Rockabilly

Although they have been classed as a punk band, their music is similar in style to The Straycats. Some diver training organizations and groups of divers teach techniques, such as DIR diving for configuring diving equipment. There are also some rockabilly inspired acts, such as the successful Australian band, The Living End. An excess of tubes and connections passing through the water tend to decrease diving performance by causing hydrodynamic drag in swimming.
. High capacity buoyancy compensators are used to allow the diver to control his or her depth. And all have a steady and popular revivalist following all over the world. When the diver carries many diving cylinders, especially those made of steel, lack of buoyancy becomes a problem.

All have a love and respect of classic American cars, British motorcycles, Rock n Roll, and vintage clothing. The heaviest cylinders are generally carried on the back supported from a backplate while others are side slung from strong points on the backplate. In regards to fashion, Rockabillies look very similiar to other music/fashion subcultures like Greasers, Teds (Teddy Boys) and Rockers of the same era. In technical diving, the diver may carry different equipment for different phases of the dive; some breathing gas mixes may only be used at depth, such as trimix and others, such as pure oxygen, which only may be used during decompression stops in shallow water. The clothing is largely reflective of the popular styles worn by the musicians in the 1950s themselves; slacks, pastel colored and Daddy-O styled shirts, baggy coats with the shirt collars worn over the coat collar, creeper shoes in every colour of the spectrum, with black and white being the most popular. Rebreather divers often carry a side-slung open-circuit "bail out" to be used in the event the rebreather fails. It was rumored that Elvis Presley and Johnny Cash both used Genuine B&W Pomade to hold up their hair with a thick and shiny look. For open-circuit divers, the two most common types of redundant configurations are the "twinset", consisting of two similar systems, and the "main plus pony", consisting of a large main gas source and a small "pony" set.

This hair style is usually maintained with large amounts of pomade hair wax from traditional brand names like; Brylcreem, Black & White Pluko, Murrays and Layrite. The diver may carry two or more sets of breathing equipment to provide redundant alternative gas systems in the event that the other fails or is exhausted. The hairstyle is usually a tame or more exagerated "pomp" or pompadeur hairstyle as was popular with 1950s artists like Buddy Holly, Jerry Lee Lewis and revivalists stars from the '80s, The Stray Cats. They often have their own demand regulators and mouthpieces, and if so, they are technically distinct extra scuba sets. Worthy of mentioning is the fact that devoted followers of Rockabilly music and it's fashion are known as Rockabillies, or "Billys" within the "scene". If these extra cylinders are small, they are sometimes called "pony cylinders".
. Some scuba sets incorporate attached extra stage cylinders, as bailout in case the main breathing gas supply is used up or malfunctions, or containing another gas mixture.

More recent rockabilly performers have merged the style with western swing and jump blues to produce a music that combines elements of music common to the late 1940s and 1950s, without adhering to the strict practices of rockabilly itself. Many modern rebreathers use advanced electronics to monitor and regulate the composition of the breathing gas. . These systems use small nylon bags of lead shot pellets which are distributed throughout the BCD, allowing a diver to gain a better overall weight distribution leading to a more horizontal position in the water.
. While weighting systems originally consisted of solid lead blocks attached to a belt around the diver's waist, modern diving weighting systems are now incorporated into the BCD. In 1997, the Rockabilly Hall of Fame was founded by Bob Timmers to present early rock and roll history and information relative to the artists and personalities involved in this pioneering American music genre. Diving weighting systems, ranging from 2 to 15 kilograms, increase density of the scuba diver to compensate for the buoyancy of diving equipment, allowing the diver to fully submerge underwater with ease by obtaining neutral or slightly negative buoyancy.

It is preserved in perfect isolation within an indistinct time period....". Certain BCD's allow for integrated weight, meaning that the BCD has special pockets for the weights that can be dumped easily in case of an emergency. That is because it never went anywhere. Another button deflates the BCD and increases the density of the equipment and causes the diver to sink. Guralnick writes, "Rockabilly is the purest of all rock 'n' roll genres. The bladders inside the BCD inflate with air from the ‘direct feed’ to decrease the total density of the SCUBA equipment and cause the diver to float. Dire Straits did a rockabilly track, The Bug, on their 1991 album On Every Street. Although strictly speaking this is not a part of the breathing apparatus, it is usually connected to the divers air supply, in order to provide easy inflation of the device, this can usually also be done manually via a mouthpiece.

And bands like The Cramps, Tav Falco's Panther Burns, Reverend Horton Heat, Southern Culture on the Skids, Batmobile and more importantly The Meteors merged the music with Punk rock/Horror, forming a distinct sub-genre referred to as psychobilly. In modern scuba sets, a buoyancy compensator (BC) or buoyancy control device (BCD), such as a back-mounted wing or stabiliser jacket (otherwise known as a 'stab jacket'), is built into the scuba set harness. In the 1980s, The Stray Cats led a brief revival of interest in rockabilly, while another revival followed in the 1990s with bands like High Noon, Big Sandy and the Fly-Rite Boys, the Dave and Deke Combo, The Racketeers, and many others. The use of an extra feed from the first stage regulator permits control of the life jacket as a buoyancy aid. Although the influence of rockabilly, both as a musical style and as a set of attitudes and gestures, has never waned, Holly's death in a plane crash in 1959 tended to mark the end of the classic rockabilly era. The first were inflated with a small carbon dioxide cylinder, later with a small air cylinder. Eddie Cochran and Ricky Nelson also are considered rockabilly performers; they were not, however, from the South, although Nelson's guitarist, James Burton, grew up in Shreveport. It was put on before putting on the cylinder harness.

The early recordings of Jerry Lee Lewis, Johnny Cash, Dale Hawkins, Charlie Feathers, Hasil Adkins, Gene Vincent, Billy Lee Riley and Roy Orbison are also considered essential, although Cash, Vincent, Lewis and Orbison each went on to perform in other styles. The ABLJ is used for two purposes, one to adjust the buoyancy of the diver to compensate for loss of buoyancy (chiefly due to compression of neoprene wetsuit) and more importantly as a lifejacket that can be rapidly inflated even at depth. "Blue Suede Shoes", written by Carl, is considered a classic of the style. In the 1960's adjustable buoyancy life jackets for aqualung-type scuba became available. Carl Perkins, who also recorded for Sun, is another performer whose recordings helped to define the genre. In emergency they had to jettison their weights. Holly's pioneering efforts are legendary, and the rockabilly sound was a strong element in much of his work. In the beginning scuba divers dived without any buoyancy aid.

During roughly the same period of time, a young singer/songwriter down in Lubbock, Texas named Buddy Holly was busy taking elements of various musical styles (blues, country, gospel, south of the border, etc...) and melding them into what later became the "Tex-Mex" sound. The harnesses of many diving rebreathers made by Siebe Gorman included a large back-sheet of strong reinforced rubber. "Blue Moon of Kentucky," by Bill Monroe, was a bluegrass standard, done with overtones of blues. Sport scuba usually had quick-release fastenings instead of ordinary buckles. "That's All Right," first performed by Arthur Crudup, was a reworking of a blues tune, done with overtones of country music. Many did not have a backpack plate, but the cylinders were held directly against the diver's back. Elvis Presley's 1954 Memphis sessions for Sam Phillips's Sun Records produced arguably the first rockabilly recordings. The buckles were usually quick-release.

He is a member of the Rockabilly Hall Of Fame. Before 1971 all breathing sets including scuba came with a plain harness of straps with buckles like on a rucksack or spray-tank-pack. His song "Go Cat Go" went into the National Billboard charts in 1956. Among the things that prompted Cousteau to develop efficient air-breathing diving free-swimming diving gear, were two oxygen toxicity accidents that he had earlier with rebreathers. Bill Flagg was the first to name the music when he recorded for Tetra Records in 1955 - 1956. Jacques-Yves Cousteau and Emile Gagnan invented the first type of SCUBA diving equipment, the Aqua-Lung in 1943. But rockabilly was a stripped-down version of its various sources, and thus a specific stylistic moment in the evolution of music that before had existed in many forms. A predecessor to scuba gear, the Momson lung, was used as emergency escape gear by WWII submariners.

As Nick Tosches writes, "By the early 1950s, it was not uncommon to encounter simultaneous country and rhythm-and-blues recordings of the same song." And he points out that the Delmore Brothers and Hank Williams were performing, in the late 1940s, music that could be called rock and roll. Rebreather technology is also used in space suits. As Peter Guralnick writes, "Its rhythm was nervously uptempo, accented on the offbeat, and propelled by a distinctively slapping bass....The sound was further bolstered by generous use of echo, a homemade technique refined independently by Sam Phillips and Leonard Chess in Chicago with sewer pipes and bathroom acoustics." While recording artists such as Bill Haley were playing music that fused rhythm and blues, western swing and country music in the early 1950s, and Tennessee Ernie Ford performed in a somewhat similar style on songs such as "Smokey Mountain Boogie," they were not playing rockabilly. Industrial rebreathers have been used since soon after 1900. It is a fusion of blues, hillbilly boogie, bluegrass music and country music, and its origins lie in the American South. The first open-circuit industrial breathing sets were designed by modifying the design of the Cousteau aqualung. Rockabilly is the earliest form of rock and roll as a distinct style of music. These breathing sets are nowadays called SCBA (Self Contained Breathing Apparatus) (The initials SCBA have had other meanings).

Rockabilly Hall Of Fame. Breathing sets operating on the above principles are not only used underwater but in other situations where the atmosphere is dangerous (little oxygen, poisonous etc). ISBN 0-252-06538-7. There are alternative methods that a person can use to survive and function while underwater, including:. University of Illinois Press. In practice, dive times are more often influenced by other factors such as water temperature and the requirement for safe ascent (see decompression sickness). Illinois. The life of the soda lime scrubber is likely to be less than this and so will be the limiting factor of the dive.

(1996). So, a diver who has a 3 litre oxygen cylinder filled to 200 bar and who leaves 25% in reserve will be able to do a 450 minute dive (3 L × 200 bar × 0.75 / 1). Go Cat Go!: Rockabilly Music and its Makers. Except during the ascent, the fully-closed circuit rebreather that is operating correctly uses virtually no diluent. Morrison, Craig. An oxygen rebreather diver consumes about 1 litre of oxygen per minute as does a fully-closed circuit rebreather diver. ISBN 0-517-58052-7. So, a diver who uses a 5 litre cylinder filled to 200 bar and who leaves 25% in reserve will be able to do a 22.5 minute dive (5 L × 200 bar × 75% / 33.33).

New York: Harmony Books. Although it uses gas more economically, the weight of the rebreathing equipment means the diver carries smaller cylinders. (1984). Thus, the same diver whose breathing rate at the surface is 25 L/min will consume gas at a rate of about 33.33 L/min. Unsung Heroes of Rock 'n' Roll. A semi-closed circuit rebreather dive is about three times the length of the equivalent open circuit dive; gas is recycled but fresh gas must be constantly injected and used gas vented. Tosches, Nick. At 100 L/min the dive will be a maximum of 22.5 minutes (2250/100).

64-67.). If a 15 litre cylinder filled to 200 bar is used until there is a reserve of 25% there is (75% × 200 × 15) = 2250 litres. pp. ( (30 m / 10 m per bar) + 1 bar atmospheric pressure ) × 25 L/min = 100 L/min ). ("Rockabilly," chapter written by Guralnick, Peter. An open circuit diver whose breathing rate at the surface (atmospheric pressure) is 25 litres per minute will consume 100 litres of gas per minute at 30 metres. ISBN 0-394-40327-4. The duration of an open-circuit dive depends on factors such as the capacity (volume of gas) in the diving cylinder, the depth of the dive and the breathing rate of the diver.

New York: Rolling Stone Press/Random House. Main article :rebreather. (1976). The main limiting factors on rebreathers are the duration of the carbon dioxide scrubber, which is generally at least 3 hours, and the efficiency of the scrubber at depth. The Rolling Stone Illustrated History of Rock & Roll. Although oxygen rebreathers have a maximum operating depth of around 6 metres / 18 feet, several types of fully-closed circuit rebreathers, when using a helium based diluent, are capable of 100+ metre / 330+ feet dives. Miller, Jim (editor). The rebreather's economic use of gas, typically 1.6 litres of oxygen per minute, allows dives of much longer duration than is possible with open circuit equipment where gas consumption is typically 10 times higher.

ISBN 0-415-93783-3. This type of scuba equipment is known as 'closed circuit'. Roadkill on the Three-Chord Highway, Colin Escott, Routledge, 2002. Then the gas is fit to be re-inhaled. Download sample of Elvis Presley's "Good Rockin' Tonight". The oxygen consumed by the diver is replaced, nearly always from a cylinder, The exhaled carbon dioxide generated by the diver is removed by passing the gas through a "scrubber": a canister full of soda lime. The Young Werewolves. In other rebreathers, the inhaled and exhaled gas goes back and forth along a single tube: this is called the pendulum system.

Turbopotamos. In some rebreathers, one-way valves direct the gas through a "loop". Three Bad Jacks. With rebreathers, the gas the diver exhales is stored between breaths in a "counterlung". The Tremors.
. The Caravans. There have been designs for a cryogenic open-circuit scuba which has liquid-air tanks instead of cylinders.

Sonoramic Commando. Someone made as an experiment a twin-hose type regulator where the energy released as the air expands from cylinder pressure to the surrounding pressure as the diver breathes in, was not thrown away but was used to power a propeller. Rocket 350. In comics there have been thousands of drawings of two-cylinder twin-hose aqualungs shown wrongly with one wide breathing tube coming straight out of each cylinder top with no regulator, far more than of twin-hose aqualungs drawn correctly with a regulator. The Raging Teens. Note its layout in the image. Marti Brom. Another optional extra was a mouthpiece that also had a snorkel attached, and a valve to switch between aqualung and snorkel.

Kim Lenz. These sets came with a mouthpiece as standard, but a fullface mask was an option. Josie Kreuzer. The return tube was not for rebreathing but because the air exhaust needed to be at the same depth as the regulator's second stage diaphragm to avoid pressure differences, which would cause a free-flow or resistance to breathing according to the diver's attitude in the water. Johnny Mercury. It consists of two wide breathing tubes similar to those on many modern rebreathers. Johnny Knox and High Test. In this type of set the two (or occasionally the one or the three) stages of the regulator are in a large circular valve assembly mounted on top of the cylinder pack.

Jack Knife and the Sharps. But when he patented it, the Navy requisitioned the patent, and by the time the Navy found no use in the patent and released it, the market had moved on and he got no use from the patent. Hot Rod Lincoln. Captain Trevor Hampton in the 1950's or 1960's designed an early single-hose aqualung with a fullface mask with a circular window which was a very big and thus very sensitive demand regulator diaphragm. Hillbilly Moon Explosion. They made an early make of single-hose aqualung that had a fullface mask as standard. Hillbilly Hellcats. Normalair is a firm that formerly were based at Yeovil (UK).

High Noon. Many modern scuba sets have a spare second stage demand valve on its own hose, which is called an "octopus" or "alternate air source", which is typically yellow in colour. Frantic Flattops. This type is called "single hose". The Dempseys. Most modern open-circuit scuba sets have a diving regulator consisting of a first stage pressure reducing valve that is sealed over the diving cylinder's output valve, and the second stage "demand valve"; at the mouthpiece, with a thin pressure hose linking the two stages. Dragstrip 77. Colloquially this type of breathing set is often called an aqualung, however, the word Aqua-Lung is correctly a tradename protected by the Cousteau-Gagnan patent.

Deke Dickerson. The regulator supplies the diver with as much of the gas as needed, at a pressure suitable for breathing at the depth of the diver.
See diving cylinder for more information about the cylinders and how they are arranged.
See Diving regulator for more information about diving regulators. Dead Man's Hand. This type of set consists of one or more diving cylinders containing breathing gas at high pressure (typically 200-300 Bar) connected to a diving regulator. David Vanian and the Phantom Chords. Examples were "Ohgushi's Peerless Respirator", and Commandant le Prieur's breathing sets: see Timeline of underwater technology. Dagmar and the Seductones. There were attempts at designing and using these before 1939, for diving and for industrial use.

Chuck Berry. They run out of air quicker than aqualungs. Charlie Feathers. Constant flow scuba sets do not have a demand regulator; the breathing gas flows at a constant rate unless the diver switches it on and off by hand. Cigar Store Indians. Open circuit scuba may supply various breathing gases; but rarely pure oxygen, except during decompression stops in technical diving. Cave Catt Sammy. At partial pressures over about 1.4 to 1.6 atmospheres, oxygen becomes toxic.

Buddy Holly. Newspapers and television news often describe open circuit scuba wrongly as "oxygen" equipment, probably by false analogy from aeroplane pilots' oxygen cylinders. Blacktop Rockets. Some divers use the word "scuba" to mean open-circuit sets only. Big Sandy and the Fly-Rite Boys. Some rebreathers only have a constant-flow regulator like in blowtorches. Belmont Playboys. Most open-circuit scuba and some rebreathers have a demand regulator to control the supply of breathing gas.

Both types of scuba provide a means of supplying air or other breathing gas, nearly always from a high pressure diving cylinder, and a harness to strap it to the diver's body. Modern scuba sets are of two types:. . A scuba set provides a scuba diver with the breathing gas necessary to breathe underwater.

As with radar, the acronym has become so familiar that it is often not capitalised and is treated as an ordinary word: for example, it has been taken into the Welsh language as "sgwba". These initials originated in 1939 in the US Navy to refer to US military diver's rebreather sets. SCUBA is an acronym for Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus. operations in enclosed or poorly ventilated areas eg large fluid or gas containers,.

mining, especially mine rescue. firefighting. Snuba Diving - Using the same type of equipment as scuba diving, the diver breathes from compressed air tanks, which float on a free floating raft at the surface, allowing the diver only 20-30 feet (6–9 m) of depth to travel. But see Like-A-Fish for an attempt to develop real artificial gills for divers.

In the real world they would have to process an unrealistically massive amount of water to extract enough oxygen to supply an active diver. Artificial gills (human) - these are science fiction only. It is memorably portrayed in the film "The Abyss". It has possibilities of being used for very deep diving.

Liquid breathing - so far, in the real world, liquid breathing for humans is only laboratory experiments, and (one lung at a time) medical treatment. Atmospheric diving suit - an armored suit which protects the diver from the surrounding water pressure. Some tourist resorts now offer a surface supplied diving arrangement, trademarked as Snuba, as an introduction to diving for the inexperienced. surface supplied diving - originally used in professional diving for long or deep dives where an umbilical line connects the diver with the surface providing breathing gas, and sometimes warm water to heat the diving suit, and usually nowadays voice communications.

snorkelling - a form of free-diving where the diver's mouth and nose can remain underwater when breathing, because the diver is able to breathe at the surface through a short tube known as a snorkel. free-diving - swimming underwater on a single breath of air. SCAMP (Supercritical Air Mobility Pack®) is an out-of-water liquid-air open-circuit breathing set designed by NASA by adapting space suit technology. It would have to be filled immediately before use.

Its diving duration is likely several hours. Janwillem Bech's rebreather site shows pictures of a Kriolang that was made in 1974. The Russian Kriolang (from Greek cryo- (= "frost") + English "lung") was copied from Jordan Klein's "Mako" cryogenic open-circuit scuba. Jordan Klein designed a cryogenic open-circuit scuba called "Mako" and made at least a prototype.

There are three variants of rebreather: oxygen, semi-closed circuit and fully-closed circuit rebeathers. Rebreathers use gas very economically, making long dives easy and special mixes cheaper to use at the expense of more complicated technology and extensive experience and training requirements. Here the diver breathes in from the set, and out back into the set where the exhaled gas is reprocessed to make it fit to breathe again. closed-circuit (or rebreather).

Sometimes cave divers have cylinders slung at their sides instead. Submarine Products sold a sport air scuba with 3 backpack cylinders. "Twin sets" with two backpack cylinders were much more common in the 1960s than now. 21% Oxygen / 79% Nitrogen) The cylinder is nearly always worn on the back.

Most divers use standard air (i.e. It can be uneconomic when used with expensive gas mixes such as heliox and trimix. The duration of open-circuit dives is shorter than a dive with a rebreather, in proportion to the weight and bulk of the set. This type of equipment is relatively simple, making it cheap and reliable.

Here the diver breathes in from the set and out to waste. open-circuit (often called an "aqualung", see Aqua-Lung™).