electric Theater, Chicago, Illinois and April 27, 1969 from the Labor Temple, Minneapolis, Minnesota. There is little perceptible difference between sugar produced from beet and that from cane. Vol. The white sugar produced is sieved into different grades for selling. . 25: May 10, 1978 from the Veterans Memorial Coliseum, New Haven, Connecticut and May 11, 1978 from the Springfield Civic Center, Springfield, Massachusetts.

Liquid from which no more sugar can be economically removed is lost from the process as molasses and used in cattle food. . Vol. The sugar crystals are removed by a centrifuge and the liquid recycled in the crystalliser stages. 24: March 23, 1974 from the Cow Palace, Daly City, California. The sugar is extracted by controlled crystallisation. Vol. After filtration the juice is concentrated by evaporation to a content of about 70% solids. 23: September 17, 1972 from the Baltimore Civic Center, Baltimore, Maryland.

Impurities are precipitated with an alkaline solution "milk of lime" and carbon dioxide from the lime kiln. Vol. The washed beet is sliced, and the sugar extracted with hot water in a 'diffuser'. 22: February 23 and 24, 1968 from the Kings Beach Bowl, Lake Tahoe, California. This processing may be carried out in another factory in another country. . Vol. The resultant sugar is then either sold as is for use or processed further to produce lighter grades. 21: November 1, 1985, from the Richmond Coliseum, Richmond, Virginia and some tracks from September 2, 1980.

It is usual to remove the uncrystallised syrup with a centrifuge. Vol. The heat is removed and the liquid crystallises, usually while being stirred, to produce sugar crystals. 20: September 25, 1976 from the Capital Center, Landover, Maryland and September 28, 1976 from the Onondaga County War Memorial, Syracuse, New York. The juice is then boiled, sediment settles to the bottom and can be dredged out, scum rises to the surface and this is skimmed off. Vol. The liquid is then treated (often with lime) to remove impurities, this is then neutralized with sulfur dioxide. 19: October 19, 1973 from the Fairgrounds Arena, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.

The harvested vegetable material is crushed, and the juice is collected and filtered. Vol. In combination with artificial sweeteners, drink manufacturers can produce very low cost products. . 18: February 3, 1978 from the Dane County Coliseum, Madison, Wisconsin and February 5, 1978 from the Uni-Dome, Cedar Falls, Iowa. The sugar market is also under attack from the cheap prices of glucose syrups produced from wheat and corn (maize). Vol. . 17: September 25, 1991 from the Boston Garden, Boston, Massachusetts with two songs from March 31, 1991.

sets high sugar prices to support its producers with the effect that many sugar consumers have switched to corn syrup (beverage manufacturers) or moved out of the country (candy makers). Vol. The U.S. 16: November 8, 1969 from the Fillmore, San Francisco, California. These subsidies and a high import tariff make it difficult for other countries to export to the EU states, or compete with it on world markets. Vol. Part of this is "quota" sugar which is subsidised from industry levies, the remainder (approx half) is "C quota" sugar which is sold at market price without subsidy. 15: September 3, 1977 from the Raceway Park, Englishtown, New Jersey.

Excess production quota is exported (approx 5 million tonnes in 2003). Vol. The Common Agricultural Policy of the EU sets maximum quotas for members production to match supply and demand, and a price. 14: November 30 and December 2, 1973 from the Boston Music Hall (now Symphony Hall), Boston, Massachusetts. The world's second largest sugar exporter is the EU. Vol. The duration of harvesting and processing is influenced by the availability of processing plant capacity, and weather - harvested beet can be laid up until processed but frost damaged beet becomes effectively unprocessable. . 13: May 6, 1981 from the Nassau Coliseum, Long Island, New York.

Harvesting and processing continues until March in some cases. Vol. The beet growing season ends with the start of harvesting around September. 12: June 26, 1974 from the Providence Civic Center, Providence, Rhode Island and June 28, 1974 from the Boston Garden, Boston, Massachusetts. The sugar beet regions are in cooler climates: North West and Eastern Europe, Northern Japan, plus some areas in the United States including California. Vol. The greatest quantity of sugar is produced in Latin America, the United States and the Caribbean nations, and in the Far East. . 11: September 27, 1972 from the Stanley Theater, Jersey City, New Jersey.

In 2001/2002 there was over twice as much sugar produced in developing countries as in developed countries. Vol. The major cane sugar producing countries are countries with warm climates, such as Brazil, India, China and Australia (in descending order). 10: December 29 and 30, 1977 from the Winterland, San Francisco, California. In the financial year 2001/2002, 134.1 million tonnes of sugar were produced worldwide. . Vol. Some minor commercial sugar crops include the date palm (Phoenix dactylifera), sorghum (Sorghum vulgare), and the sugar maple (Acer saccharum). 9: September 16, 1990 from Madison Square Garden, New York City.

The most important two sugar crops are sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) and sugar beets (Beta vulgaris), in which sugar can account for 12%–20% of the plant's dry weight. Vol. Table sugar or sucrose is extracted from plant sources. 8: May 2, 1970 from Harpur College, Binghamton, New York. [1] . Vol. It was first cultivated in Brazil 1532 by the Portuguese. 7: September 1974 from the Alexandra Palace, London, England.

The Spanish began cultivating sugar cane in the West Indies in 1506, and in Cuba in 1523. Vol. Only after the Crusades did it begin to rival honey as the sweetener in Europe. 6: October 14, 1983 from the Hartford Civic Center, Hartford, Connecticut. Alexander the Great's companions reported seeing "honey produced without the intervention of bees" and it remained exotic in Europe until the Arabs started cultivating it in Sicily and Spain. Vol. Sugar was first produced in India. 5: December 26, 1979 from the Oakland Arena, Oakland, California.

. Vol. In precise culinary terms, sugar is a type of food associated with one of the primary taste sensations, that of sweetness. . 4: February 13 and 14, 1970 from the Fillmore East, New York City. For information on the other sugars, see monosaccharide and disaccharide. . Vol. A sugar is denoted by any word on the ingredient list that ends with "ose". . 3: May 22, 1977 from the Hollywood Sportatorium, Hollywood, Florida.

The "simple" sugars, or monosaccharides, such as glucose, are a store of energy which is used by biological cells. Vol. The word sugar originates from the Sanskrit word sharkara (शर्करा) which means "sugar" or "pebble." . 2: October 31, 1971 from the Ohio Theatre, Columbus, Ohio. Table sugar is commercially extracted from either sugar cane or sugar beet. Vol. It is the most commonly used sugar for altering the flavor and properties (such as mouthfeel, preservation, and texture) of beverages and food. 1: December 19, 1973 from Tampa, Florida.

In general use, "sugar" is taken to mean sucrose, also called "table sugar" or saccharose, a disaccharide which is a white crystalline solid. Vol. "The Myth of the Sugar Buzz" article from Skepticism.Net . The Complete Fillmore West 1969 (2005: boxed set, live). "Sugar Buzz, Fiber Know-How" article from WebMD . Rare Cuts and Oddities 1966 (2005). Sugar statistics . Beyond Description (2004: boxed set, consisting of the Dead's years with Grateful Dead Records and Arista Records, 1973-1989).

US Sugar Import Program . The Very Best of The Grateful Dead (2003: compilation). WTO ruling on EU sugar regime . Postcards of the Hanging (2002: live compilation). European Union sugar regime proposals . The Golden Road (2001: boxed set, consisting of the Dead's years with Warner Brothers Records, 1967-1972). Sugar Traders Association of the UK . So Many Roads 1965-1995 (1999: boxed set).

African, Caribbean and Pacific sugar exporters . Fallout from the Phil Zone (1997: live compilation). Least Developed Countries sugar site . The Arista Years (1996: compilation). Wide range of information about sugars, from the Canadian Sugar Institute, a non-profit trade association of Canada's refined sugar manufacturers. . Grateful Dead 1977-1995 (1996: compilation). Sugar Accelerates Aging . Grayfolded (1996: live compilation).

Expert Report on diet and chronic disease (WHO/FAO) . Infrared Roses (1991: live compilation). Cook's Thesaurus: Sugar (www.foodsubs.com) . Without a Net (1990: Garcia/Weir/Lesh/Kreutzmann/Hart/Mydland). The word "sugar" in more than 220 languages. . Dozin' at the Knick (1990: Garcia/Weir/Lesh/Kreutzmann/Hart/Mydland). Plant Cultures: botany, history and uses of sugar cane . Dylan & The Dead (live, with Bob Dylan) (1989: Garcia/Weir/Lesh/Kreutzmann/Hart/Mydland).

A C Hannah, The International Sugar Trade, ISBN 1855730693 . Built to Last (1989: Garcia/Weir/Lesh/Kreutzmann/Hart/Mydland). sugar plantations in the Caribbean . In the Dark (1987: Garcia/Weir/Lesh/Kreutzmann/Hart/Mydland). golden syrup . Dead Set (1981: Garcia/Weir/Lesh/Kreutzmann/Hart/Mydland). Sugar substitute . Reckoning (1981: Garcia/Weir/Lesh/Kreutzmann/Hart/Mydland).

glycomics . Go to Heaven (1980: Garcia/Weir/Lesh/Kreutzmann/Hart/Mydland). holing cane . Godchaux). Stevia Herb many times sweeter than pure sugar . Godchaux/D. caramel . Shakedown Street (1978: Garcia/Weir/Lesh/Kreutzmann/Hart/K.

A small amount of anti-caking agent to prevent clumping may be added, this is either cornstarch (1%-3%) or tri-calcium phosphate. . What a Long Strange Trip It's Been (1977: compilation). Powdered sugar, confectioner's sugar (0.060 mm), or icing sugar (0.024 mm), are produced by grinding sugar to a fine powder. Godchaux). Finest grades