Pete Rozelle

The Removal Act was especially popular in the South, where population growth and the discovery of gold on Cherokee land increased pressure on tribal lands. Remini, Jackson favored relocating Native American tribes outside existing states primarily for national security reasons, since most American Indians had sided with the British in the Revolution and the War of 1812. According to biographer Robert V. The Removal Act did not order the removal of any American Indians, but it authorized the President to negotiate treaties that would exchange tribal land in the east for western lands that had been acquired in the Louisiana Purchase.

Jackson was a strong supporter of the policy of Indian Removal, and he signed the Indian Removal Act into law in 1830. The crisis was resolved in 1833 with a compromise settlement which, by substantially lowering the tariffs, hinted that the central government considered itself weak in dealing with determined opposition by an individual state. Jackson also denied the right of secession: "The Constitution...forms a government not a league...To say that any State may at pleasure secede from the Union is to say that the United States is not a nation.". On December 10, he issued a resounding proclamation against the nullifiers, stating: "I consider...the power to annul a law of the United States, assumed by one State, incompatible with the existance of the Union, contradicted expressly by the letter of the Constitution, unauthorized by its spirit, inconsistent with every principle on which it was founded, and destructive of the great object for which it was formed." South Carolina, the president declared, stood on "the brink of insurrection and treason," and he appealed to the people of the state to reassert their allegiance to that Union for which their ancestors had fought.

In response to South Carolina's threat, Congress passed a "Force Bill" and Jackson vowed to send troops to South Carolina in order to enfore the laws. Calhoun responded in a trembling voice "The Union: next to our liberty, most dear!," an astonishingly quick-witted riposte. Jackson rose first and voice booming, yelled out "Our federal Union: IT MUST BE PRESERVED!", a clear challenge to Calhoun. Particularly famous was an incident at the April 13, 1829 Jefferson Day dinner, involving after-dinner toasts.

Although Jackson sympathized with the Southern interpretation of the tariff debate, he was also a strong supporter of federalism (in the sense of supporting a strong union with considerable powers for the central government) and attempted to face Calhoun down over the issue, which developed into a bitter rivalry between the two men. Calhoun, in the South Carolina Exposition and Protest of 1828, supported the claim of his home state, South Carolina, that it had the right to "nullify" — declare illegal — the tariff legislation of 1828, and more generally the right of a state to nullify laws which went against its interests. The issue came to a head when Vice President John C. High tariffs (the "Tariff of Abominations") on imports of common goods were seen by many in Southern states as unfairly benefiting Northern merchants and industrial entrepreneurs at the expense of those who had to buy the goods subject to the tariffs, mostly Southern farmers.

Another notable crisis of Jackson's period of office was the nullification crisis (or secession crisis), of 1828-1832, which merged issues of sectional strife and disagreements over trade tariffs. The United States Senate censured Jackson on March 27, 1834 for his actions in defunding the Bank of the United States. It was a Pyrrhic victory, however, as the Bank's money-lending functions were taken over by the legions of local and state banks that sprang up along with the expansion of credits and speculation, and the commercial progress of the nation's economy was noticeably dented. funds in 1833.

After a titanic struggle, Jackson succeeded in destroying the Bank by vetoing its 1832 recharter by Congress and withdrawing U.S. Jackson followed Jefferson as a supporter of the ideal of an agricultural republic, and felt the Bank improved the fortunes of an elite circle of commercial and industrial entrepreneurs at the expense of farmers and laborers. Jackson's opposition to the Bank manifested as a strong personal dislike for its president, Nicholas Biddle. In Jackson's opinion, the Bank needed to be abolished because:.

economy, but Jackson opposed the concept on ideological grounds. Both Banks were instrumental in the growth of the U.S. It was followed by the second Bank, authorized by James Madison in 1816 to alleviate the economic problems caused by the War of 1812. This first Bank lapsed in 1811.

The original Bank of the United States had been introduced in 1791 by Alexander Hamilton as a way of organizing the federal government's finances. As President, Jackson worked to dismantle the Second Bank of the United States. Additionally, Jackson pressured states to lower voting requirements to further the expansion of democracy. This practice has endured in political circles in the United States ever since.

Jackson saw this system as promoting the growth of democracy, as more people were involved in politics. Upon his election as President, a sizable number of people holding federal offices found that they had suddenly been replaced by supporters of Jackson who had worked to ensure his election. Jackson is remembered for introducing the spoils system, or patronage, to American politics. (Though born in the Carolinas, Jackson spent virtually all his adult life in Tennessee.) This was the first election in which many states allowed people without land to vote, and they voted for Jackson.

He was also the first President from a state west of the Appalachian Mountains. Jackson's election represented a significant break from that past. John Quincy Adams was the son of John Adams. James Monroe fought in the Revolutionary War.

Constitution. Washington, Adams, Jefferson and Madison were notable figures in the War of Independence and in the formation of the U.S. President to come from outside the original Revolutionary circle. Jackson was the first U.S.

He won a solid victory in his second attempt in 1828 as the first nominee of the Democratic Party. Jackson's defeat burnished his political credentials, however, since many voters believed the man of the people had been robbed by the corrupt aristocrats of the East. Electoral College. Jackson himself favored reform of the electoral system afterwards, including abolishing the U.S.

The election was considered dirty and, by many, stolen. The election was thrown into the House of Representatives, which chose John Quincy Adams instead. During his first run for the Presidency in 1824, Jackson received a plurality of both the popular and electoral votes, but not a majority. Jackson was subsequently appointed territorial governor there.

a post of annoyance to them." Adams used Jackson's conquest and Spain's own weaknesses to convince the Spanish (in the Adams-Onís Treaty) to cede Florida to the United States. or cede to the United States a province, of which she retains nothing but the nominal possession, but which is, in fact, .. When the Spanish minister demanded a "suitable punishment" for Jackson, Adams wrote back "Spain must immediately [decide] either to place a force in Florida adequate at once to the protection of her territory, .. His actions were defended by Secretary of State John Quincy Adams.

This also created an international incident, and many in the Monroe administration called for Jackson to be censured. Jackson's action also struck fear into the Seminole tribes as his ruthlessness in battle spread. He captured, tried, and executed two British subjects who had been supplying and advising the Indians. He captured Pensacola with little more than some warning shots and deposed the Spanish governor.

Jackson believed that the United States would not be secure as long as Spain and Great Britain encouraged American Indians to fight and argued that his actions were undertaken in self defense. In his investigation, he found letters that indicated that the Spanish and British were secretly assisting the Indians. Jackson's Tennessee volunteers were attacked by Seminoles, but this left their villages vulnerable and Jackson burned them and their crops. John Rhea [a mutual confidant]) that the possession of the Floridas would be desirable to the United States, and in sixty days it will be accomplished." Monroe gave Jackson orders that were purposely ambiguous, sufficient for international denials.

Before going, Jackson wrote to Monroe, ""Let it be signified to me through any channel (say Mr. It was later said that Jackson exceeded his orders in Florida actions, but Monroe and the public wanted Florida. Jackson saw military service again in what would become known as the First Seminole War when he was requested by James Monroe in December 1817 [3] to lead a campaign in Florida against the Seminole and Creek Indians and prevent Florida from being a refuge for runaway slaves. [2].

The British had over 2,000 casualties to Jackson's 71 killed, wounded or missing. In the battle, he opposed 12,000 of the Duke of Wellington's finest troops, led by the Duke's brother-in-law Edward Pakenham, with 6,000 of his own. The war, and particularly his command at the Battle of New Orleans on January 8, 1815, made his national reputation and he advanced in rank to Major General. He was a strict officer, but was popular with his troops and was said to have been "tough as old hickory" wood on the battlefield, which gave him his nickname.

His service in the War of 1812 was conspicuous for its bravery and success. Jackson upon both his Northern Creek enemy and Southern Creek allies wresting 20 million acres from all Creeks for white settlement. Following the victory Jackson imposed the Treaty of Ft. Sam Houston and David Crockett served under him at this time.

Although 800 Northern Creek Band indians were killed in the battle, Jackson spared Weatherford's life from any acts of vengence. In the Creek War, a theatre of the War of 1812, he defeated the Red Stick Creeks at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend aided by allies from the Southern Creek Indian Band, who had requested Jackson's aid in putting down what they considered to be the rebellious Red Sticks, as well as Cherokee Indians. Indian Agent Benjamin Hawkins. In 1813, after a massacre of 400 men, women and children at Fort Mims (in what is now Alabama) by Northern Creek Band chieftain Peter McQueen, Jackson commanded in the campaign against the Northern Creek Band of Indians of Alabama and Georgia aka the "Red Sticks." Creek leaders such as William Weatherford (Red Eagle), Peter McQueen, and Menawa, who had been allies of the British during the War of 1812, violently clashed with other chiefs of the Creek Nation over white encroachment on Creek lands and the "civilizing" programs administered by U.S.

He became a colonel in the Tennessee militia, which he led since 1801, the beginning of his military career. [1]. In 1798, he was appointed Judge on the Supreme Court of Tennessee. Senator in 1797, but quit within a year.

He was elected as Tennessee's first Congressman upon statehood in the late 1790s, and quickly became a U.S. In 1795, he fought a duel with an opposing counsel over a courtroom argument. His courtroom demeanor was of his time. Most of the actions grew out of disputed land-claims or assault and battery.

Since he was not of a distinguished family, he had to make his career by his own merits, and soon he began to prosper in the rough-and-tumble world of frontier law. He came to Tennessee by 1787, having barely read law, but finding it enough to become a young lawyer on the frontier. Jackson admired Napoleon Bonaparte for his willingness to contest British military supremacy. This anglophobia would be combined with a distrust and dislike of Eastern aristocrats stemming from his feeling that they were too inclined to favor and emulate their former colonial masters.

In addition, two of Jackson's brothers and his mother -- his entire remaining family -- died from wartime hardships that he also blamed on the British. When Jackson refused to clean the boots of a British officer, the irate redcoat slashed him with a sword, giving Jackson the scars (and intense hatred for the British) that he would carry all his life. During the Revolution, after the surrender to the British at Charleston, he was taken as a prisoner to Camden and nearly starved. The war took the lives of Jackson's entire immediate family.

President to have been a veteran of the American Revolution, and the only President to have been a prisoner of war. Jackson was the last U.S. He was captured and imprisoned by the British in the American Revolutionary War. At age thirteen he joined the Continental Army as a courier.

He received a sporadic education. Jackson himself always stated he was born in South Carolina. Both North Carolina and South Carolina have claimed him as a native son. Jackson was born in a backwoods settlement in the Waxhaws area in the Carolinas on March 15, 1767.

. A number of cities are named after him, notably Jacksonville, Florida and Jackson, Mississippi. Jackson became the symbol of an era in American history—known as the "Age of Jackson" or the "Jacksonian Era"—an era traditionally seen as dominating the years between the War of 1812 and the Civil War. He was the first president who had lived on the American frontier, and thus the first not primarily associated with one of the original thirteen colonies.

Jackson was nicknamed "Old Hickory" and (by American Indians) "Sharp Knife". Until his election, every President had either been from Massachusetts or a member of the Virginia plantation elite. Andrew Jackson (March 15, 1767–June 8, 1845), one of the founders of the Democratic Party, was the seventh President of the United States, serving from 1829 to 1837. ISBN 0809015528 (paperback), ISBN 0809066319 (hardback).

New York: Hill & Wang, 1993. The Long, Bitter Trail: Andrew Jackson and the Indians. Wallace, Anthony F.C. Winner of the Pulitzer Prize for History.

ISBN 0316773441. Originally published Boston: Little, Brown, 1945, often reprinted. The Age of Jackson. Jr.

Schlesinger, Arthur M. ISBN 0670910252. New York: Viking, 2001. Remini, Andrew Jackson and his Indian Wars.

Robert V. Abridgment of Remini's 3-volume biography, originally published New York: Harper, 1998 (ISBN 0060159049); reprinted 2001 (ISBN 0060937351). Remini, The Life of Andrew Jackson. Robert V.

Combines two books: The Border Captain and Andrew Jackson: Portrait of a President; winner of the Pulitzer Prize for Biography. The Life of Andrew Jackson New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1938. James, Marquis. ISBN 0375414282.

New York: Knopf, 2003. The Passions of Andrew Jackson. Brustein, Andrew. 1986), ISBN 0940450356.

Henry Adams, History of the United States of America During the Administrations of James Madison (Library Classics of the United State, Inc. It must be preserved!". "Our federal union. I can command a body of men in a rough way, but I am not fit to be president.".

"I know what I am fit for. "Any man worth his salt will stick up for what he believes right, but it takes a slightly better man to acknowledge instantly and without reservation that he is in error.". "There is no pleasure in having nothing to do; the fun is having lots to do and not doing it.". Its evils exist only in its abuses.".

"There are no necessary evils in government. "It is a damn poor mind indeed which can think of only one way to spell a word.". "One man with courage makes a majority.". "Corporations have neither bodies to kick nor souls to damn.".

James Moore Wayne. Henry Baldwin. John McLean. Executive Order: Specie Circular (1836).

Signed Force Bill of 1833. Vetoed renewal of Second Bank of the United States (1832). Signed Indian Removal Act of 1830. Maysville Road Veto.

it favored Northeastern states over Southern and Western (now Midwestern) states. Congress;. it exercised too much control over members of U.S. it exposed the government to control by foreign interests;.

it concentrated an excessive amount of the nation's financial strength;. it was unconstitutional;.