Pepsi-Cola

Spears was eventually replaced by Beyonce Knowles, but ironically Spears would rejoin Pepsi's ad campaign again in a gladiator-spoof commercial in 2003, alongside Knowles, P!nk and Enrique Iglesias. Such methods might including comparative techniques, expert opinion and the evaluation of written and verbal records, where these are available. In 1999, Britney Spears became the new spokesperson for the chain, but was dropped 3 years later when she was spied drinking its rival Coca-Cola in public. It is however widely held that at best, testing can only be of use when combined with other, more traditional, methods for helping to establish provenance. Pepsi promptly dropped her, although she kept her 5 million dollar fee for the ads. Other tests can be used to determine the composition of glazes and body materials, for comparison with the results of analyses carried out on reference specimens of known provenance. A year later Pepsi's attempts to make Madonna a new Pepsi spokesperson ended with the infamous "Like a Prayer" incident when Madonna's video brought charges of anti-Catholicism to the company. For this reason the test is rarely used for dating finely-potted, high-fired ceramics.

Bowie was accused of sexual assault shortly afterwards and the company dropped the adverts immediately. The test is carried out on small samples of porcelain drilled or cut from the body of a piece, which can be risky and disfiguring. The company also agreed to sponsor Bowie's 1987 Glass Spider World Tour. The most widely-known test, the thermoluminescence test (TL-test) can be used to provide an estimate, within very wide limits, of the date of last firing. In 1987, David Bowie and Tina Turner joined forces to advertise the soft drink, in an advert featuring a reworking of Bowie's hit Modern Love. The value of testing in the authentication of Chinese porcelain is disputed. Although he continued to be associated with the drink, the company dropped him in 1993 after charges of child molestation were brought forward. A few examples are given below.

However, when filming a second advert in 1984, a pyrotechnics stunt went wrong and badly burnt Jackson. However, fakes and reproductions have also been made at many times during the long history of Chinese ceramics and continue to be made today in ever-increasing numbers. The first international popstar to become a spokesperson for the drink was Michael Jackson, who along with his brothers (The Jackson 5) advertised Pepsi for "the new generation" in an advert featuring a reworking of his song Billie Jean. Whilst ceramics with features thus borrowed might sometimes pose problems of provenance, they would not generally be regarded as either reproductions or fakes. Pepsi has had a notorious association with popstars promoting the product over the last 25 years. Chinese potters have a long tradition of borrowing design and decorative features from earlier wares. By July 2005, Coca-Cola enjoyed a market share of 19.4 percent, followed by Pepsi with 13 percent.[14]. The piece would have been fired in a saggar (a lidded ceramic box intended to protect the piece from kiln debris, smoke and cinders during firing) in a reducing atmosphere in a wood-burning egg-shaped kiln, at a temperature approaching 1350 degrees Celsius.

Thus Coke rapidly captured a significant market share away from Pepsi that might otherwise have needed years to build up. The potting is good and the porcelain body is finely textured, indicating the presence of a significant proportion of China clay in the paste. When the Soviet Union fell apart, Pepsi was associated with the old Soviet system, and Coca Cola, just newly introduced to the Russian market in 1992, was associated with the new system. The decoration, a sage in a landscape of lakes and mountains with blazed rocks is typical of the period. Pepsi had made a deal with the Soviet Union for scale production of Pepsi in 1974. The translucent body showing through the clear glaze is of great whiteness and the cobalt decoration, applied in many layers, is of a fine blue hue. However, Pepsi's dominance in Russia was undercut as the Cold War ended. The tea caddy illustrated shows many of the characteristics of blue and white porcelain produced during the Kangxi period.

In Russia, Pepsi once had a larger market share than Coca-Cola. Starting early in the fourteenth century, blue and white wares rapidly became the main product of Jingdezhen, reaching the height of its technical excellence during the later years of the reign of the Kangxi emperor and continuing in present times to be an important product of the city. (regarded as an indicator of consumer preference), with Coca-Cola's dominance in exclusive restaurant, movie theater, amusement park, college, and stadium deals giving Coke the overall sales advantage.^{[citation needed]} In the U.S., Pepsi's total market share was about 31.7 percent in 2004, while Coke's was about 43.1 percent.[13]. It is of interest to note that a Yuan funerary urn decorated with underglaze blue and underglaze red and dated 1338 is still in the Chinese taste, even though by this time the large-scale production of blue and white porcelain in the Yuan, Mongol, taste had started at Jingdezhen. In the United States, Pepsi outsells Coke in central Appalachia, the state of North Dakota, the region in and around the state of Utah, and the city of Buffalo (by a 2-1 margin), all in the United States.^{[citation needed]} More importantly, Pepsi outsells its rival in grocery and convenience stores in the U.S. In 1975 shards decorated with underglaze blue were excavated at a kiln site in Jiangxi and, in the same year, an underglaze blue and white urn was excavated from a tomb dated to the year 1319, in the province of Jiangsu. The term is now used as a historical reference to French-English linguistic animosity (During the partitionist debate surrounding the 1995 referendum, a pundit wrote "And a wall will be erected along St-Laurent street [the traditional divide between French and English in Montréal] because some people were throwing Coke bottle one way and Pepsi bottles the other way"). In 1970 a small fragment of a blue and white bowl, also dated to the eleventh century, was also excavated in the province of Zhejiang.

"Pepsi" eventually became an offensive nickname for Francophones viewed as a lower class by Anglophones in the middle of the 20th century. In 1957 excavations at the site of a pagoda in the province Zhejiang uncovered a Northern Song bowl decorated with underglaze blue and further fragments have since been discovered at the same site. Pepsi had long been the drink of Canadian Francophones and it continues to hold its dominance by relying on local Québécois celebrities (especially Claude Meunier, of La Petite Vie fame) to sell its product. It has been suggested that the shards originated from a kiln in the province of Henan. Other claim that: 1) Due to rumors of the use of cocaine, Coke was banned for a long time in India and 2) Recently that ban was lifted, however, Pepsi had maintained a commanding market share.^{[citation needed]}. No complete piece of Tang blue and white is known to exist, but shards dating to the eighth or ninth century have been unearthed at Yangzhou in Jiangsu province. [9] In 1993, Coca-Cola returned in pursuance of India's Liberalization policy.[10] In 2005, Coca-Cola and Pepsi together held 95% market share of soft-drink sales in India.[11] Coca-Cola India's market share was 60.9%.[12]. It is believed that underglaze blue and white porcelain was first made in the Tang Dynasty.

This joint venture marketed and sold Lehar Pepsi until 1991 when the use of foreign brands was allowed; Pepsi bought out its partners and ended the joint venture in 1994. After the decoration has been applied the pieces are glazed and fired. In 1988, Pepsi gained entry to India by creating a joint venture with the Punjab government-owned Punjab Agro Industrial Corporation (PAIC) and Voltas India Limited. The blue decoration is painted onto the body of the porcelain before glazing, using very finely ground cobalt oxide mixed with water. By most accounts, Coca-Cola was India's leading soft drink until 1977 when it left India after a new government ordered the company to turn over its secret formula for Coca-Cola and dilute its stake in its Indian unit as required by the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act (FERA). Following in the tradition of earlier qingbai porcelains, blue and white wares are glazed using a transparent porcelain glaze. Saudi Arabia and the Canadian provinces of Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Labrador, Quebec are some of the few exceptions. The rims of such wares were left unglazed but were often bound with bands of silver, copper or lead.

Coke still outsells Pepsi in almost all areas of the world. Though not the case with the bowl illustrated, many Song and Yuan qingbai bowls were fired upside down in special segmented saggars, a technique first developed at the Ding kilns in Hebei province. Local residents have been pressuring the government to close down the Pepsi unit in the village. The glaze and the body of the bowl would have been fired together, in a saggar, in a large, wood-burning dragon-kiln or climbing-kiln typical of southern kilns of the period. Pepsi has also been alleged to practice "water piracy" due to its role in exploitation of ground water resources resulting in scarcity of drinking water for the natives of Pudussery panchayat in the Palakkad distict in Kerala, India. The body is white, translucent and has the texture of very fine sugar, indicating that it was made using crushed and refined China stone, rather than a mixture of China stone and China clay. As of 2005, Coke and Pepsi together hold 95% market share of soft-drink sales in India.[8]. The bowl has incised decoration, probably representing clouds or the reflection of clouds in the water.

Both companies continue to maintain that their products meet all international safety standards without yet implementing the Supreme Court ruling.^{[citation needed]}. The Song dynasty qingbai bowl illustrated was probably made at the Jingdezhen village of Hutian, which was also the site of the Imperial kilns established in the year 1004. On December 7, 2004, India's Supreme Court ruled that both Pepsi and competitor Coca-Cola must label all cans and bottles of the respective soft drinks with a consumer warning after tests showed unacceptable levels of residual pesticides.[7]. Bowls, some with incised or moulded decoration and varying from the everyday to more finely made pieces represent the overwhelming bulk of surviving qingbai wares. Coke and PepsiCo opposed the move, arguing that lab tests aren't reliable enough to detect minute traces of pesticides in complex drinks like soda. When applied over a white porcelain body the glaze produces a greenish-blue colour that gives the glaze its name (qingbai in Chinese means greenish-blue). But an Indian parliamentary committee in 2004 backed up CSE's findings and a government-appointed committee is now trying to develop the world's first pesticide standards for soft drinks. The qingbai glaze is clear, but contains iron in small amounts.

Coca Cola and PepsiCo angrily denied allegations that their products manufactured in India contained toxin levels far above the norms permitted in the developed world. The qingbai glaze is a porcelain glaze, so-called because it was made using China stone, an important constituent of the porcelain body. In response to the news, numerous Indians burned bottles of these two brands of soft drinks in the streets.^{[citation needed]}. Qingbai wares were made at Jingdezhen and at many other southern kilns from the time of the Northern Song until their almost complete eclipse, starting early in the fourteenth century, by underglaze-decorated blue and white wares. No law bans the presence of pesticides in drinks in India. One advantage gained by the addition in varying amounts of China clay was that the composition of the mix could be varied to suit the position that the wares made from it would occupy in the kiln, with a clay-rich mix being used for wares to be fired at the hot end of the kiln and a stone-rich mix being used for wares to be fired at the cooler end of the kiln. However, this was the European standard for water, not for other drinks. The temperatures within a typical large, southern egg-shaped kiln varied greatly, from hot, at the firebox end, to cooler, at the chimney end.

CSE said it had tested the same products in the US and found no such residues. China clay when added to the body material produced a porcelain of great strength and whiteness (whiteness, in particular, was a much sought after property of porcelain, especially that used for blue and white wares). CSE found that the Indian produced Pepsi's soft drink products had 36 times the level of pesticide residues permitted under European Union regulations; Coca Cola's 30 times^[6]. Porcelain bodies made from China stone fire at a lower temperature, in the region of 1200 degrees Celsius, than those made with a mixture of China clay and China stone, which require firing in the region of 1350 degrees Celsius. Tested products included Coke, Pepsi, Seven Up, Mirinda, Fanta, Thums Up, Limca, Sprite. During the Song and Yuan dynasties porcelain was made at Jingdezhen and other kiln sites in southern China using crushed and refined China stone alone, but by the early eighteenth century China clay was being added to the China stone, in about equal proportions. In 2003, the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE), a non-governmental organisation in New Dehli, said aerated waters produced by soft drinks manufacturers in India, including multinational giants Pepsico and Coca-Cola, contained toxins including lindane, DDT, malathion and chlorpyrifos — pesticides that can contribute to cancer, a breakdown of the immune system and cause birth defects. In northern China, high-fired, translucent porcelains were made at kilns in the provinces of Henan and Hebei.

These controversies are a reminder of "India's sometimes acrimonious relationship with huge multinational companies." Indeed, some argue that Coke and Pepsi have "been major targets in part because they are well-known foreign companies that draw plenty of attention." [5]. These included the well-known Tang lead-glazed sancai (three-colour) wares, the high-firing, lime-glazed Yue celadon wares and low-fired wares from Changsha. Others claim 1) Pepsi was banned from import in India in 1970 for having refused to release the list of its ingredients^{[citation needed]} 2) In 1993, the ban was lifted, with Pepsi arriving on the market shortly afterwards.^{[citation needed]}. During the Sui and Tang periods (581 to 906) a wide range of ceramics, low-fired and high-fired, were produced. [4]. However, Chinese experts emphasise the presence of a significant proportion of porcelain-building minerals (China clay, China stone or a combination of both) as an important factor in defining porcelain and shards recovered from Eastern Han kiln sites in Zhejiang, estimated to have been fired at a temperature of between 1260 to 1300 degrees Celsius, were found that met this condition. This joint venture marketed and sold Lehar Pepsi until 1991 when the use of foreign brands was allowed; Pepsi bought out its partners and ended the joint venture in 1994. A strong body of Chinese scholarly opinion is currently of the view that the first true porcelain was made in the Chinese province of Zhejiang during the Eastern Han period, but this opinion is controversial.

By most accounts, Pepsi gained entry to India in 1988 by creating a joint venture with the Punjab government-owned Punjab Agro Industrial Corporation (PAIC) and Voltas India Limited. Claims have been made for the late Eastern Han period (100 to 200 AD) the Three Kingdoms period (220 to 280 AD) the Six Dynasties period (220 to 589 AD) and the Tang Dynasty (618 to 906 AD). This is particularly exacerbated when a drink is sipped at frequent intervals throughout the day. This in turn has led to confusion about when the first Chinese porcelain was made. In addition, both 'diet' and non-diet variants are highly acidic, which is a cause of degradation of tooth enamel, making decay due to subsequent sugar intake more likely. In the context of Chinese ceramics the term porcelain lacks a universally accepted definition. Sugar is also a leading contributor to tooth decay. In 1743, during the reign of the Qianlong emperor, Tang Ying, the imperial supervisor at Jingdezhen produced a memoir entitled "Twenty illustrations of the manufacture of porcelain." Unfortunately, the original illustrations have been lost but the text of the memoir may be found here, together with photographs replacing the missing illustrations and an additional commentary.

An excessive intake of sugar has been suspected as a contributing factor in certain kinds of diabetes. Père d'Entrecolles, explaining his motives for describing what he had seen at Jingdezhen, states that "Nothing but my curiosity could ever have prompted me to such researches, but it appears to me that a minute description of all that concerns this kind of work might, somehow, be useful in Europe" but in the event his first letter came too late to be of much help in the European search for the secret of making porcelain. Pepsi and other similar products contain a lot of sugar. He then goes on to describe the refining of China clay, kaolin or Gaoling, the preparation of glazes, the stages of forming porcelain wares, glazing and firing. See phosphoric acid in food. In his first letter, dated 1712, d'Entrecolles describes the way in which China stone was crushed, refined and formed into little white bricks known in Chinese as petuntse or baidunzi. Some nutritionists assert that the phosphoric acid component of Pepsi-Cola, and other similar soft drinks, may be deleterious to bone health in both men and women, with some studies finding the effects to be more notably pronounced in female subjects. Two letters written by Père Francois Xavier d'Entrecolles, a Jesuit missionary (and industrial spy) who lived and worked in Jingdezhen described in detail the methods and materials used in the manufacture of porcelain wares in the later years of the reign of the Kangxi emperor; an important period in the history of Chinese ceramics.

It is Pepsi with a tropical taste of tamarind and mango. Detailed descriptions of the manufacture of porcelain at Jingdezhen during the Qing dynasty exist, including, from the European perspective, the letters of Père d'Entrecolles and from the Chinese perspective, a memoir written by Tang Ying. Another type is Pepsi Samba which was released in Australia in the 3rd Quarter of 2005. In the year 1004, under the Song emperor Jingde, the newly re-named city of Jingdezhen was established as a centre for the production of imperial porcelain. It is similar to other energy drinks such as Red Bull. The early wares were low-fired but by the time of the Southern and Northern Dynasties (420 to 589) locally available raw materials were being used to produce a form of porcelain. Pepsi X is another variation which contains more caffeine than regular Pepsi-Cola and in addition also contains taurine and guaranine. The city of Jingdezhen has been an important centre for the production of ceramics in southern China since at least the early Han Dynasty.

Pepsi Twist has been successfully marketed in Brazil (with lime instead of lemon), where a limited-edition version is also sold, the Pepsi Twistão, with an even stronger lime flavor. Chinese enamelled wares are also produced in this way, but the enamels are added after the first, high-temperature, firing and the pieces are sent for a second firing in a smaller, lower-temperature kiln. Pepsi A-ha, with a lemon flavour was launched in India in 2002 but was not successful either. In the high temperature of the kiln the body and the glaze are fused together to become one unit. PepsiCo also rivaled Coca-Cola's lemon-flavored products with Pepsi Twist, which was a commercial failure due to criticism of the taste. After the body of a piece is formed and finished it is air-dried, coated with a glaze, dried again and fired. Many types of the drink have only been produced or sold for a limited time, such as Pepsi Holiday Spice, a spicy Hanukkah/Christmas seasonal finish of ginger and cinnamon. An unusual characteristic of Chinese porcelain is that in the main it is green-fired or once-fired, which is to say that the body and the glaze are fired together.

In 2005, Pepsi Cappuccino was released in Romania and Bulgaria with another coffee flavored cola called Pepsi Tarik in Malaysia. One result of this is that the property of resonance carries greater weight than that of translucence in the Chinese classification of high-fired ceramic wares. Pepsico market tested coffee tasting variations of the drink with Pepsi Kona in Lehigh Valley and Pennsylvania areas between 1994 and 1996. This can lead to confusion because, for example, in China no distinction is drawn between high-fired stonewares and porcelain. Pepsico attempted the drink again with the Pepsi Blue in mid-2002 and withdrew it from the market in 2004. The Chinese tradition recognises only two primary categories of ceramic, high-fired (ci) and low-fired (tao). Crystal Pepsi was introduced in 1992 and sold until 1993 as a rival to New Coke which was also a failure. In the Western tradition ceramics are primarily divided into the categories of earthenware, stoneware or porcelain, depending upon the composition of the body material and the temperature at which the ware matures into a stable crystaline matrix.

Pepsico have attempted marketing many different flavors of the drink, however many were quickly discontinued amidst poor sales. In turn, this led to the development of coal-fuelled kilns suitable for the high-temperature firing of clay-rich wares in the north and wood-fuelled kilns more suitable for the lower-temperature firing of the stone-rich southern wares. Although there has always been a diet variation of the drink since it came out, Diet Wild Cherry Pepsi didn't become widely available until 2005, when Wild Cherry Pepsi was reformulated. Geological differences between the northern and the southern land masses have influenced the nature of the ceramic wares made in the two areas and, for example, in the north ceramic wares tend to have bodies made using mainly China clay, in the south ceramic wares tend to have bodies made using mainly China stone. Though rarely marketed, the drink remains widely available. The two land masses were brought together by the action of continental drift, forming a junction that lies very approximately along the line of the present-day Yangtze river. In 1988, the company launched Wild Cherry Pepsi as a response to the popularity of Cherry Coke. Present day China comprises two separate, and from the geological point of view, distinctly different, land masses: the northern and the southern.

A caffeine-free cola called Pepsi Free was introduced in 1982 by PepsiCo as the first major-brand caffeine-free cola and is today sold as Caffeine-Free Pepsi and Caffeine-Free Diet Pepsi. Chinese ceramic wares are often classified as being either northern or southern. Diet Pepsi is one of the most popular variations of the drink, containing no sugar and zero calories.Other popular variations of the drink are Pepsi Max and Pepsi ONE, both sugar-free colas. In the case of throwing, compression is applied by the hand of the potter. There are many types of Pepsi-Cola all differing in taste, price and appearance. This is of importance because most of the methods used for forming the body parts of ceramic pieces (throwing on a wheel, for example) depend upon the application of compression to align the platelets and increase the plasticity and workability of the clay mixture. And also in 1999 Janet Jackson signed on to the original "Ask For More" campaign which featured a song of the same name written and sung by Jackson. China stone and China clay are both platy minerals, which is to say that they are composed to varying degrees of small platelets of high surface area (external and internal) and are capable of holding relatively large amounts of water.

Aretha Franklin was also a spokesperson in 1998. China stone also occurs kaolinised to a greater or lesser extent. Pepsi said in a recent interview that Christina Aguilera has that 'dare for more' approach. China clay largely comprises the clay mineral kaolinite (Gaoling) and China stone, petunse (baidunzi) is a micaceous rock of variable composition whose componants include quartz and sericite. This time Pepsi has a new spokesperson, the pop artist Christina Aguilera, a former spokesperson of Pepsi's rival Coke. Both minerals derive from the weathering and decomposition of granitic rocks. He was infamously burned during the filming of a Pepsi commercial in 1984. Chinese porcelain is made using China stone, China clay or a combination of the two materials.

Singer-songwriter Michael Jackson boosted the sales of Pepsi in the 1980s when he became spokesperson for the company. Firing. Firing is the operation of heating green (unfired) ceramic wares at high-temperatures in a kiln to make permanent their shapes. Joan Crawford was married to Pepsi president Alfred Steele, and was advertising executive and board of directors member for several years. Wares glazed in this way are described as being green-fired or once-fired. Later it used celebrities like Amitabh Bachhan, Shahrukh Khan, Kajol, Kareena Kapoor and Priyanka Chopra, as well as the national cricket team. In an alternative method of glazing particularly associated with Chinese and early European porcelains the glaze was applied to the unfired body and the two fired together in a single operation. In India, Pepsi first used the then chocolate boy Aamir Khan, model turned actress Mahima Chaudhary and model and ex-miss world Aishwarya Rai to promote its product. In common with many earlier wares, modern porcelain wares are often bisque-fired at around 1000 degrees Celsius, coated with glaze and then sent for a second glaze-firing at a temperature of about 1300 degrees Celsius, or greater.

have appeared in several different advertisements. Decoration. Porcelain wares may be decorated under the glaze, using pigments that include cobalt and copper, or over the glaze using coloured enamels. As for Asia, celebrity and singers Jay Chou, Aaron Kwok, as well as the popular girl's group S.H.E. Many types of glaze, such as the iron-containing glaze used on the celadon wares of Longquan, were designed specifically for their striking effects on porcelain. In Latin America both Colombian artists Shakira and Juanes have successfully promoted the soft drink. Unlike their lower-fired counterparts, porcelain wares do not need glazing to render them impermeable to liquids and for the most part are glazed for decorative purposes and to make them resistant to dirt and staining. In Europe and the UK celebrities such as footballer David Beckham and pop stars that include Britney Spears, Jennifer Lopez, Janet Jackson, Five, the Spice Girls, S Club 7, Gary Glitter and Beyoncé Knowles have featured in campaigns for the drink. Glazing. It generally supposed that the first glazes to appear on ceramic wares resulted from the unavoidable presence in the kiln of lime-rich wood ash, which acted on the surface of the wares as a flux.

Hundreds of celebrities have advertised for Pepsi products, for instance NASCAR driver Jeff Gordon who runs a Pepsi paint scheme at Talladega Superspeedway and Daytona International Speedway. However, the lesson should be well-learned; potters work within constraints set by the materials and methods that they use and these constraints cannot be overcome by the application of unfocused brute force. As with most popular soft drinks, Pepsi and its associated beverages have had various celebrity spokespersons. The sight of a novice potter wrestling with an eccentric mass of rotating clay in an attempt to save both pot and face can produce mixed emotions in the minds of more experienced onlookers. The caffeine free Pepsi-Cola contains the same ingredients but does not include any caffeine. To the casual observer, throwing carried out by an expert potter appears to be a graceful and almost effortless activity, but this masks the fact that a rotating mass of clay possesses energy and momentum in an abundance that will, given the slightest mishandling, have a rapid and dramatic effect on the piece being thrown. The Pepsi-Cola drink contains basic ingredients found in most other similar drinks including carbonated water, high fructose corn syrup, sugar, colourings, phosphoric acid, caffeine, citric acid and natural flavors. However, the fast-wheel also brought with it significant problems and made new demands on the skills of the potter.

Coke remains the more popular of the two. The introduction of the fast-wheel brought benefits in the form of speed and a job that might have taken hours, or even days, to complete was reduced to one that could be done in minutes. When the Pepsi taste became more popular, Coca-Cola adapted their drink to be closer to the American taste of Pepsi (New Coke).^[3] Although Pepsi claimed this a victory for their brand of cola, Coca-Cola soon reverted because, while testing showed the taste of the new Coke was better, consumers preferred Coca-Cola to stay the same. Unlike hand-building, in wheel-throwing the bulk of the energy used does not come directly from the hands of the potter. In the past, the difference in taste between Pepsi and Coca-Cola's Coke was even greater than it is today. The wheel was wound-up and charged with energy by pushing it round with a stick, an arrangement that permitted the energy stored in the wheel to be finely directed to where it was required, at the point where the hands of the potter come into contact with the clay. While some claim that Pepsi tastes identical to Coca-Cola, others say they can detect a difference. This changed with the introduction of the fast-wheel, early forms of which utilised energy stored in the rotating mass of the heavy stone wheel itself.

^[2]. In the coiling method of construction, all of the energy required to form the body of a piece is supplied directly by the hands of the potter. Pepsi took great advantage of the campaign with television commercials reporting the test results to the public. The earliest ceramics were hand-built using a simple coiling technique in which clay was rolled into long threads that were then pinched and beaten together to form the body of a vessel. During these blind taste tests the majority of participants picked Pepsi as the better tasting of the two soft drinks. The process of throwing is in fact one of remarkable complexity. In 1980, Pepsi introduced the Pepsi Challenge marketing campaign where Pepsico set up a blind tasting between Pepsi-Cola and rival Coca-Cola. To the spectator, throwing is often seen as pulling clay upwards and outwards into a required shape and potters often speak of pulling when forming a piece on a wheel, but the term is misleading, clay in a plastic condition cannot be pulled without breaking.

In 1964, the Diet Pepsi variation of the drink debuted, being the United States's first national diet soft drink. The relatively low plasticity of the clays used for making porcelain can cause difficulties for the potter, particularly in the case of wheel-thrown wares. In the following years, the drink gained in popularity and in 1934, debuted the 12-ounce drink. Sometimes a combination of these methods is used and, for example, it would not be uncommon for a piece to have a thrown body, moulded handles and slip-cast decoration, the parts being luted together before firing (lute is a thick liquid mixture of clay and water used to join unfired parts together). ^[1]Eight years later, the company went bankrupt again, resulting in a reformulation of the Pepsi-Cola syrup formula. Forming. Porcelain wares are formed by hand-building, moulding, pressing, slip-casting or by throwing on a potter's wheel. Megargel bought the Pepsi trademark. The Wikipedia article on Pottery provides much useful background information on methods used for forming, decorating, finishing, glazing and firing ceramic wares.

In 1923, Pepsico went bankrupt due to high sugar prices as a result of World War I, assets were sold and Roy C. The porcelain clay body, unfired or fired, is sometimes spoken of as the paste and porcelain clay is itself sometimes described as the body (for example, when buying materials a potter might order such an amount of porcelain body from a vendor). In 1909, automobile race pioneer Barney Oldfield endorsed Pepsi-Cola in newspaper ads as "A bully drink...refreshing, invigorating, a fine bracer before a race". Reference should be made to the Wikipedia article on Pottery for an explanation of some of these terms, but it might be helpful to note that the material used to form the body of porcelain wares is often referred to as clay, even though clay minerals might account for only a small proportion of its whole. This forced Coca-Cola to change their formula; however, Pepsi-Cola was already free of these substances, and thus claimed they already met federal requirements. When referring to the materials that they use, potters often employ words and names in a way that can be confusing for the layman. That same year, the US federal government passed the Pure Food and Drug Act, banning substances such as arsenic, lead, barium, and uranium from food and beverages. Some clays used for making ceramic wares are too cohesive to be thrown on the wheel, including for example, the brown clays used to form the bodies of the red stonewares of Yixing in the Chinese province of Jiangsu and as a result of this Yixing-wares are almost always hand-built.

In 1906, the logo was changed again. Thus, the range of water contents within which porcelain clays can be worked is very narrow and the loss or gain of water during storage and throwing or forming must be carefully controlled to keep the clay from becoming too wet or too dry to manipulate. In 1905, Pepsi received its first logo redesign since the original design of 1898. Porcelain clays are of lower plasticity (shorter) than many other clays used for making pottery and wet very quickly, which is to say that small changes in the content of water can produce large changes in workability. The next year, Pepsi was sold in six-ounce bottles and sales increased to 19,848 gallons. In soil mechanics plasticity is determined by measuring the increase in content of water required to change a clay from a solid state bordering on the plastic, to a plastic state bordering on the liquid, though the term is also used less formally to describe the facility with which a clay may be worked. That year, Bradham sold 7,968 gallons of syrup. Long clays are cohesive (sticky) and of high plasticity and short clays are less cohesive and are of lower plasticity.

In 1903, Bradham moved the bottling of Pepsi-Cola from his drugstore into a rented warehouse. The clays used by potters are often described as being long or short according to plasticity. It was made of carbonated water, sugar, vanilla, rare oils, pepsin and kola nuts. Other materials mixed with China clay to make porcelain clay have included ball-clay, glass, bone ash, steatite, quartz, petuntse and alabaster. As Pepsi was initially intended to cure stomach pains, Bradham coined the name Pepsi from the condition dyspepsia (stomachache or indigestion). The composition of porcelain is highly variable, but China clay, comprising mainly or in part the platey clay mineral kaolinite is often a significant component. On August 28, 1898 , "Brad's drink" was changed to "Pepsi-Cola" and later trademarked on June 16, 1903. However, ceramics have an existance that is entirely independent of the words used to classify them and in this article the term porcelain is taken to encompass a broad range of high-fired ceramic wares, including some that might according to some systems of classification fall into the category of stoneware.

Pepsi-Cola, originally called "Brad's drink", was first made in New Bern, North Carolina in the United States in the early 1890s by pharmacist Caleb Bradham. Where this line is drawn depends upon how the terms porcelain and stoneware are defined and this puzzle has been and continues to be the subject of controversy. . Another difficult line to draw is that which divides high-fired stonewares from porcelain. There are several types of Pepsi, including Pepsi Vanilla, Diet Pepsi (the most popular variant), and outside the United States, Pepsi Max. Industrial and other uses are (or, it is hoped, will be) covered elsewhere in the encyclopedia. Similar to Coca-Cola, its major rival, Pepsi was originally intended to cure stomach pains. This follows the Wikipedia policy of drawing a line between technology and the fine arts, though in the case of porcelain the line is a difficult one to draw.

The brand was trademarked on June 16, 1903, though the drink was first made in 1898 by pharmacist Caleb Bradham. Porcelain has many uses, but this article is concerned mainly with its employment as a material used to make objects of craft and fine art, including decorative and utilitarian household wares. Pepsi-Cola, most commonly called Pepsi, is a soft drink produced by PepsiCo which is sold worldwide in stores, restaurants and vending machines. .
. Its high resistance to the passage of electricity makes porcelain an ideal insulating material and it is used in dentistry to make false teeth, caps and crowns.

Porcelain is used to make wares for the table and kitchen, sanitary wares, decorative wares and objects of fine art. Physical properties associated with porcelain include those of low permeability, high strength, hardness, glassiness, durability, whiteness, translucence, resonance, brittleness, high resistance to the passage of electricity, high resistance to thermal shock and high elasticity. The curved shape of the upper surface of the Venus-shell resembles the curve of a pig's back (Latin porcella, a little pig, a pig). Porcelain was so-named after its resemblance to the white, shiny Venus-shell, called in old Italian porcella.

The toughness, strength and translucence of porcelain arises mainly from the formation at high temperatures within the clay body of the mineral mullite and glass. Porcelain clay when mixed with water forms a plastic paste which can be worked to a required shape or form that is hardened and made permanent by firing in a kiln at temperatures of between about 1200 degrees Celsius and about 1400 degrees Celsius. Porcelain is a hard ceramic substance made by heating at high temperature selected and refined materials often including clay in the form of kaolinite. ISBN: 087701 612 7.

Chinese Ceramics from the Percival David Foundation. Chronicle Books, San Francisco, n.d. Rosemary Scott and others, Imperial Taste. ISBN: 07286 0265 2. Stacey Pierson, Earth, Fire and Water: Chinese Ceramic Technology. Percival David Foundation of Chinese Art, University of London, 1996.

Thames and Hudson, London, 1996. The New Standard Guide. He Li, Chinese Ceramics. Such blue and white wares were not fakes or, in the main, convincing reproductions, even though some pieces carried four-character Kangxi reign-marks that continue to cause confusion to this day.