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PlayStation

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The PlayStation (Japanese: プレイステーション) is a video game console of the 32-bit era, first produced by Sony Computer Entertainment in the 1990s. The original PlayStation was the first of the PlayStation series of console and hand-held game devices, which has included successor machines including the PSone, PlayStation 2, PlayStation Portable, and the forthcoming PlayStation 3.


History

The PlayStation was launched in Japan on December 3, 1994, the USA on September 9, 1995 and Europe on September 29, 1995. In America, Sony enjoyed a very successful launch with titles of almost every genre including Toshinden, Twisted Metal, Warhawk, and Ridge Racer. Almost all of Sony and Namco's launch titles went on to produce numerous sequels.

The console was extremely popular, spawning the so-called "PlayStation Generation". Among many other games, the PlayStation is well known for the Tomb Raider, Final Fantasy, Resident Evil, Tekken, wipEout, Gran Turismo, Crash Bandicoot, Spyro, and Metal Gear Solid series of games. As of 18 May 2004, Sony has shipped 100 million PlayStation and PSOne consoles throughout the world. As of March 2004, there were 7,300 software titles available with cumulative software shipment of 949 million.

Nintendo and Sony's earlier co-operation in developing a CD-ROM based system (see SNES) lead to the former filing a lawsuit claiming breach of contract and attempted, in U.S. federal court, to obtain an injunction against the release of the PlayStation, on the grounds that Nintendo owned the name. The federal Judge presiding over the case denied the injunction.

Variants

An original PlayStation control pad. This model was later replaced by the DualShock PSone with LCD screen and a DualShock controller

Sony now produces a redesigned version of the original console, called the "PSone", in a smaller (and more ergonomic) case. The original PlayStation was often abbreviated to "PSX", the system's indevelopment codename, until 2003, when a new system formally named the PSX was introduced by Sony (an upgraded PlayStation 2 which includes a DVD burner, a hard drive, and digital video recorder). The PlayStation is now officially abbreviated as the "PS1" or "PSOne," although many people still abbreviate it "PSX".

A version of the PlayStation called the Net Yaroze was also produced. It is more expensive than the original PlayStation, coloured black instead of the usual gray, and most importantly, came with tools and instructions that allowed a user to be able to program PlayStation games and applications without the need for a full developers suite (which could cost many times the amount of a PlayStation). However, the Net Yaroze lacks many of the features the full developers suite provides. It is also unique in that it is the only official Sony PlayStation with no regional lockout; it will play games from any territory.

Another version that was colored blue (as opposed to regular console units that were gray in color) was available to game developers and select press. It had double the main RAM size (4 Megabytes instead of 2 Megabytes) and a CD-ROM emulator board connected to PC. It was also able to run in-development games which lacked region coding (which would be rejected by a normal PlayStation as though they were pirate copies). A few of these units eventually appeared for sale through somewhat dubious channels at high prices (~£299 when the PlayStation itself was selling at around £99).

The installation of a modchip allows PlayStation's capabilities to be expanded. This allows unauthorized copies of games to be played, but it also allows the playing of games from other countries. Since modchips allow playing games recorded on a regular CD-ROM, it created a wave of games developed without official Sony approval, using free GNU compiler tools.

Successors

Sony's successor to the PlayStation is the aptly titled PlayStation 2, which is largely compatible with its predecessor, in the sense that it can play most PlayStation games unmodified. This is done by embedding the most important parts of the PSOne inside the PlayStation 2 design, so two systems can be provided for the price of one. Unlike emulators that run on the PC, the Playstation 2 actually contains the original Playstation processor, allowing games to run exactly as they do on the Playstation. For Playstation 2 games this processor, called the IOP, is used for input and output (memory cards, DVD drive, network, and harddrive). The PlayStation 2 is based on a custom processor, known as the Emotion Engine, that Sony developed.

The next generation of the PlayStation is known as PlayStation 3 or PS3 and expected to be launched in 2006. The PS3 appears to be the first game console to use grid computing technology.

The PlayStation Portable (abbreviated PSP) is a handheld PlayStation for on-the-go gaming. The portable device will be available in Europe somewhere around early summer 2005, while it has already been released in Japan, the exact date being December 12, 2004, and was released in the US on March 24, 2005.

The PlayStation has historical links to an abortive CD-ROM add-on to the SNES, which would have been able to include large multimedia. For various reasons, including the failure of the Sega CD, that project was cancelled.

Screenshots

Specifications

Main CPU

A PlayStation motherboard

MIPS R3000A-compatible (R3051) 32bit RISC chip running at 33.8688 MHz

The chip is manufactured by LSI Logic Corp. with technology licensed from SGI. The chip also contains the Geometry Transformation Engine and the Data Decompression Engine.

Features:

  • Operating Performance of 30 MIPS
  • Bus Bandwidth 132 Mb/s
  • Instruction Cache 4 KB
  • Data Cache 1 KB (non associative, just 1024 bytes of mapped fast SRAM)

Geometry Transformation Engine

This engine is inside the main CPU chip. It gives it additional (vector-)math instructions used for the 3D graphics.

Features:

  • Operating Performance of 66 MIPS
  • 360,000 Flat-Shaded Polygons per second
  • 180,000 texture mapped and light-sourced polygons per second

Sony originally gave the polygon count as:

  • 1.5 Million Flat-Shaded Polygons per second
  • 500,000 texture mapped and light-sourced polygons per second

These figures were given as a ballpark figure for performance under optimal circumstances, and so are unrealistic under normal usage.

Data Decompression Engine

This engine is also inside the main CPU chip. It is responsible for decompressing images and video. Documented device mode is to read three RLE-encoded 16×16 macroblocks, run IDCT and assemble a single 16×16 RGB macroblock. Output data may be transferred directly to GPU via DMA. It is possible to overwrite IDCT matrix and some additional parameters, however MDEC internal instruction set was never documented.

Features:

  • Compatible with MPEG-1 and H.261 files
  • Operating Performance of 80 MIPS
  • Directly connected to CPU Bus

Graphics Processing Unit

This chip is separate to the CPU and handles all the 2D Graphics processing, which includes the transformed 3D polygons.

Features:

  • Maximum of 16.7 Million Colours
  • Resolutions from 256×224 to 640×480
  • Adjustable frame buffer
  • Unlimited Colour Lookup Tables
  • Maximum of 4000 8×8 pixel sprites with individual scaling and rotation
  • Emulation of simultaneous backgrounds (for parallax scrolling)
  • Flat or Gouraud shading, and texture mapping

Sound Processing Unit

Features:

  • Can handle ADPCM sources with up to 24 channels and up to 44.1 kHz sampling rate
  • Could perform digital effects including:
    • Pitch Modulation
    • Envelope
    • Looping
    • Digital Reverb
  • Could handle up to 512Kb of sampled waveforms
  • Supports MIDI instruments
  • PC file name format: .PSF

Memory

  • Main RAM: 2 Megabytes (4 Megabytes on "Blue" development console)
  • Video RAM: 1 Megabyte
  • Sound RAM: 512 Kilobytes
  • CD-Rom Buffer: 32 Kilobytes
  • Operating System ROM: 512 Kilobytes
  • PlayStation Memory Cards have 128 Kilobytes of space in an EEPROM

CD-ROM

Features:

  • Originally Single Speed, later replaced with a Two Speed drive, with a maximum data throughput of 300 KB/s
  • XA Compliant

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Features:. The CNN Center headquarters is located in Atlanta, GA. Features:. Georgia is also home to Ted Turner, who founded TBS, TNT, and CNN, among others. Features:. state). This chip is separate to the CPU and handles all the 2D Graphics processing, which includes the transformed 3D polygons. See also List of radio stations in Georgia (U.S.

Features:. It also operates, in whole or in part, several radio stations as Georgia Public Radio (GPR). It is possible to overwrite IDCT matrix and some additional parameters, however MDEC internal instruction set was never documented. Georgia Public Broadcasting (GPB) operates nine major educational television stations across the state as Georgia Public Broadcasting Television. Output data may be transferred directly to GPU via DMA. The three largest Protestant denominations in Georgia are: Baptist (51% of total state population), Methodist (12%), Presbyterian & Pentecostal & Episcopalian (tied 2%). Documented device mode is to read three RLE-encoded 16×16 macroblocks, run IDCT and assemble a single 16×16 RGB macroblock. Religiously, Georgia is overwhelmingly Protestant:.

It is responsible for decompressing images and video. Females made up approximately 50.8% of the population. This engine is also inside the main CPU chip. 7.3% of its population were reported as under 5 years of age, 26.5% under 18, and 9.6% were 65 or older. These figures were given as a ballpark figure for performance under optimal circumstances, and so are unrealistic under normal usage. Racially, Georgia is:. Sony originally gave the polygon count as:. More than half of the state's population lives in the Atlanta metro area.

Features:. Its population has grown 34% (2.2 million) from its 1990 levels, making it one of the fastest-growing states in the country. It gives it additional (vector-)math instructions used for the 3D graphics. As of 2003, the population of Georgia was 8,684,715, making it the 10th most populous state. This engine is inside the main CPU chip. Its industrial outputs are textiles and apparel, transportation equipment, food processing, paper products, chemical products, electric equipment, and tourism. Features:. Georgia's agricultural outputs are poultry and eggs, peanuts, cattle, hogs, dairy products, and vegetables.

The chip also contains the Geometry Transformation Engine and the Data Decompression Engine. Its per capita personal income for 2003 put it 31st in the nation at $29,000. with technology licensed from SGI. Georgia's 2003 total gross state product was $320 billion. The chip is manufactured by LSI Logic Corp. Several highways and short line railroads also traverse the state. MIPS R3000A-compatible (R3051) 32bit RISC chip running at 33.8688 MHz. Atlanta is still a major railroad hub for CSX and Norfolk Southern, in addition to being a major airport hub now as well.

For various reasons, including the failure of the Sega CD, that project was cancelled. Georgia is also the largest state east of the Mississippi River, since West Virginia seceded from Virginia during the Civil War. The PlayStation has historical links to an abortive CD-ROM add-on to the SNES, which would have been able to include large multimedia. The state is an important producer of cotton, tobacco, and forest products, notably the so-called "naval stores" such as turpentine and rosin from the pine forests. The portable device will be available in Europe somewhere around early summer 2005, while it has already been released in Japan, the exact date being December 12, 2004, and was released in the US on March 24, 2005. The capital is Atlanta, in the central part of northern Georgia, and the peach is a symbol of the state. The PlayStation Portable (abbreviated PSP) is a handheld PlayStation for on-the-go gaming. The highest point in Georgia is Brasstown Bald, 4784 feet (1458 m); the lowest point is sea level.

The PS3 appears to be the first game console to use grid computing technology. The central piedmont extends from the foothills to the fall line, where the rivers cascade down in elevation to the continental coastal plain of the southern part of the state. The next generation of the PlayStation is known as PlayStation 3 or PS3 and expected to be launched in 2006. The northern part of the state is in the Blue Ridge Mountains, a mountain range in the mountain system of the Appalachians. The PlayStation 2 is based on a custom processor, known as the Emotion Engine, that Sony developed. Georgia is bordered on the south by Florida, on the east by the Atlantic Ocean and South Carolina, on the west by Alabama, and on the north by Tennessee and North Carolina. For Playstation 2 games this processor, called the IOP, is used for input and output (memory cards, DVD drive, network, and harddrive). (See: list of Georgia counties.).

Unlike emulators that run on the PC, the Playstation 2 actually contains the original Playstation processor, allowing games to run exactly as they do on the Playstation. There is no true metropolitan government in Georgia, though the Atlanta Regional Commission and Georgia Regional Transportation Authority do provide some regional services, and the ARC must approve all major land development projects in metro Atlanta. This is done by embedding the most important parts of the PSOne inside the PlayStation 2 design, so two systems can be provided for the price of one. All taxes are collected by the state and then properly distributed according to any agreements that each county has with its cities. Sony's successor to the PlayStation is the aptly titled PlayStation 2, which is largely compatible with its predecessor, in the sense that it can play most PlayStation games unmodified. Up to 1% of a SPLOST can go to homestead exemptions. Since modchips allow playing games recorded on a regular CD-ROM, it created a wave of games developed without official Sony approval, using free GNU compiler tools. Local taxes are almost always charged on groceries but never prescriptions.

The installation of a modchip allows PlayStation's capabilities to be expanded. This allows unauthorized copies of games to be played, but it also allows the playing of games from other countries. Counties participating in MARTA have another 1%, the city of Atlanta (in two counties) has the only city sales tax (1%, total 8%) for fixing its old sewers. A few of these units eventually appeared for sale through somewhat dubious channels at high prices (~£299 when the PlayStation itself was selling at around £99). Each county may add up to a 2% SPLOST. It was also able to run in-development games which lacked region coding (which would be rejected by a normal PlayStation as though they were pirate copies). Georgia has a modest income tax and a 4% state sales tax, which is not applied to groceries or prescription drugs. It had double the main RAM size (4 Megabytes instead of 2 Megabytes) and a CD-ROM emulator board connected to PC. So far, only Columbus, Augusta, and Athens have done this.

Another version that was colored blue (as opposed to regular console units that were gray in color) was available to game developers and select press. Georgia does not provide for townships or independent cities, but does allow consolidated city-county governments by local referendum. It is also unique in that it is the only official Sony PlayStation with no regional lockout; it will play games from any territory. Conversely, the city of Sandy Springs is one of the largest in the state (over 80,000), but is not legally so since it is not yet incorporated, although a referendum is planned for the summer of 2005. However, the Net Yaroze lacks many of the features the full developers suite provides. Every incorporated town, no matter how small, is legally a city. It is more expensive than the original PlayStation, coloured black instead of the usual gray, and most importantly, came with tools and instructions that allowed a user to be able to program PlayStation games and applications without the need for a full developers suite (which could cost many times the amount of a PlayStation). Besides the counties, Georgia only defines cities as local units of government.

A version of the PlayStation called the Net Yaroze was also produced. Georgia's Constitution provides all counties and cities with "home rule" authority, and so the county commissions have considerable power to pass legislation within their county as a municipality would. The PlayStation is now officially abbreviated as the "PS1" or "PSOne," although many people still abbreviate it "PSX". Counties in Georgia have their own elected legislative branch, usually called the Board of Commissioners, which usually also has executive authority in the county. Sony now produces a redesigned version of the original console, called the "PSone", in a smaller (and more ergonomic) case. The original PlayStation was often abbreviated to "PSX", the system's indevelopment codename, until 2003, when a new system formally named the PSX was introduced by Sony (an upgraded PlayStation 2 which includes a DVD burner, a hard drive, and digital video recorder). Declaration of Independence. The federal Judge presiding over the case denied the injunction. Gwinnett County was named after Button Gwinnett, one of the delegates from Georgia who signed the U.S.

federal court, to obtain an injunction against the release of the PlayStation, on the grounds that Nintendo owned the name. Before 1932, there were 161, with Milton and Campbell being merged into Fulton at the end of 1931, during the Great Depression. Nintendo and Sony's earlier co-operation in developing a CD-ROM based system (see SNES) lead to the former filing a lawsuit claiming breach of contract and attempted, in U.S. Georgia also has 159 counties, the most of any state except Texas (254). As of March 2004, there were 7,300 software titles available with cumulative software shipment of 949 million. House of Representatives. Among many other games, the PlayStation is well known for the Tomb Raider, Final Fantasy, Resident Evil, Tekken, wipEout, Gran Turismo, Crash Bandicoot, Spyro, and Metal Gear Solid series of games. As of 18 May 2004, Sony has shipped 100 million PlayStation and PSOne consoles throughout the world. As of the 2001 reapportionment, the state has 13 congressmen and women in the U.S.

The console was extremely popular, spawning the so-called "PlayStation Generation". senators are Saxby Chambliss (Republican) and Johnny Isakson (Republican). Almost all of Sony and Namco's launch titles went on to produce numerous sequels. At the federal level, Georgia's two U.S. In America, Sony enjoyed a very successful launch with titles of almost every genre including Toshinden, Twisted Metal, Warhawk, and Ridge Racer. Judges for the smaller courts are elected by the state's citizens who live within that court's jurisdiction to four-year terms. The PlayStation was launched in Japan on December 3, 1994, the USA on September 9, 1995 and Europe on September 29, 1995. Justices of the Supreme Court and Judges of the Court of Appeals are elected statewide by the citizens in non-partisan elections to six-year terms.


. In addition, there are smaller courts which have more limited geographical jurisdiction, including State Courts, Superior Courts, Magistrate Courts and Probate Courts. The original PlayStation was the first of the PlayStation series of console and hand-held game devices, which has included successor machines including the PSone, PlayStation 2, PlayStation Portable, and the forthcoming PlayStation 3. State Judicial authority rests with the state Supreme Court and Court of Appeals, which have statewide authority. The PlayStation (Japanese: プレイステーション) is a video game console of the 32-bit era, first produced by Sony Computer Entertainment in the 1990s. The state Constitution mandates a maximum of 56 Senators, elected from single-member districts, and a minimum of 180 Representatives, apportioned among representative districts (which sometimes results in more than one Representative per district); there are currently 56 Senators and 180 Representatives. The term of office for Senators and Representatives is two years. XA Compliant. The Lieutenant Governor presides over the Senate, while the House of Representatives selects their own Speaker.

Originally Single Speed, later replaced with a Two Speed drive, with a maximum data throughput of 300 KB/s. Legislative authority resides in the General Assembly, composed of the Senate and House of Representatives. PlayStation Memory Cards have 128 Kilobytes of space in an EEPROM. (See: list of Georgia governors.). Operating System ROM: 512 Kilobytes. States, most of the executive officials who comprise the governor's cabinet are elected by the citizens of Georgia, rather than appointed by the governor. CD-Rom Buffer: 32 Kilobytes. Unlike the federal government, but like many other U.S.

Sound RAM: 512 Kilobytes. Both the governor and lieutenant governor are elected to four-year terms of office. Video RAM: 1 Megabyte. The Lieutenant Governor, currently Mark Taylor (Democrat), is elected on a separate ballot. Main RAM: 2 Megabytes (4 Megabytes on "Blue" development console). Executive authority in the state rests with the governor, currently Sonny Perdue (Republican). PC file name format: .PSF. States and the federal government, Georgia's government is based on the separation of legislative, executive and judicial power.

Supports MIDI instruments. As with all other U.S. Could handle up to 512Kb of sampled waveforms. The state capital is Atlanta. Digital Reverb. For over 130 years, from 1872 to 2003, Georgians only elected Democratic governors, and Democrats held the majority of seats in the General Assembly. Looping. Until recently, Georgia's state government had the longest unbroken record of single-party dominance of any state in the Union.

Envelope. The state's legislature also met at other temporary sites, including Macon, especially during the Civil War. Pitch Modulation. Georgia has had five "permanent" state capitals: colonial Savannah, which later alternated with Augusta; then for a decade at Louisville (pron. Lewis-ville), and from 1806 through the American Civil War at Milledgeville. Could perform digital effects including:

    . state to approve a literature censorship board in the United States. Can handle ADPCM sources with up to 24 channels and up to 44.1 kHz sampling rate. On February 19, 1953 Georgia became the first U.S.

    Flat or Gouraud shading, and texture mapping. On July 15, 1870, following Reconstruction, Georgia became the last former Confederate state to be readmitted to the Union. Emulation of simultaneous backgrounds (for parallax scrolling). This event served as the historical background for the book and movie Gone With the Wind. Maximum of 4000 8×8 pixel sprites with individual scaling and rotation. In December 1864, a large swath of the state was destroyed during General William Tecumseh Sherman's March to the Sea. Unlimited Colour Lookup Tables. On January 18, 1861 Georgia joined the Confederacy and became a major theater of the American Civil War.

    Adjustable frame buffer. This day is now known as Georgia Day, which is not a public holiday, but is mainly observed in schools and by some local civic groups. Resolutions from 256×224 to 640×480. Massive British settlement began in the early 1730s with James Oglethorpe, an Englishman in the British parliament, who promoted the idea that the area be used to settle people in a debtors' prison. On February 12, 1733, the first settlers landed in the HMS Anne at what was to become the city of Savannah. Maximum of 16.7 Million Colours. In 1724, it was first suggested that what was by then a British colony be called Province of Georgia in honor of King George II. Directly connected to CPU Bus. The conflict between Spain and Britain over control of Georgia began in earnest in about 1670, when the British, moving south from their Carolina colony in present-day South Carolina met the Spanish moving north from their base in Florida.

    Operating Performance of 80 MIPS. The local moundbuilder culture, described by Hernando de Soto in 1540, had completely disappeared by 1560. Compatible with MPEG-1 and H.261 files. Early on, a number of Spanish explorers visited the inland region of Georgia, leaving a trail of destruction behind them. 500,000 texture mapped and light-sourced polygons per second. Main article: History of Georgia. 1.5 Million Flat-Shaded Polygons per second. Navy ships have been named USS Georgia in honor of this state.

    180,000 texture mapped and light-sourced polygons per second. Several U.S. 360,000 Flat-Shaded Polygons per second. The state tree is the Southern live oak (Quercus virginiana), the state bird is the brown thrasher (Toxostoma rufum), and the state flower is the cherokee rose (Rosa laevigata). Operating Performance of 66 MIPS. Ray Charles sang it on the legislative floor when the bill passed. Data Cache 1 KB (non associative, just 1024 bytes of mapped fast SRAM). The state song, Georgia on My Mind by Hoagy Carmichael was originally written about a woman of that name, but after Georgia native Ray Charles sang it, the state legislature voted it the state song.

    Instruction Cache 4 KB. Georgia is also known as the Peach State or Empire State of the South . Bus Bandwidth 132 Mb/s. Georgia is one of the fastest growing states in the nation, with an estimated 8,829,383 people in 2004. Operating Performance of 30 MIPS. Georgia's population in 2000 was 8,186,453 (U.S. Census). It was the thirteenth colony and became the fourth state, ratifying the United States Constitution on January 2, 1788.

    Georgia was one of the thirteen colonies that revolted against British rule in the American Revolution. postal abbreviation is GA. Georgia is a southern state of the United States and its U.S. Non-Religious 5%.

    Other Religions 1%. Other Christian 1%. Roman Catholic 6%. Protestant 84%.

    1.4% Mixed race. 0.3% American Indian. 2.1% Asian. 5.3% Hispanic.

    28.7% Black. 62.6% White non-Hispanic. Interstate 285 (the Perimeter around Atlanta). Interstate 95.

    Interstate 85, Interstate 185, Interstate 985. Interstate 75, Interstate 475, Interstate 575. Interstate 59, Interstate 24. Interstate 20, Interstate 520.

    Interstate 16, Interstate 516.