Rolls-Royce

. See also Don't ask, don't tell. In this period other luxury car makers, such as Mercedes-Benz, BMW and (much later) Lexus, made many technical advances combining sporting abilities with high levels of comfort; this left Rolls-Royces looking old-fashioned in many ways. Also the other may insist that one answers the question. Very expensive Rolls-Royce Phantom limousines were also produced. The alternative, when asked about something, declining to answer, may suggest the answer and may therefore not always be suitable to keep the secret. The Bentley Continental coupés (produced in various forms from the mid-1950s to the mid-1960s) did not have Rolls-Royce equivalents. One may have to lie in order to hold a secret, which might lead to psychological repercussions.

Bentley models were produced mostly in parallel with the above cars. Excessive secrecy is often cited as a source of much human conflict. Main cars in this period:. It is considered easier to verify software reliability if one can be sure that different parts of the program only have access to certain information. Bentley Models (from 1933). Information hiding is a design principle in much software engineering. Today Rolls-Royce engines continue to power many of the world's civil and military aircraft, and the company has been particularly effective in reducing noise and adverse emissions from its aviation products, anticipating international regulations arising from community campaigns and improved environmental understanding. See Full disclosure, Kerckhoffs' law, Security through obscurity.

Bristol, with its principal factory at Filton, near Bristol, had a strong base in military engines, including the Olympus, which was chosen for Concorde. Many believe that security technology can be more effective if it itself is not kept secret. During the late 50's and 60's there was a significant rationalisation of the British aero-engine manufacturers, culminating in the merger of Rolls-Royce and Bristol Siddeley in 1966 (Bristol Siddeley had itself resulted from the merger of Armstrong-Siddeley and Bristol in 1959). The latter depends on the secrecy of cryptographic keys. Amongst the jet engines of this period was the RB163 Spey which powers the Trident, BAC 1-11, Grumman Gulfstream II and Fokker F28. Techniques used include physical security and cryptography. Many of these turboprops are still in service. Preservation of secrets is one of the goals of information security.

The Dart engine was used in Argosy, Avro 748, Friendship, Herald and Viscount aircraft, whilst the more powerful Tyne powered the Atlantic, Transall, Vanguard and the SRN-4 hovercraft. even has a special law protecting records of video tape rentals and sales (18 USC 2710), apparently passed when members of Congress realized their video viewing habits could be politically embarrassing. The Dart and Tyne turboprop engines were particularly important enabling airlines to cut journey times within several continents whilst jet airliners were introduced on longer services. The U.S. In the post-World War II period Rolls-Royce made significant advances in gas turbine engine design and manufacture. Europe has particularly strict laws about database privacy. Over 160,000 Merlin engines were produced. Other laws require organizations to keep certain information secret, such as medical records (HIPAA in the U.S.), or financial reports that are under preparation (to limit insider trading).

The Merlin was a powerful V12 engine and was fitted into many World War II aircraft: the British Hawker Hurricane, Supermarine Spitfire, De Havilland Mosquito (twin-engined), Avro Lancaster (4-engine), Vickers Wellington (2-engine); it also transformed the American P-51 Mustang into possibly the best fighter of its time, its Merlin engine built by Packard under license. Secrecy is central to organized crime. This was a development subsequent to the R engine, which had powered a record-breaking Supermarine S6B seaplane to almost 400mph in the 1931 Schneider Trophy. Secret societies use secrecy as a way to attract members by creating a sense of importance. Henry Royce's last design was the Merlin aero engine, which came out in 1935 although he had died in 1933. Keeping one's strategy secret is important in many aspects of game theory. By the late 1920s, aero engines made up most of Rolls-Royce's business. The patent system encourages inventors to publish information in exchange for a limited time monopoly on its use, though patent applications are initally secret.

Around half the aircraft engines used by the Allies in World War I were made by Rolls-Royce. New products under development, unique manufacturing techniques, or simply lists of customers are types of information protected by trade secret laws. The company's first aero engine was the Eagle, built from 1914. Organizations, ranging from multi-national for profit corporations to nonprofit charities, keep secrets for competitive advantage, to meet legal requirements, or, in some cases, to conceal nefarious behavior. BMW will seek to sell the company if the problems continue. (For a current (2005) example, see Plame affair.). Unfortunately, the managing director of BMW announced on 8 May 2005, that the sales of Rolls-Royce cars had fallen by 26% in only 6 months. Government officials sometimes leak information they are supposed to keep secret.

The British press, particularly the tabloids, expressed consternation that this symbol of British excellence was being sold to the Germans, and in such an undignified manner. Freedom of Information Act and sunshine laws. Rolls Royce's convertible, the Corniche, ceased production in 2002. Many countries have laws that attempt to limit government secrecy, such as the U.S. On that date, only BMW would be able to name cars "Rolls-Royce", and VW's former Rolls-Royce/Bentley division would only build cars called "Bentley". Few people dispute the desirability of keeping Critical Nuclear Weapon Design Information secret, but many believe government secrecy to be excessive and too often employed for political purposes. For the period from 1998 to 2002, BMW would continue to supply engines for the cars and would allow use of the names, but this would cease on January 1, 2003. An individual needs a security clearance for access and other protection methods, such as keeping documents in a safe, are stipulated.

BMW and VW arrived at a solution. Most nations have some form of Official Secrets Act (the Espionage Act in the U.S.) and classify material according to the level of protection needed (hence the term "classified information"). VW claimed that it had only really wanted Bentley anyway. These state secrets can include weapon designs, military plans, diplomatic negotiation tactics, and secrets obtained illicitly from others ("intelligence"). BMW took out the option on the trademarks, licensing the name and "RR" logo for £40m, a deal that many commentators thought was a bargain for possibly the most valuable property in the deal. Governments often attempt to conceal information from other governments or the public. Likewise, BMW lacked rights to the grille and mascot. On occasion, the information may be something innocent such as a recipe.

VW had bought rights to the "Spirit of Ecstasy" mascot and the shape of the radiator grille, but it lacked rights to the Rolls-Royce name in order to build the cars. Agreement to maintain the secret is often coerced through the use of such tactics as "shaming" and reference to family honour. Rolls-Royce plc, the aero-engine maker, decided it would license certain essential trademarks (the Rolls-Royce name and logo) not to VW, but to BMW, with whom it had recently had joint business ventures. Families sometimes maintain "family secrets", using a mutually agreed-upon construct (an official family story) to never discuss disagreeable issues concerning the family, either within the family or with those outside the family. This was far from the end of the story though. On a deeper level, humans attempt to conceal aspects of their own self which they are not capable of incorporating psychologically into their conscious being. However their final offer of £340m was outbid by VW, who offered £430m. ) Humans attempt to consciously conceal aspects of themselves from others, due to, for example, shame or fear of rejection, loss of acceptance, loss of employment, or other negative repercussions.

Although Volkswagen Group also made offers for the company, the leading contender seemed to be BMW, who already supplied engines and other components for Rolls-Royce and Bentley cars. (In practice, finding a human is often not difficult, especially with the aid of telephone directories, private eyes, etc. In 1998 Vickers decided to sell the Rolls-Royce automobile business. Animals, including humans (in some cases), generally endeavor to conceal the location of their den or nest from predators. A year later Rolls-Royce plc acquired Vickers plc for £576m. One reason for sexual reproduction and speciation may be to allow members of a species to share genetic improvements without their becoming available to competitors. In 1998 Vickers sold the company on to Volkswagen. Secrecy is built into biology.

In 1980 Rolls-Royce Motor Cars was acquired by Vickers. . The main business of aircraft and marine engines remained in public ownership until 1987, when it was privatised as Rolls-Royce plc, one of many privatisations of the Thatcher government. Closely allied—perhaps synonymous—notions of confidentiality and privacy are often considered virtues (One should keep confidences and respect privacy.). (This delay has been blamed for the failure of the technically advanced Lockheed TriStar to succeed in the airliner marketplace, when it was beaten to launch by its competitor, the Douglas DC-10.) In 1973 the automobile business was spun off as a separate entity, Rolls-Royce Motors. Many people claim that, at least in some situations, it is better for everyone if everyone knows all the facts—there should be no secrets. Financial problems caused largely by development of the new RB211 turbofan engine led—after several cash subsidies—to the company being nationalized by the Heath government in 1971. Secrecy is often controversial.

For the rest of the automotive history, see sections below. That which is kept hidden is known as the secret. Rolls-Royce and Bentley car production moved to Crewe in 1946, and also Mulliner Park Ward, London, in 1959 as the company started to build bodies for its cars for the first time—previously it had only built chassis, leaving the bodies to specialist coachbuilders. Secrecy is the practice of hiding information from others. From then until 2002, Bentley and Rolls-Royce cars were often identical apart from the radiator grille and minor details. During 1931, the company acquired rival car maker Bentley, whose finances were unable to weather the Great Depression.

Its chassis was used as a basis for the first British armoured car deployed in both World wars. This factory operated for 10 years, closing in 1931. A further 1701 "Springfield Ghosts" were built there. In 1921, the company opened a second factory in Springfield, Massachusetts, in the United States to help meet demand there.

6173 were built. It had a 6-cylinder engine. The Silver Ghost (1906-1925) was the model responsible for the company's early great reputation. The company was formed on March 15, 1906, and moved to Derby in 1908.

A clause was added to the contract, stipulating the cars would be called "Rolls-Royce". He was introduced to Charles Stewart Rolls in a Manchester hotel on the May 4 of that year, and the pair agreed a to deal where Royce would manufacture cars, to be sold exclusively by Rolls. He made his first car, a "Royce", in his Manchester factory in 1904. In 1884 Frederick Henry Royce started an electrical and mechanical business.

. Column-mounted automatic transmission shifters are still used today on all Rolls-Royces. The company was forced to shut down production after a heated lawsuit.). (One noted example was a coachbuilder marketing the Custom Cloud - which used a Chevrolet Monte Carlo with Rolls-Royce cues.

The company is aggressive at protecting its trademarks whenever commercial use of the term is mentioned. The term "The Rolls-Royce of x" is often used informally (Cadillac is the American version of the term) to describe anything that is the best of its type. The former Rolls Royce motor car factory in Crewe, Cheshire, which now only builds Bentley cars, is also often known by locals as "Royce´s". Nicknames for Rolls-Royce cars are "Rolls", "Roller" and "Double R", although in Derby (where the headquarters of Rolls-Royce plc are located), the firm is universally known as "Royce's".

The companies are:. Rolls in 1906. Rolls-Royce is a set of companies, all deriving from the British automobile and aero-engine manufacturing company founded by Henry Royce and C.S. Rolls-Royce 100EX.

The Phantom has experienced lukewarm reviews in the automotive press and disappointing sales numbers. It is available in normal and extended wheelbase. The price starts at around £250,000. Most parts are made in Germany, but the assembly and finishing is in a new factory in Goodwood, Sussex.

The car has a 6.75 L V12 engine from BMW, but most other components are unique to the car. 2003 Phantom - Launched in January 2003 at Detroit's North American International Auto Show, this is the first model of Rolls-Royce Motor Cars Limited, a BMW subsidiary having no technical or corporate connection with the original Rolls-Royce company, apart from the trademarks mentioned above. 2000-2002 Corniche - This 2-dr convertible shared its design with the Bentley Azure and was the most expensive Rolls-Royce until the introduction of the 2003 Phantom. 1998-2002 Silver Seraph - This shared its design with the Bentley Arnage, which sold in much greater numbers.

1980-1998 Silver Spirit/Spur/Dawn — design shared with the Bentley Mulsanne. 1975-1986 Camargue with a Pininfarina body. 1971-1996 Corniche. 1968-1991 Phantom VI.

1965-1980 Silver Shadow — the first Rolls-Royce with a monocoque chassis; started with a 6.23 L V8 engine, later expanded to 6.75 L; shared its design with the Bentley T-series. 1959-1968 Phantom V. 1955-1966 Silver Cloud. 1950-1956 Phantom IV.

1949-1955 Silver Dawn. 1949-1955 Silver Wraith. 1940-1940 Bentley 4¼ litre Mk V. 1936-1939 Bentley 4¼ litre.

1933-1937 Bentley 3½ litre. 1939-1939 Wraith. 1936-1939 Phantom III. 1936-1938 25/30.

1929-1935 Phantom II. 1929-1936 20/25. 1925-1929 40/50 Phantom. 1922-1929 20hp.

1906-1925 40/50 Silver Ghost. 1905-1906 Legalimit. 1905-1906 30hp. 1905-1908 20hp.

1905-1905 15hp. 1904-1906 10hp. Confusingly, from 2003 the company is no longer allowed to produce cars called Rolls-Royce, the trademarks being licensed to BMW, rather than to Volkswagen. Rolls-Royce and Bentley cars have shared much mechanically since the 1931 takeover of Bentley by Rolls-Royce, often differing in little other than the radiator grille.

Since 1998 the company has been owned by the Volkswagen Group. Bentley Motors, the continuation of the original Rolls-Royce automobile division. Rolls-Royce Motor Cars Limited, a new manufacturer of luxury automobiles, owned by BMW, which started deliveries of its single model, the Phantom, in January 2003 (see below). Rolls-Royce plc, by far the most significant in economic terms, a British engineering firm specializing in turbine-based products, particularly aircraft engines, but which has recently added marine propulsion and energy systems to its portfolio, providing a wide range of civil and military engineering products and services.