Peter I of Russia

. Garrett Anderson attended Kennedy High School in Granada Hills,California.While there,he was a three sport star in baseball,football,and basketball.In baseball,he won two All-Los Angeles City honors,and two All-League Honors,and as a junior,helped his team win the Los Angeles city chamionship.In basketball,as a senior,he won All-Los Angeles City honors,and All-League honors.
. In an eleven-year career, Anderson is a .299 hitter with 207 home runs and 947 RBI in 1477 games. The Russian communists consider the modern era as beginning with Peter's reign, and being surpassed by the contemporary era with the October revolution. He bats and throws left-handed. His project for a canal to link the Baltic and the White Seas for both commercial and naval use was carried out under Stalin, for example, though in a haphazard manner with great loss of life and resulting in a militarily useless canal. Garret Joseph Anderson (born June 30, 1972 in Los Angeles, California) is a left fielder in Major League Baseball who has played for the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim (1994-present).

They looked to Peter the Great as a model to surpass, for they wanted to over-complete the modernization of Russia. Set a club-record 990 RBI, breaking the old mark set by Tim Salmon (2005). In the twentieth century, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union took it as its point of honor to surpass in every regard anything that any Tsar had ever done. Twice led American League in doubles (2002-03). No child would simply and directly succeed his or her parent until Paul followed Catherine the Great in 1796, over seventy years after Peter had died.
. Top 10 MVP (2002, 4th). Thereafter, inheritance of the Throne was generally chaotic—the next two monarchs were descendants of Peter I's half brother Ivan V, but the Throne was restored to Peter's own descendants through a coup d'état in 1741. Home Run Derby winner (2003).

Upon her death in 1727, the Empress Catherine was succeeded by Aleksei's son, Peter II, bringing the direct male line of Romanov monarchs to an end. Twice Silver Slugger Award (2002-03). The lack of clear succession rules led to many succession conflicts in the subsequent "era of palace revolutions." Peter was succeeded by his wife Catherine, who had the aid of the imperial guards. The Sporting News Rookie of the Year (1995). A law of 1722 had allowed Peter to choose his own successor, but he failed to take advantage of it before he died from an illness in 1725. All-Star Game MVP (2003). Peterhof (Dutch for "Peter's Court") was a grand residence, becoming known as the "Russian Versailles" (after the great French Palace of Versailles). Three-time All-Star (2002-03, 2005).

In 1725, construction of Peterhof, a palace near St Petersburg, was completed. Aleksei's friends had also been tortured. Aleksei's mother Eudoxia had also been punished; she was dragged from her home and tried on false charges of adultery. All of Peter's male children had died—the eldest son, Aleksei, had been tortured and killed on Peter's orders in 1718 because he had disobeyed his father and opposed official policies.

In 1724, Peter had his second wife, Catherine, crowned as Empress, although he continued to remain Russia's actual ruler. The taxes on land on households were payable only by individuals who owned property or maintained families; the new head taxes, however, were payable by serfs and paupers. He abolished the land tax and household tax, and replaced them with a capitation. Peter also introduced new taxes to fund improvements in Saint Petersburg.

The Table of Ranks continued to remain in effect until the Russian monarchy was overthrown in 1917. In order to deprive the Boyars of their high positions, Peter directed that precedence should be determined by merit and service to the Emperor. Formerly, precedence had been determined by birth. In 1722, Peter created a new order of precedence, known as the Table of Ranks.

In 1721, he followed an advise of Feofan Prokopovich and erected the Holy Synod, a council of ten clergymen, to take the place of the Patriarch and Coadjutor. In 1700, when the office fell vacant, Peter had refused to name a replacement, allowing the Patriarch's Coadjutor (or deputy) to discharge the duties of the office. The traditional leader of the Church was the Patriarch of Moscow. Peter also reformed the government of the Orthodox Church.

Several rulers feared that Peter would claim authority over them, just as the Holy Roman Emperor had once claimed suzerainty over all Christian nations. In the minds of many, the word "Emperor" connoted superiority or pre-eminence over mere Kings. (Some proposed that he take the title "Emperor of the East," but he refused.) His imperial title was recognized by Augustus II of Poland, Frederick William I of Prussia and Frederick I of Sweden, but not by the other European monarchs. In 1721, soon after peace was made with Sweden, he was acclaimed Emperor of All Russia.

Peter's last marked by further reforms in Russia. The Tsar was, however, permitted to retain some Finnish lands close to Saint Petersburg, which he had made his capital in 1712. In turn, Russia paid two million Riksdaler and surrendered most of Finland. Russia acquired Ingria, Estonia, Livonia and a substantial portion of Karelia.

In 1721, the Treaty of Nystad ended what became known as the Great Northern War. Sweden made peace with all powers but Russia by 1720. Still, Charles refused to yield, and not until his death in battle in 1718 did peace become feasible. Peter also obtained the assistance of Hanover and the Kingdom of Prussia.

The Tsar's navy was so powerful that the Russians could penetrate Sweden. Most of Finland was occupied by the Russians in 1714. Peter's northern armies took the Swedish province of Livonia (the northern half of modern Latvia, and the southern half of modern Estonia), driving the Swedes back into Finland. In return, the Sultan expelled Charles XII from his territory.

Peter's campaign in the Ottoman Empire was disastrous; in the ensuing peace treaty, Peter was forced to return the Black Sea ports he had seized in 1697. Peter, however, mistrusted the Boyars; he abolished the Duma and created a Senate of ten members. Normally, the Boyar Duma would have exercised power during his absence. Peter foolishly attacked the Ottomans in 1711.

Charles fled to the then-neutral Ottoman Empire, where he tried to convince the Sultan, Ahmed III, to help him in a renewed campaign. In Poland, August II was restored as King. Peter reaped the benefits of years of work on improvements to the Russian army, inflicting almost ten thousand casualties and afterwards capturing what remained of the Swedish army. Charles then found Peter much more aggressive, and the battle both yearned for took place at Poltava on 27 June.

In the summer of 1709, they nevertheless resumed their efforts to capture Ukraine. Thus, the Swedes became incapable of capturing Russian supplies, and suffered in the bitterly cold winter of 1708–1709. Skillfully, Peter withdrew southward, destroying any Russian property that could assist the Swedes along the way. Charles refused to retreat to Poland or back to Sweden, instead invading Ukraine.

Deprived of this aid, Charles was forced to abandon his proposed march on Moscow. In the Battle of Lesnaya, however, Charles suffered his first ever loss after Peter crushed a group of Swedish reinforcements marching from Riga. After crossing into Russia, Charles defeated Peter at Golovchin in July. Charles XII turned his attention to Russia, invading it in 1708.

Following several defeats, the Polish King August II abdicated in 1706. Martha converted to Orthodox Christianity and took the name Catherine, allegedly marrying Peter in secret in 1707. He also took Martha Skavronskaya as a mistress. He forbade the building of stone edifices outside Saint Petersburg — which he wanted to become Russia's capital — so that all the stonemasons could participate in the construction of the new city.

As the Poles and Swedes fought each other, Peter founded the great city of Saint Petersburg (named for Saint Peter the Apostle) in Ingria (which he had captured from Sweden) in 1703. Confident he could beat Peter at his leisure, Charles ignored these campaigns, and continued to wage war primarily in Poland and Saxony. Peter improved his own army, conquering modern Estonia. Russia could not meaningfully participate for years, and Charles meanwhile concentrated on Poland and Saxony.

Russia turned out to be ill-prepared to fight the well-trained Swedes, and their first attempt at seizing the Baltic coast ended in disaster at the Battle of Narva in 1700. Sweden was also opposed by Denmark, Norway, Saxony and Poland. Peter declared war on Sweden, which was at the time led by the sixteen-year old King Charles XII. He sought to acquire control of the Baltic Sea, which had been taken by Sweden a half-century earlier.

Peter made peace with the Ottoman Empire and turned his attention to Russian maritime supremacy. Traditionally, the years were reckoned from the purported creation of the World, but after Peter's reforms, they were to be counted from the birth of Christ. In 1699, Peter also abolished the traditional Russian calendar, in which the year began on 1 September, in favor of the Julian calendar, in which the year began on 1 January. Boyars who sought to retain their beards were required to pay an annual tax of one hundred rubles.

He commanded all of his courtiers and officials to cut off their long beards and wear European clothing. Peter's visits to the West impressed upon him the notion that European customs were in several respects superior to Russian traditions. [1]. Sheremetyev also investigated the possiblity of future joint ventures with the Knights, including action against the Turks and the possibility of a future Russian naval base.

In 1698, Peter sent a delegation to Malta under boyar Boris Petrovich Sheremetyev, to observe the training and abilities of the Knights of Malta and their fleet. The Tsaritsa had borne Peter three children, although only one—the Tsarevich Aleksei—had survived past his childhood. He divorced the Tsaritsa, Eudoxia Lopukhina, whom he had deserted long earlier. Also, upon his return from his European tour, Peter sought to end his unhappy marriage.

The streltsy were disbanded, and the individual they sought to put on the Throne—Peter's half-sister Sophia—was forced to become a nun. Over 1200 of them were tortured and executed, with Peter acting as one of the executioners. Peter nevertheless acted ruthlessly towards the mutineers. The rebellion was, however, easily crushed before Peter returned; of the Tsar's troops, only one was killed.

His visit was cut short in 1698, when he was forced to rush home by a rebellion of the streltsy. He studied shipbuilding in Deptford and Amsterdam, and artillery in Königsberg. In visiting England, the Holy Roman Empire and France, Peter learnt much about Western culture. The Grand Embassy, although failing to complete the mission of creating an anti-Ottoman alliance, still continued to travel across Europe.

Peter, furthermore, had chosen the most inopportune moment; the Europeans at the time were more concerned about who would succeed the childless Spanish King Charles II than about fighting the Ottoman Sultan. Peter's hopes were dashed; France was a traditional ally of the Ottoman Sultan, and Austria was eager to maintain peace in the east whilst conducting its own wars in the west. In 1697, he traveled to Europe along with a large delegation of advisors—the "Grand Embassy"—to seek the aid of the European monarchs. Peter knew that Russia could not face the mighty Ottoman Empire alone.

He launched about thirty ships against the Ottomans in 1696, capturing Azov in July of that year. Peter returned to Moscow in November of that year, and promptly began building a large navy. In the summer of 1695, Peter organized the Azov campaigns in order to take the fortress, but his attempts ended in failure. Peter's primary objective became the capture of the Ottoman fortress of Azov, near the Don River.

He was forced to wage war against the Crimean Khan and against the Khan's overlord, the Ottoman Sultan. Peter instead attempted to acquire control of the Caspian Sea, but to do so he would have to expel the Tatars from the surrounding areas. The Baltic Sea was at the time controlled by Sweden. His only outlet at the time was the White Sea.

To improve his nation's position on the seas, Peter sought to gain more maritime outlets. He faced much opposition to these policies at home, but brutally suppressed any and all rebellions against his authority. Heavily influenced by his western advisors, Peter reorganized the Russian army along European lines and dreamt of making Russia a maritime power. Early in his reign, Peter implemented sweeping reforms aimed at modernising Russia.

Peter became the sole ruler when Ivan died in 1696. Formally, Ivan V remained a co-ruler with Peter, although he was still ineffective. It was only when Nataliya died in 1694 that Peter became truly independent. Power was instead exercised by his mother, Nataliya Naryshkina.

Still, Peter could not acquire actual control over Russian affairs. She was therefore overthrown, with Peter I and Ivan V continuing to act as co-Tsars. Unfortunately for Sophia, a rival faction of the streltsy had already been plotting against her. When she learnt of his designs, Sophia began to conspire with the leaders of the streltsy.

By the summer of 1689, Peter had planned to take power from his half-sister Sophia, whose position had been weakened by the unsuccessful campaigns in The Crimea. The marriage was an utter failure, and ten years later Peter forced her to become a nun and thus freed himself from the marriage. Peter's mother sought to force him to adopt a less unconventional approach and arranged his marriage to Eudoxia Lopukhina in 1689. The ships he built were used during mock battles.

He engaged in such pastimes as ship-building and sailing. Peter, meanwhile, was not particularly concerned that others ruled in his own name. For seven years, she ruled as an autocrat. Sophia acted as Regent during the minority of the two Sovereigns and exercised all power.

Sophia insisted that Peter and Ivan be proclaimed joint Tsars, with Ivan being acclaimed as the senior of the two. The memory of this violence may have caused trauma during Peter's later years. In the subsequent conflict, many of Peter's relatives and friends were murdered—Peter even witnessed the butchery of one of his uncles by a mob. But one of Aleksei's daughters by his first marriage, Sophia Alekseyevna, led a rebellion of the Streltsy (Russia's élite military corps).

Consequently, the Boyar Duma (a council of Russian nobles) chose the ten-year old Peter to become Tsar, his mother becoming regent. Properly, Ivan was next in the line of succession, but he was an invalid and of infirm mind. Fyodor III's uneventful reign ended within six years; as Fyodor did not leave any children, a dispute over the succession between the Naryshkin and Miloslavskyi families broke out. Fyodor is a more proper rendition of the name--though the variant "Feodor" often appears--the Russian Cyrillic equivalent being Фёдор, the second letter of which [ё] takes the sound "yo." (It should be noted passim that one very rarely sees the form ё in print, the dieresis almost always being omitted--leaving a bare e--unless the vehicle is a primer with a target audience of young children who have not yet learned to read.).

(Note the confusion in this article--in the vein of the preceding [since corrected] misspelling of Alekseyevich in Russian Cyrillic characters--over spelling conventions. Aleksei I went on to have two further daughters by Nataliya Naryshkina--Anna, who died in her twenties, and Elizabeth, who took the throne of Russia 1741-1761, before dying in 1676, to be succeeded by his eldest surviving son, who became Fyodor III. Alexei I had previously married Maria Miloslavskaya, having five sons and eight daughters by her, although only two of the sons—Feodor and Ivan—were alive when Peter was born. Peter, the son of Aleksei Mikhailovich of Russia and his second wife, Nataliya Kyrillovna Naryshkina, was born in Moscow.

. Peter was an extraordinarily tall and powerful man, at six foot seven inches (2.04 meters), with large, green and ambitious eyes that showed his desire and desperation to turn Russia into the great modern Empire that it once was. Senate Chancellor Golovkin added "the Great, Father of His Country, Emperor of All the Russias" to Peter's traditional title Tsar following a speech by the archbishop of Pskov in 1721. Peter carried out a policy of "Westernization" and expansion that transformed Russia into a major European power.

Peter then ruled alone until 1724, whenceforth he ruled jointly with his wife, Yekaterina I. Known as Peter the Great (Пётр Великий, Pyotr Velikiy), he was at first a joint ruler with his weak and sickly half-brother, Ivan V, who died in 1696. Peter I (Пётр I Алексейевич in Russian, or Pyotr I Alexeyevich) (10 June 1672–8 February 1725 [30 May 1672– 28 January 1725] O.S.¹]) ruled Russia from 7 May (27 April O.S.) 1682 until his death. Caesaropapism.

Peter the Great and the Russian Empire. Peterhof - Peter the Great's summer palace.