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Ruby

For other uses, see Ruby (disambiguation).

Ruby is a red gemstone, a variety of the mineral corundum (aluminium oxide) in which the color is caused mainly by chromium. Its name originates from ruber or rubrum, Latin for red. Natural rubies are exceptionally rare, though artificial ones (sometimes called created ruby) can be manufactured which are comparatively inexpensive.

Rubies are mined in Africa, Asia, Australia, and Greenland. They are most often found in Myanmar, Sri Lanka and Thailand, though they have also been found in the U.S. states of Montana and South Carolina. Sometimes spinels are found along with rubies in the same geological formations and are mistaken for the more valuable gem. However, fine red spinels may approach the average ruby in value.

Rubies have a hardness of 9 on the Mohs scale of mineral hardness, and among the natural gems are only surpassed by diamonds in hardness. Other varieties of corundum are called sapphires.

A cut ruby

Ruby gemstones are valued according to several characteristics including size, color, clarity and cut. All natural rubies have imperfections in them. On the other hand, artificial rubies may have no imperfections. The fewer the number and the less obvious the imperfections, the more valuable the ruby is—unless there are no imperfections (i.e., a "perfect" ruby), in which case it is suspected of being artificially made and its status as a priceless gem is therefore not completely assured. Some manufactured rubies have dopants added to them so that they can be identified as artificial, but most require gemological testing to determine their origin.

A synthetic ruby crystal was used to create the first laser.

The world's biggest star ruby is the Rajaratna Ruby, which weighs 2,475 carats (495 g). The world's biggest double-star ruby (with a 12-pointed star) is the Neelanjali Ruby, weighing 1,370 carats (274 g). Both rubies currently belong to G. Vidyaraj from Bangalore in India.

Culture and historical/mythical usage

According to Rebbenu Bachya, the word "Odem" in the verse Exodus 28:17 means "Ruby" and was the stone on the Ephod representing the tribe of Reuben.

Ruby is the birthstone associated with July.


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Ruby is the birthstone associated with July. If two strings or singers are slightly out of tune, the higher-pitched one is said to be sharp with respect to the other. According to Rebbenu Bachya, the word "Odem" in the verse Exodus 28:17 means "Ruby" and was the stone on the Ephod representing the tribe of Reuben. In tuning, sharp can also mean "higher in pitch". Vidyaraj from Bangalore in India. Less often one will encounter half or three quarter, or otherwise modified, sharps. Both rubies currently belong to G. There also exist double-sharps, which look like and raise a note by two semitones.

The world's biggest double-star ruby (with a 12-pointed star) is the Neelanjali Ruby, weighing 1,370 carats (274 g). Under equal temperament, B sharp is the same as, or enharmonically equivalent to, C, and E sharp the same as F. The world's biggest star ruby is the Rajaratna Ruby, which weighs 2,475 carats (495 g). The note C sharp is shown in musical notation in Figure 1. A synthetic ruby crystal was used to create the first laser. The Unicode character '♯' (U+266F) may display as a sharp sign on some computers, and '𝄪' (U+1D12A) may display as a double sharp. Some manufactured rubies have dopants added to them so that they can be identified as artificial, but most require gemological testing to determine their origin. More specifically, in musical notation, sharp means "higher in pitch by a semitone," and has an associated symbol (), which looks somewhat like a "#" (number sign).

The fewer the number and the less obvious the imperfections, the more valuable the ruby is—unless there are no imperfections (i.e., a "perfect" ruby), in which case it is suspected of being artificially made and its status as a priceless gem is therefore not completely assured. In music, sharp means higher in pitch. On the other hand, artificial rubies may have no imperfections. For alternate uses, see Sharp (disambiguation).. All natural rubies have imperfections in them. This article is about the musical notation. Ruby gemstones are valued according to several characteristics including size, color, clarity and cut.

Other varieties of corundum are called sapphires. Rubies have a hardness of 9 on the Mohs scale of mineral hardness, and among the natural gems are only surpassed by diamonds in hardness. However, fine red spinels may approach the average ruby in value. Sometimes spinels are found along with rubies in the same geological formations and are mistaken for the more valuable gem.

states of Montana and South Carolina. They are most often found in Myanmar, Sri Lanka and Thailand, though they have also been found in the U.S. Rubies are mined in Africa, Asia, Australia, and Greenland. Natural rubies are exceptionally rare, though artificial ones (sometimes called created ruby) can be manufactured which are comparatively inexpensive.

Its name originates from ruber or rubrum, Latin for red. Ruby is a red gemstone, a variety of the mineral corundum (aluminium oxide) in which the color is caused mainly by chromium.