Monarchy

A list of such countries is available in the pretender article. Finishing and embellishment:. In many countries that are legally republics, there is an heir to the throne who is recognized by part of the nation. Closures:. Not only are the Monarchs of constitutive monarchies part of the federal establishment of both present elective monarchies (Malaysia, mainly sultanates, and the UAE, so named after its emirates), in many other modern states -often republics- tribal and other traditional states persist, with a dynasty that retains a court and often local prestige and influence; some are officially installed with the consent of the official government (as some of the many in Indonesia- waiting for the go-ahead can mean years of vacancy on the throne), other merely condoned, or even in exile. Furthermore, some techniques are not possible with other methods: making an embroidery stitch called a french knot is easy by hand, but impossible by sewing machine or serger. (see also List of countries by system of government). As an extreme, you could technically duplicate serging with hand sewing, but it would take at least several hundred times as long to do the same work.

There are curently 29 active monarchies. Some methods are not appropriate for some applications, even though it may be possible to replicate another method. The Constitution designates him Head of State for life with a royal style, but he will be succeeded by an elected president. Almost all of these methods can be done by either hand, sewing machine, or a serger; however, the specific techniques used can be quite different. The president-for-life, or "o le Ao o le Malo" is Malietoa Tanumafili II, a member of one of the three princely families. Sergers prices typically start at two to three times the cost of a traditional sewing machine. Samoa is often disputably described as a monarchy. Because of this, people usually purchase a traditional sewing machine first, and purchase a serger at a later date.

The last co-principality, Andorra, has two co-princes: the Bishop of Urgell in Spain (thus a Prince-Bishop), and the President of France—a unique case where an independent country's Monarch is democratically elected by the citizens of another country, which is not even in full personal union. Sergers are becoming more popular for home use, but are not capable of all the functions of a traditional sewing machine. Several popes have been succeeded by near relatives, in some cases by their own sons (officially described as nephews). Hand sewing is still done to some extent for finishing and repairing garments. (Since the Catholic episcopate is celibate, naturally there can be no official hereditary succession to the papal throne.) Notwithstanding this the papacy has often been under the control of powerful Italian families. Machine sewing is the most popular method. He is elected by (and customarily from among) the College of Cardinals. .

In addition to his spiritual role as Supreme Pontiff, the Pope is the absolute Monarch of the Vatican City. Sewing is the foundation for many needle arts and crafts, such as applique, canvas work, and patchwork. Another unique situation is Malaysia, in which the federal king, called the Yang di-Pertuan Agong or Paramount Ruler, is elected for a five year term from and by the nine sultans who are the hereditary rulers of the States of the Malay peninsula. "Fancy" sewing is primarily decorative, including techniques such as shirring, embroidery, or quilting. Sometimes, component members of federal states are monarchies, even though the federal state as a whole is not; for example each of the emirates that form the United Arab Emirates has its own monarch (an emir). "Plain" sewing is done for functional reasons: making or mending clothing or household linens. See also abolished monarchies for a list of recently abolished monarchies. A person who sews for a living is known as a seamstress, dressmaker, tailor, or garment worker.

A person who claims to be the legitimate heir to a deposed (or is in the royalist view suspended) monarchy is called a pretender. More often home sewers sew to repair clothes, such as mending a torn seam or replacing a loose button. Countries may regard themselves as monarchies without a named monarch, as Spain did from 1947 to 1975, and Hungary from 1920 to 1944. Some people sew clothes for themselves and their families. In some cases, as with England and Spain, the monarchy has been overthrown and then restored. The machine has a complex set of gears and arms which pierces thread through the layers of the cloth and semi-securely interlocks the thread. There may be a revolution in which the monarchy is overthrown; or, as in Italy, there may be a referendum in which the electorate decides to form a republic. Pieces of a garment are often firstly tacked together.

Monarchies can come to an end in several ways. Most sewing in the industrial world is done by machines. See family dictatorship. It is also used for sails, bellows, skin boats, and other items shaped out of flexible materials such as canvas and leather. Some autocratic states can appear to have introduced inheritance for the head of state without declaring themselves to be monarchies, such as Syria and North Korea. Sewing is used primarily to produce clothing and household furnishings as curtains, bedclothes, upholstery, and table linens. This has been challenged as violating EU rules that prohibit religious disqualification for positions of state authority. Sewing predates the weaving of cloth.

Currently, there is some controversy over the succession laws of some monarchies in the European Union (EU), such as that of the United Kingdom (UK) or the Scandinavian monarchies, which require their Monarch to be of a certain faith (in the UK under the Act of Settlement 1701). Its use is nearly universal among human populations and dates back to Paleolithic times (30,000 BC). In earlier times, the succession was often unclear and this led to a number of wars. Sewing is an ancient craft involving the stitching of cloth, leather, animal skins, furs, or other materials, using needle and thread. The order of succession in most European monarchical states of the 21st century is by primogeniture, meaning the eldest son of the monarch is first in line, followed by his male, then female siblings in order of age. Singer: The New Sewing Essentials by The Editors of Creative Publishing International ISBN 0865733082. In some cases the ruling family may claim to hold authority by virtue of God's choosing, as reflected in the stle-phrase by the Grace of God, or other religion-based authority. zig-zag stitch.

In the hereditary system, the position of Monarch involves inheritance according to an order of succession, usually within one royal family tracing its origin back to a historical dynasty or bloodline. whipstitch (or oversewing stitch) - for protecting edges. Elective monarchies, distinguished by the Monarchs being appointed for life, have in most cases been succeeded by hereditary monarchies, but both secular sovereign nation cases at present are 20th century creations. topstitch. In constitutional monarchies the rule of succession is generally embodied in a law passed by a representative body, such as a parliament. straight stitch. The rules for selection of Monarchs varies from country to country. stretch stitch.

In other cases, such as England and Scotland, a personal union was the precursor to a merger of the states. slip stitch - for fastening a folded edge to a flat piece of fabric, or to another folded edge. Several former colonies of the British Empire, such as Australia, Canada, Jamaica, and New Zealand, continue to recognize the British Monarch as their own, under a separate title for each country. sailmakers stitch. An empire was traditionally ruled by a monarchy whose leader may have been known by different titles in his different realms. running stitch - for seams and gathering. On several occasions throughout history, the same person has served as Monarch of separate independent states, in a situation known as a personal union. padding stitch.

The most famous example of this was general Napoleon Bonaparte who created himself Emperor of France (formerly a kingdom) after legally assuming political control of the French Republic as First Consul for life; a blatant imitation of his empire was that of Bokassa I in the very poor Central African Empire. overlock. There have also been situations in which a dictator proclaimed himself Monarch of a previous republic, thus starting a self-proclaimed monarchy with no historical ties to a previous dynasty. lockstitch. Spain under Francisco Franco was officially a monarchy even though there was no monarch on the throne; upon his death, Franco was succeeded as head of state by King Juan Carlos. hemming stitch. In Fascist Italy a monarchy coexisted with a fascist party for longer than such co-existences occurred in Romania, Hungary or Greece. feather stitch.

In some cases, a hereditary monarchy exists, but actual power resides in the military, as often has been the case in Thailand and Japan (see Shogun). darning stitch. Modern versions tend to survive only in societies with sufficient technology to allow the concentration and organization of power, but not to allow education and rapid communication The economic structure of such monarchies is often of concentrated wealth, with the majority of the population living either as agricultural serfs, or, as in Gulf Monarchies, a paternalistic model showering benefits on the citizens (while politically they may remain subjects) and importing cheap foreign labor. cross-stitch. In an absolute monarchy, the Monarch has power over every aspect of the state, and a constitution may be granted or withdrawn, while in a constitutional monarchy he is subject to it as well as any citizen (though it may grant him such priviliges as inviolability). chain stitch. . buttonhole stitch.

Nepal saw several contradictory trends related to the violent rebel movement and the killings by the suicidal crown prince. blind stitch (or hem stitch). There are also recent (2003) developments in Liechtenstein, wherein the regnant prince was given the Constitutional power to dismiss the government at will. blanket stitch. In Jordan and Morocco, the Monarch retains considerable power. basting stitch (or tacking) - for temporary fixing. Among the few states that have absolute monarchies are Swaziland, Brunei, Bhutan, Saudi Arabia, and Kuwait. backstitch.

In England, this process began with the Magna Carta of 1215, although it did not reach democratic proportions until after the Glorious Revolution in 1689. back tack. Democratic countries which retain monarchy have by definition limited the monarch's power, with most having become constitutional monarchies. trims (fringe, beaded fringe, ribbons, lace, sequin tape). Since 1800, many of the world's monarchies have ceased to have a monarch and become republics, or become parliamentary democracies. rivet. Even where law is simply the monarch's will, the king must rule by custom. interfacing.

Other Monarchs derived their power by acclamation of the ruling or of the warrior caste of a clan or group of clans: Kings of the Franks, Roman emperors. heading. The Monarch often ruled at the pleasure of the deity and was overthrown or sacrificed when it became apparent that supernatural sanction had been withdrawn: emperor of China, Mayan kings, Achaemenid King of Kings of Persia. grommet. Many monarchies began with the Monarch as the local representative and temporary embodiment of the deity: (King of Babylon). eyelet. Monarchies are one of the oldest forms of government, with echoes in the leadership of tribal chiefs. elastic.

In some cases, the symbolism of monarchy alongside the symbolism of democracy can lead to division over the apparently contradictory principles. bias tape. Many states have a strong convention against the monarch becoming involved in partisan politics (the Central African Empire was an exception). zipper. In most countries with monarchies, the monarch serves as a symbol of continuity and statehood. snap. establishment, or to the realm or other state over which the monarchy reigns. hook-and-loop tape (often known by brand name Velcro).

The term monarchy is also used to refer to the people (especially the dynasty, also known as 'royalty') and institutions that make up the royal/imperial.. hook. There are currently 29 extant monarchies in the world. eye. The distinguishing characteristic of monarchy is that the Head of State holds their office for life, unlike in a republic, where a president is normally elected for a certain amount of time. chinese frog. A monarchy, (from the Greek monos, "one," and archein, "to rule") is a form of government that has a monarch as Head of State. toggle.

button (buttons can be sew-through or have shanks.)