Plymouth

Plymouth also maintains a link with:. The high heat resistance allows the pipe to tolerate a longer period of use. The twin cities of Plymouth are:. Specialty tobacco pipes, though commonly used for smoking marijuana, are made from Pyrex. Examples include Some Bizarre, which also lost customers as a result of the demolition of a pedestrian subway and more recently Kathie's Comics, an esoteric comic and game enthusiast store. Due to its high heat resistance, it can tolerate the great temperature differences between water and the Nichrome heating element. Since development of the new shopping centre began, shop rents in the city centre have been significantly increased, inadvertently pushing smaller retail outlets out of the marketplace. Aquarium heaters are sometimes made out of pyrex.

Millbay itself, currently by day a wasteland and by night a red light district, is also to be regenerated with mixed residential, retail and office space alongside extensive new harbour facilities. Claims have been made of severe personal injury during these events. Other future plans include the demolition of the Plymouth Pavilions entertainment arena to create a boulevard linking Millbay to the city centre. Recent reports suggest that, notwithstanding the claims made for Pyrex, the glassware can shatter violently and unexpectedly, even when used in accordance with manufacturers instructions. A new £20 million nine-storey Jury's Inn hotel is being developed near the landmark ruined church and war memorial, Charles Church, along with a new Arts Centre adjacent to the university. Pyrex measuring cups, which featured painted-on markings illustrating graduated measurements, are also widely used in American kitchens. Former public leisure centre, the Ballard Centre is currently being replaced with high quality urban living and office space along with a project involving the future demolition of the Bretonside bus station. Glass cookware is another common usage; a Pyrex pie plate is almost the American standard pie dish.

Two of Plymouth's greatest eyesores; the old Drake Circus shopping centre and Charles Cross car park, have already been demolished and are currently being replaced by the new £200 million Drake Circus shopping centre, which is due to open on 5 October 2006. Pyrex's refractory properties and physical strength make it ideal for use in laboratories, where it is used to make high-durability glass lab equipment, such as beakers and test tubes. The 'Vision for Plymouth' launched by the internationally renowned architect David MacKay, and fully backed by Plymouth City Council is set to see areas of the city centre demolished, redesigned and rebuilt by the year 2020. Caltech's famous 200-inch telescope mirror at Mount Palomar was cast by Corning during 1934-36 out of Pyrex, which expands and contracts less than ordinary glass. Plymouth is currently undertaking a massive project of urban redevelopment, the largest since the city was rebuilt after the Second World War. Another useful characteristic of Pyrex is that when broken, it tends to crack into large pieces rather than shattering (it will snap rather than splinter). (Formerly The Western Evening Herald). Pyrex is also less dense than ordinary glass.

The main regional newspaper is the Western Morning News, whose headquarters and printworks were designed by architect Nicholas Grimshaw.The local news printed by the same publisher is The Evening Herald. The boron gives borosilicate glass a reduced thermal expansion coefficient (about one-third that of ordinary glass), making it more resistant to heat. The regional stations include BBC Radio Devon, BBC Radio Cornwall and Pirate FM. Borrowing from the welding trade, new burners combining oxygen with natural gas were required. Since June 2005, another commercial station, Armada FM, has started broadcasting to the city. Since Pyrex melts at a higher temperature than ordinary silicate glass, some new techniques were required to bring Pyrex into industrial production. The city's main commercial radio station is Plymouth Sound FM. Pyrex is created by adding boron to the traditional glassmaker's "frit" of silicate sand, soda, and ground lime.

The Plymouth Admirals; Plymouth's American Football team play in BSL Division Two South Western Conference. . The Plymouth Raiders basketball team plays in the British Basketball League. Though borosilicates had been produced before, the name Pyrex is widely used as a synonym for the material. The Plymouth Rugby League Football Club play in the Rugby League Conference South West Division. Pyrex is a brand name of borosilicate glass introduced by Corning Glass Works in 1924. The Plymouth Albion Rugby Football Club plays in the National League Division One.

The club is based at the Home Park stadium in Central Park. The city is home to Plymouth Argyle Football Club, which plays in the English Football League's Championship division. Other significant green spaces include Victoria Park, Freedom Fields, Alexandra Park, Keyham, Beaumont Park, St Judes, Greenbank Park, Devonport Park and Westwell Gardens. Plymouth has a number of public parks, the most significant of which is the massive Central Park.

The other consistantly high performing schools in Plymouth are Devonport High School for Boys and Devonport High School for Girls, two selective Grammar Schools with a reputation for academic excellence, Plymouth High School for Girls located near the city centre and Plymstock School, a comprehensive school and Specialist Sports College. Plymouth College, one of England's public schools, is situated in Ford Park, to the north of the city centre. The College offers a wide selection of innovative and traditional courses relating to the world of art and design. The Plymouth College of Art and Design (referred to as PCAD) is located at Drake Circus.

Plymouth College of Further Education is a highly successful college with many national awards for teaching and is to be found on the old site of Devonport Station which was Plymouth's largest and most important station until the cuts of Beeching. Plymouth has one of the largest Further Education Colleges in the country providing courses from the most basic to Foundation Degrees, it enrols more than 20,000 students a year. Marjon is affiliated to the University of Exeter. The College of St Mark and St John (often referred to as "Marjons"), is primarily a teacher training college, although it also offers degree courses in a wide range of subjects.

The University of Plymouth is the largest university in the Southwest of England with over 30,000 students, almost 3,000 staff and an annual income of around £110 million. The city is also one of 22 British cities to trial the new Business Improvement District initiative. An annual influx of 11.8 million tourists is another major contributor to the local economy. As the chief regional city of Devon and Cornwall, Plymouth has a catchment area of over 720,000 people with an annual high street expenditure of over £600 million being spent in the city.

In terms of retail Plymouth is ranked second in the South West and 29th nationally. In the past eight years employment has risen 11%, however, employment and wages still remain significantly below the national average. The decline of heavy industries has had a negative effect on the city's employment figures. The recent decline of these industries has seen a greater diversification towards a service based economy based on healthcare, food and drink and call centres with electronics, advanced engineering and boat building still maintaining a prime role.

The economy of Plymouth has traditionally been linked to its coastal location focusing around fishing and the military, in particular Devonport Dockyard. The rail link in Plymouth offers direct travel by First Great Western and Virgin Trains to Penzance in Cornwall and Paddington in London and links to the North of England by Virgin Trains. Due to the airport's central location expansion is limited and public opinion towards building a new airport to the east of the city remain divided between the economic benefits to the local economy and the environmental concerns over building in the countryside. The expansion of this airport to provide flights to continental Europe is currently a controversial issue in the city.

Air Southwest and Air Wales both operate short flights to destinations within Great Britain, Ireland and the Channel Islands. Air travel to Plymouth is directly to Plymouth City Airport, or 'Roborough', a small airport located four miles north of the city centre, just off the A386 road to Tavistock. These actions will see Plymouth revert from a predominantly naval port, where British and other foreign warships and submarines regularly dock, and return to a major destination of international cruise liners, as was common before the Second World War. Currently Millbay is only the point where passengers are transported in tenders to and from cruise liners that occasionally stop off in the Plymouth Sound.

The berths in Millbay have recently been expanded to accommodate the new fleet of luxury ferries and future redevelopment is planned to transform the harbour into a major port that will also accommodate incoming cruise liners. A regular ferry service provided by Brittany Ferries operates from Millbay taking cars and foot passengers directly to Roscoff, Brittany and Santander, Spain. A small foot-passenger ferry also runs between Stonehouse and the Cornish village of Cremyll; adjacent to the Mount Edgcumbe estate. The major rail link to Cornwall, the Royal Albert Bridge runs side-by-side with the road bridge.

The city is one of the primary gateways to Cornwall providing access by way of the Torpoint Ferry across the Hamoaze, and the Tamar Bridge linking the St Budeaux area of Plymouth on the Devon bank of the Tamar to Saltash on the Cornish bank. As of the 2005 General Election the two former constituencies are held by Labour MPs Alison Seabeck and Linda Gilroy respectively with the latter held by Conservative MP Gary Streeter. In Westminster, Plymouth is represented by the three constituencies of Plymouth Devonport, Plymouth Sutton and Southwest Devon. Once the private residence of Waldorf and Nancy Astor, it was presented by Lady Astor to the City of Plymouth as a residence for future Lord Mayors and is used today for civic hospitality by visiting dignatories and circuit judges.

The Lord Mayor of Plymouth's official residence is 3 Elliot Terrace, located on the Hoe. It was in 1935 that the grant of dignity of Lord Mayor was announced; before that the office was Mayor. The current Lord Mayor is Patrick Nicholson who is the 538th holder of the office since its establishment in 1439. There is also a Leader of the Council (the Chairman of the Cabinet) and a leader of each political group.

The Council is headed by the Chairman and Vice-Chairman, both positions being held by the Lord Mayor and Deputy Lord Mayor respectively. The local election of June 2004 resulted in a current political composition of 35 Labour, 19 Conservative, two Liberal Democrat and one Independent Councillors. The local elections are held every four years with elections for one third of Council seats being held each year, the total electorate for Plymouth is 184,956 as of December 2003. Councillors are also known as Members of the Council and usually stand for election as members of national political parties.

The City of Plymouth is divided into 20 electoral wards, 17 of which elect three local Councillors and the other three electing two local Councillors to the 57 seats of the City Council. On 1 April 1998 these responsibilities were transfered back when the City Council became a unitary authority. On 1 April 1974 responsibility for education, social services, highways and libraries was transferred to Devon County Council. The city's boundaries were extended in the mid-1930s and further expanded in 1967 to include the town of Plympton and the parish of Plymstock.

In 1928 the County Borough of Plymouth was granted city status. Collectively they were referred to as "The Three Towns". In 1914 the County Borough of Plymouth merged with the Municipal Borough of Devonport and the Urban District of East Stonehouse to form an enlarged County Borough. Mutley Plain, a road in the area of Mutley, is a pleasant residential shopping area and also now has many bars like Cafe Sol and The Underground; due to the increase of student population in the city.

Major cinemas include the ABC Cinema on Derry's Cross and the Vue multiscreen complex at the Barbican Leisure Park. The Plymouth Gin Distillery on the Barbican, along with Jack Chams on Ebrington Street serve award winning cocktails. There are a number of bars with live music such as the Barbican Jazz Cafe, The Cider Press, The Cooperage and The Three Crowns on The Barbican and Yates's Wine Lodge on Royal Parade. Another location of clubs and bars is at the Barbican Leisure Park and the gay friendly Zero's on Lockyer Street.

Although most clubs play commercial dance and R&B, there are some such as C103s which plays a variety of rock, spanning from classic to new age. Union Street still maintains a reputation for unruly drunken behaviour but also as a place for a guaranteed wild night out. The Millennium Complex was the major club on this thoroughfare incorporating three clubs in one, but was apparently shut down due to unlawful doings. Once lined with numerous music halls and cinemas, the street is now home to a wide number of bars, clubs and casinos such as Bongogos, Kuleroos Sports Bar, Walkabout Bar and The Standley Grand Casino.

The centre of Plymouth's nightlife for over a century has been the infamous Union Street. Writers who are associated with Plymouth include the noted Dartmoor antiquarian William Crossing, and Reverend Sabine Baring-Gould. Famous painters associated with Plymouth include Beryl Cook, Robert Lenkiewicz, Sir Joshua Reynolds, Benjamin Robert Haydon, Sir Charles Lock Eastlake, James Northcote and Samuel Prout. It is the oldest Ashkenazi synagogue still standing in the English-speaking world.

The synagogue, in Catherine Street, was built in 1762. It is Britain's foremost aquarium. Plymouth is also home to the [1] National Marine Aquarium. Other museums in Plymouth include the Plymouth Dome, the Plymouth & West Devon Record Office, Smeatons Tower, the Elizabethan House and Merchants House in addition to thousands of historic documents at various other locations.

Many more small and privately owned galleries can be found on The Barbican. In a spectacularly converted church on North Hill is the Sherwell Centre that plays host to regular exhibitions, concerts, recitals, lectures and other public events. As well as promoting art, many independent art house and foreign films are also shown here. The Plymouth Arts Centre is located in the historic Barbican and offers displays of work by a wide range of local, British and international artists such as Beryl Cook, Richard Deacon, Andy Goldsworthy and Sir Terry Frost.

Ives group of painters and works by the Camden Town Group. Work by local artists include that of Sir Joshua Reynolds and Robert Lenkiewicz along with work by artists of the 19th century Newlyn School, the influential 20th century St. The collections include 750 easel paintings, over 3000 watercolours and drawings, at least 5000 prints and a sizeable collection of sculptures. The Art Gallery boasts ever-changing art displays and exhibitions showcasing local and international art ranging from the 16th to the 20th centuries.

Many prehistoric artefacts from Dartmoor, important Bronze Age and Iron Age material from Mount Batten and medieval and post-medieval finds from Plymouth are found in the human history collection alongside artefacts from ancient Egypt and other ancient cultures of Europe and the Middle East. The museum's natural history collection consists of over 150,000 specimens of insects, birds, mammals, skeletons, plants, fossils and rocks along with an historic natural history library and archive. The Plymouth City Museum and Art Gallery is home to vast collections of fine and decorative arts, natural history and human history. The Plymouth Music Accord is an organisation of classical music consisting of many amateur and professional orchestras and choirs such as the South West Sinfonietta, Plymouth Symphony Orchestra, the Philharmonic Choir, Opera South West, the City of Plymouth Concert Band, the University of Plymouth Choir and Orchestra and Plymouth Jazz Club.

The Plymouth Pavilions opened in 1991, and stages regular music concerts to suit all tastes from rock and pop to ballet, and other live events. Many amateur dramatic societies and schools of dance function in Plymouth and regularly perform at the Athenaeum Theatre, Devonport Playhouse and Globe Theatre. On The Barbican is the Barbican Theatre providing the opportunity for the people of Plymouth to access and participate in high quality drama and acting, it also hosts a monthly comedy night. This architecturally praised building ensures that drama and acting continue to succeed in the city.

The Theatre Royal recently opened its Production and Education Centre on the waterfront at Cattedown, otherwise known as TR2. The premier theatre not only for Plymouth but of the entire Westcountry is the Theatre Royal and its Drum Theatre where many current and widely acclaimed productions are shown. Many highly acclaimed events and festivals are held in Plymouth including the British Fireworks Championships, World Championship Class 1 Powerboat Racing and Music of the Night, a massive outdoor production held every two years in The Royal Citadel involving the efforts of the 29th Commando Regiment, Royal Artillery, The Royal Artillery Band, the band of Her Majesty's Royal Marines and hundreds of local amateur performers. Plymouth was also one of the principal staging posts for the Normandy landings in June 1944.

To this day the entrance of the church has been referred to as Resurgam door and a granite plaque with the word engraved is now permanently placed there. In the midst of that devastation a famous wooden sign was anonymously posted over the door of St Andrew's Church saying simply "Resurgam" (a Latin word meaning "I shall rise again"), indicating the wartime spirit. 3,754 houses were destroyed with a further 18,398 seriously damaged. The two main shopping centres and nearly every civic building were destroyed, along with 20 schools and 40 churches.

At one point the population fell from 220,000, at the start of the conflict, to 127,000. Altogether 1,172 people were killed and 3,269 people were injured - these figures do not include the many service casualties. The last attack came on 30 April, 1944. The first bomb fell on the city on Saturday 6 July, 1940 at Swilly, killing 3 people.

Although the dockyards were the principal targets, civilian casualties were inevitably very high. The city was extensively blitzed during the Second World War, to the extent that approximately twice the amount of housing stock that existed prior to the war was destroyed during it (as a consequence of rebuilt houses being successively hit). Plymouth was one of Britain's principal naval dockyards, a naval tradition that continues to this day. A reminder to the people of Plymouth what consequences a repeated stance against the monarchy could have in future.

It is interesting to note that cannons were placed on the walls both facing out to sea and towards the town. After the restoration of the monarchy, construction of The Royal Citadel began in 1665. There are a number of Forts and Keeps from that era, the remains of which can still be seen. The town held out for almost four years until the defeat of the Royalists.

Plymouth sided with the Parliamentarians against Charles I in the English Civil War. Most visitors to Plymouth are drawn to the spectacular Plymouth Hoe, a stretch of greensward overlooking Plymouth Sound; it is believed that this is the place where Sir Francis Drake completed his game of bowls before setting sail to defeat the Spanish Armada. ^{[citation needed]}. On 14 December 1810, Plymouth was struck by the strongest tornado yet reported in the UK (as of August 2005), with a T8 rating on the TORRO scale, and a wind speed of 213 to 240 mph.

Plymouth was where the defeated Napolean Bonaparte was brought aboard the HMS Bellerophon before his exile to St Helena in 1815 and the surviving crew of the RMS Titanic disaster disembarked on their return to England in 1912. In 1403, the town was briefly occupied and burnt by the French, it was also from Plymouth that the Pilgrims sailed to the New World in 1620 aboard the Mayflower before landing at and founding the "Plymouth Colony". At the same time the name of the town was changed from Sutton to Plymouth. Sutton became a market town in 1254 and later was the first town incorporated by the English Parliament on 12 November, 1439.

The small port was later overshadowed by the rise of the fishing village of Sutton. When part of the Roman Empire this same port continued to trade tin along with cattle and hides. It is thought that tin was brought here from Dartmoor via the Plym and traded with the ancient Phoenicians. The earliest known settlement in Plymouth dates back to 1000BC with a small iron age trading port located at Mount Batten.

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. In the Royal Navy, "Guz" is a nickname for Devonport. People born in Plymouth are known as Plymothians or less formally as Janners.

Important locations in the city include The Royal Citadel, Devonport Dockyard and The Barbican from where the Pilgrims left for the New World in 1620. After the destruction of the dockyards and city centre in the blitz of 1941, Plymouth was rebuilt under the guidance of architect Patrick Abercrombie and is now one of the few remaining naval dockyards in Britain and the largest naval base in Western Europe. The city has a rich maritime past and was once one of the two most important Royal Navy bases in Britain, a factor that made the city a prime target of the Luftwaffe during the Second World War. It is located at the mouths of the rivers Plym and Tamar and at the head of one of the world's largest and most spectacular natural harbours, the Plymouth Sound.

Plymouth is a city in the South West of England, or alternatively the Westcountry, and is situated within the traditional county of Devon. Sekondi-Takoradi, Ghana. Plymouth, Massachusetts, United States (twinned 2001). San Sebastian, Spain (twinned 1990).

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