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Platinum is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Pt and atomic number 78. A heavy, malleable, ductile, precious, grey-white transition metal, platinum is resistant to corrosion and occurs in some nickel and copper ores along with some native deposits. Platinum is used in jewellery, laboratory equipment, electrical contacts, dentistry, and automobile emissions control devices.
The metal appears silvery-white when pure, and firm. The metal is corrosion-resistant. The catalytic properties of the six platinum family metals are outstanding (a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen explodes in the presence of platinum). For this catalytic property, platinum is used in catalytic converters, incorporated in automobile exhaust systems, as well as tips of spark plugs.
Platinum's wear- and tarnish-resistance characteristics are well suited for making fine jewelry. Platinum is more precious than gold. The price of platinum changes along with its availability, but it normally costs about twice as much as gold. In the 18th century, platinum's rarity made King Louis XV of France declare it the only metal fit for a king.
Platinum possesses remarkable resistance to chemical attack, excellent high-temperature characteristics, and stable electrical properties. All these properties have been exploited for industrial applications. Platinum does not oxidise in air at any temperature, but can be corroded by cyanides, halogens, sulfur, and caustic alkalis. This metal is insoluble in hydrochloric and nitric acid, but does dissolve in the mixture known as aqua regia (forming chloroplatinic acid). Common oxidation states of platinum include +2, +3, and +4.
Naturally-occurring platinum and platinum-rich alloys have been known for a long time. Though the metal was used by pre-Columbian Native Americans, the first European reference to platinum appears in 1557 in the writings of the Italian humanist Julius Caesar Scaliger (1484-1558) as a description of a mysterious metal found in Central American mines between Darién (Panama) and Mexico ("up until now impossible to melt by any of the Spanish arts").
The Spaniards named the metal "platina," or little silver, when they first encountered it in Colombia. They regarded platinum as an unwanted impurity in the silver they were mining, and often discarded it.
Platinum was discovered by astronomer Antonio de Ulloa and Don Jorge Juan y Santacilia (1713-1773), both appointed by King Philip V to join a geographical expedition in Peru that lasted from 1735 to 1745. Among other things, Ulloa observed the platina del pinto, the unworkable metal found with gold in New Granada (Colombia). British privateers intercepted Ulloa's ship on the return voyage. Though he was well-treated in England, and even made a member of the Royal Society he was prevented from publishing a reference to the unknown metal until 1748. Before that could happen Charles Wood independently isolated the element in 1741.
The alchemical symbol for platinum (shown below) was made by joining the symbols of silver and gold.
The definition of a metre for a long time was based on the distance between two marks on a bar of a platinum-iridium alloy housed at the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures in Sèvres, France. A platinum-iridium cylinder serves to this day as the standard of the kilogram and is housed in the same facility as the metre bar. Platinum is also used in the definition of the Standard hydrogen electrode.
Platinum is often found as native platinum and alloyed with iridium as platiniridium. The platinum arsenide, sperrylite, is a major source of platinum associated with nickel ores in the Sudbury Basin deposit. The rare sulfide mineral cooperite, (Pt,Pd,Ni)S, contains platinum along with palladium and nickel. Cooperite occurs in the Merensky Reef within the Bushveld complex, Transvaal, South Africa.
Platinum, often accompanied by small amounts of other platinum family metals, occurs in alluvial placer deposits in the Witwatersrand of South Africa, Colombia, Ontario, the Ural Mountains, and in certain western American states.
Platinum is produced commercially as a by-product of nickel ore processing in the Sudbury deposit. The huge quantities of nickel ore processed makes up for the fact that platinum is present as only 0.5 ppm in the ore.
Naturally occurring platinum is composed of five stable isotopes and one radioisotope, Pt-190, which has a very long half-life (over 6 billion years or 190 Ps). There are also many other radioisotopes with the most stable being Pt-193 with a half-life of 50 years.
This metal doesn't normally cause health problems due to its unreactive nature. Platinum compounds rarely occur in nature. Certain platinum complexes (cis-platin) have been used in chemotherapy, as they have very good anti-tumor activity, though they do unfortunately cause cumulative irreversible kidney damage.
Platinum's rarity as a metal has caused advertisers to associate it with exclusivity and wealth. "Platinum" credit cards have greater privileges than do "gold" ones. "Platinum awards" are the highest possible, ranking above gold, silver and bronze. For example, a musical album that has sold more than 1,000,000 copies, will be credited as "platinum". And some products, such as blenders and vehicles, with a silvery-white colour are identified as "platinum". Platinum is considered a precious metal, although its use as such is much more rare than the use of gold or silver. The frame of the Crown of Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother, manufactured for her Coronation as Consort of King George VI is made of platinum. It was the first British Crown to be made of that metal. Due to its rarity, platinum is a highly priced metal, more so than gold or silver.
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Due to its rarity, platinum is a highly priced metal, more so than gold or silver. Therefore, it is safe to assume most usage of the term "PSX" in the 20th century refers to the unofficial name for the original PlayStation. It was the first British Crown to be made of that metal. The PSX DVR was released in Japan on December 13, 2003. The frame of the Crown of Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother, manufactured for her Coronation as Consort of King George VI is made of platinum. The media caught wind of the name and it has stuck ever since. Platinum is considered a precious metal, although its use as such is much more rare than the use of gold or silver. When the project was halted by Nintendo, Sony decided to redesign the PlayStation as a stand alone console, which was known internally as the PlayStation Experimental. And some products, such as blenders and vehicles, with a silvery-white colour are identified as "platinum". This usage derives from the fact that Sony originally developed the PlayStation as a CD-ROM and SNES hybrid unit. For example, a musical album that has sold more than 1,000,000 copies, will be credited as "platinum". PSX can refer to these following items:. "Platinum awards" are the highest possible, ranking above gold, silver and bronze. Unofficial name for the original PlayStation console. "Platinum" credit cards have greater privileges than do "gold" ones. The official name for a PlayStation 2-based DVR released in Japan. Platinum's rarity as a metal has caused advertisers to associate it with exclusivity and wealth. Certain platinum complexes (cis-platin) have been used in chemotherapy, as they have very good anti-tumor activity, though they do unfortunately cause cumulative irreversible kidney damage. Platinum compounds rarely occur in nature. This metal doesn't normally cause health problems due to its unreactive nature. There are also many other radioisotopes with the most stable being Pt-193 with a half-life of 50 years. Naturally occurring platinum is composed of five stable isotopes and one radioisotope, Pt-190, which has a very long half-life (over 6 billion years or 190 Ps). The huge quantities of nickel ore processed makes up for the fact that platinum is present as only 0.5 ppm in the ore. Platinum is produced commercially as a by-product of nickel ore processing in the Sudbury deposit. Platinum, often accompanied by small amounts of other platinum family metals, occurs in alluvial placer deposits in the Witwatersrand of South Africa, Colombia, Ontario, the Ural Mountains, and in certain western American states. Cooperite occurs in the Merensky Reef within the Bushveld complex, Transvaal, South Africa. The rare sulfide mineral cooperite, (Pt,Pd,Ni)S, contains platinum along with palladium and nickel. The platinum arsenide, sperrylite, is a major source of platinum associated with nickel ores in the Sudbury Basin deposit. Platinum is often found as native platinum and alloyed with iridium as platiniridium. Platinum is also used in the definition of the Standard hydrogen electrode. A platinum-iridium cylinder serves to this day as the standard of the kilogram and is housed in the same facility as the metre bar. The definition of a metre for a long time was based on the distance between two marks on a bar of a platinum-iridium alloy housed at the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures in Sèvres, France. The alchemical symbol for platinum (shown below) was made by joining the symbols of silver and gold. Before that could happen Charles Wood independently isolated the element in 1741. Though he was well-treated in England, and even made a member of the Royal Society he was prevented from publishing a reference to the unknown metal until 1748. British privateers intercepted Ulloa's ship on the return voyage. Among other things, Ulloa observed the platina del pinto, the unworkable metal found with gold in New Granada (Colombia). Platinum was discovered by astronomer Antonio de Ulloa and Don Jorge Juan y Santacilia (1713-1773), both appointed by King Philip V to join a geographical expedition in Peru that lasted from 1735 to 1745. They regarded platinum as an unwanted impurity in the silver they were mining, and often discarded it. The Spaniards named the metal "platina," or little silver, when they first encountered it in Colombia. Though the metal was used by pre-Columbian Native Americans, the first European reference to platinum appears in 1557 in the writings of the Italian humanist Julius Caesar Scaliger (1484-1558) as a description of a mysterious metal found in Central American mines between Darién (Panama) and Mexico ("up until now impossible to melt by any of the Spanish arts"). Naturally-occurring platinum and platinum-rich alloys have been known for a long time. Common oxidation states of platinum include +2, +3, and +4. This metal is insoluble in hydrochloric and nitric acid, but does dissolve in the mixture known as aqua regia (forming chloroplatinic acid). Platinum does not oxidise in air at any temperature, but can be corroded by cyanides, halogens, sulfur, and caustic alkalis. All these properties have been exploited for industrial applications. Platinum possesses remarkable resistance to chemical attack, excellent high-temperature characteristics, and stable electrical properties. In the 18th century, platinum's rarity made King Louis XV of France declare it the only metal fit for a king. The price of platinum changes along with its availability, but it normally costs about twice as much as gold. Platinum is more precious than gold. Platinum's wear- and tarnish-resistance characteristics are well suited for making fine jewelry. For this catalytic property, platinum is used in catalytic converters, incorporated in automobile exhaust systems, as well as tips of spark plugs. The catalytic properties of the six platinum family metals are outstanding (a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen explodes in the presence of platinum). The metal is corrosion-resistant. The metal appears silvery-white when pure, and firm. . Platinum is used in jewellery, laboratory equipment, electrical contacts, dentistry, and automobile emissions control devices. A heavy, malleable, ductile, precious, grey-white transition metal, platinum is resistant to corrosion and occurs in some nickel and copper ores along with some native deposits. Platinum is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Pt and atomic number 78. Nuclides and Isotopes Fourteenth Edition: Chart of the Nuclides, General Electric Company, 1989. Los Alamos National Laboratory - Platinum. electrodes for use in electrolysis. platinum resistance thermometers,. For example, cisplatin, carboplatin and oxaliplatin belong to this class of drugs,. certain platinum-containing compounds are capable of intercalating into DNA and are chemotherapeutic agents owing to this capability. catalyst utilized in the catalytic converter, an optional component of the gasoline-fuelled automobile exhaust system (see "Notable characteristics" in this article),. |