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P. Diddy

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Sean John Combs (born November 4, 1969 aka P. Diddy, Puff Daddy, Sean "Puffy" Combs) is an African-American record producer, CEO, and rapper. He is the founder of Bad Boy Entertainment, one of the driving forces in hip hop in the mid to late 1990s. P. Diddy first skyrocketed to fame as a label executive, first for Uptown Records and later for his own label, signing and devloping acts such as Father MC, Jodeci, Mary J. Blige, Craig Mack, Notorious B.I.G., Faith Evans, 112, Ma$e, and Carl Thomas. His own music career, and to a lesser extent, his production, has been criticized as watered-down and overly commercialized for a mainstream market, as well as an over-reliance on obvious and lengthy sampling for most of his hit songs.

Biography

Early years

Originally from Harlem, New York City, Combs was raised in the suburb of Mount Vernon, New York. After completing his secondary education at Mount Saint Michael Academy in the Bronx, Combs attended Howard University in Washington, D.C. before becoming an intern at Uptown Records. Only a few months later, Combs was an A&R executive, and helped produce Father's Day (Father MC; 1990), What's the 411? (Mary J. Blige; 1992), Blue Funk (Heavy D & the Boyz; 1992) before being fired in 1993. Combs set up his own label, Bad Boy Records, and soon signed Craig Mack and the Notorious B.I.G..

Establishing Bad Boy

Both Mack and Biggie quickly released hit singles, followed by similarly successful LPs, particularly B.I.G.'s Ready to Die. Puff Daddy, as he was then known, began signing more acts to Bad Boy, including Faith Evans, 112 and Total, as well as producing for Lil' Kim, TLC, Mariah Carey, Boyz II Men, SWV, Aretha Franklin and others. Mase and The Lox soon joined Bad Boy, just as a widely publicized rivalry with the West Coast's Death Row Records. Puffy and Notorious B.I.G. were allied against Tupac Shakur and Suge Knight, trading insults in songs and interviews during the mid 1990s. Shakur was murdered by unknown persons in 1996. Six months later, in March of 1997, the Notorious B.I.G. was also murdered. Both cases remain unsolved. Biggie's second album, Life After Death, was a huge posthumous success.

Combs' performing career

Puff Daddy began in 1997, releasing "Can't Nobody Hold Me Down", followed by "I'll Be Missing You". Both singles were successful, though "I'll Be Missing You" was written by Marvin L. Blair(a tribute to Biggie with guests Faith Evans and 112) was heavily criticized for sampling The Police's "Every Breath You Take" and adding little. Puff Daddy, plus various labelmates known as the Family, released No Way Out, an LP, in 1997. The album also produced the hit singles "It's All About The Benjamins," which featured Lil Kim, The Lox and The Notorious B.I.G. and had a popular rock remix, which was worked on by Rob Zombie and the Foo Fighters' Dave Grohl, among others; and "Been Around The World," a song that featured Puffy's labelmate, Mase, and the late Notorious B.I.G., and was probably best remembered for having sampled David Bowie's "Let's Dance" and Lisa Stansfield's "All Around The World". The song's video starred many celebrities, such as Wyclef Jean, Quincy Jones, and Puff Daddy's future love interest, Jennifer Lopez. "I'll Be Missing You" won a Grammy for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group, while No Way Out won Best Rap Album.

Puffy's follow-up was 1999's failed Forever, which was a commercial failure and no more well-reviewed than No Way Out.

Controversy

On April 15, 1999, Puffy was accused of assaulting Steve Stoute of Interscope Records. Stoute was the manager for Nas, whose video for "Hate Me Now" featured Puffy being crucified. Though Puffy had willingly filmed the video earlier that year, he demanded that the images be removed. Stoute's refusal led to an argument and Puffy's arrest for assault. This was followed by a yet more negative publicity as The Lox left Bad Boy Records, and a recording session with Lil' Kim and Lil' Cease (both of B.I.G.'s Junior M.A.F.I.A.) posse was interrupted by gunfire.

In December 1999, Puffy and his then-girlfriend, Jennifer Lopez, were at Club New York, a midtown Manhattan nightclub, when gunfire broke out. After a police investigation, Puffy and fellow rapper Shyne were arrested for weapons violations and other charges. Puffy was indicted after a huge blow to his case; his driver claimed that Puffy had tried to bribe him into taking the weapon after the shooting. With bribery charges added to the bill, Puffy was being attacked in the tabloids on a near daily basis. Before the trial was over, Puffy found himself in court on numerous civil charges. One was from a girl who claimed to have been mentally scarred at a party ten years before, and another was for sampling a phone conversation without permission. His driver and the club owner also sued before the shooting charges even made it to trial.

With a gag order in place, the highly-publicized trial began. His attorney was Johnnie L. Cochran Jr. A talent agency then sued Puffy for unfair competition, as did a woman who rented an apartment owned by Puffy; she claimed he refused to rid the house of vermin. Puffy then launched his own lawsuit against a writer who did not follow through on an alleged agreement to help write his autobiography. Puffy was soon acquitted of all charges relating to the shooting incident, followed almost immediately by a break-up with Lopez. With the media circus over, Puffy changed his stage name to "P. Diddy".

P. Diddy in the 2000s

P. Diddy tried to reinvent his image, but was once again in court facing assault charges from a Michigan television host, and then was arrested for driving on a suspended license in Florida. In spite of continuing legal problems, P. Diddy released a much-delayed gospel album, Thank You, as well as a solo hip hop LP, The Saga Continues. After yet more legal problems stemming from an accusation of reckless driving by the Miami police, Puffy began working with a series of unusual (for him) artists. A collaboration with David Bowie appeared on the soundtrack to Training Day, while Puffy began working with Britney Spears and *N Sync.

This was followed by a serious set-back for Bad Boy Records when Arista Records stopped distributing Bad Boy releases. Faith Evans left the label, and 112 almost did, though P. Diddy filed a restraining order to keep them aboard. As a result, Bad Boy Records was formed as an independent record company. He also signed the female pop group Dream onto Bad Boy Records in 2000.

Later in 2002, he made his own reality show on MTV called Making the Band 2, the sequel to the first Making the Band. In it, contestants compete to be in a new group on Bad Boy Records. The six finalists have to come up with their name, CD and video (see Da Band).

In 2003, P. Diddy ran in the New York City Marathon and raised $2,000,000 for the educational system for the children of New York. He appeared on the March 10, 2004 episode of The Oprah Winfrey Show to discuss the marathon.

Other work

P. Diddy is one of the most entrepreneurially-minded men in the music industry. In the year 2002, he featured at #12 on Fortune magazine's "40 Richest People Under 40" list. His urban clothing line, Sean John has been nominated for the prestigious Council of Fashion Designers of America (CFDA) Award for Menswear Designer of the Year, every year since 2000. However, his clothes line also brought him criticism when it was revealed that its Honduras-based factories violated Honduran labor laws. He also owns the restaurant chain Justin's (named after his son). In common with many in his industry, he also bears the mantle of "actor-rapper"; he has appeared as a parody of a drug dealer in Made, he played the role of Walter Lee Younger in the critically acclaimed 2004 Broadway revival of A Raisin in the Sun, and starred with Halle Berry and Billy Bob Thornton in the film Monster's Ball. As of 2005, P. Diddy had moved his Bad Boy Records to the Warner Music Group. Conflict still existed between P. Diddy and former Warners CEOs Lyor Cohen and Kevin Liles (both formerly of Def Jam), but they arranged for his imprint to be a part of the company.


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Conflict still existed between P. Diddy and former Warners CEOs Lyor Cohen and Kevin Liles (both formerly of Def Jam), but they arranged for his imprint to be a part of the company. Tatooing is also used as a form of 'cosmetic surgery', like permanent cosmetics, to hide or neutralise skin discolorations. Diddy had moved his Bad Boy Records to the Warner Music Group. Tattoos may be located anywhere on the animal's body including it's ear (common for small mammals) or inner lip (bears). As of 2005, P. Animals are marked with symbols or alphanumeric characters for identification. In common with many in his industry, he also bears the mantle of "actor-rapper"; he has appeared as a parody of a drug dealer in Made, he played the role of Walter Lee Younger in the critically acclaimed 2004 Broadway revival of A Raisin in the Sun, and starred with Halle Berry and Billy Bob Thornton in the film Monster's Ball. Tattooing is also used in managing wildlife and the livestock industry as a marking technique.

He also owns the restaurant chain Justin's (named after his son). Most tattoo artists recommend them and sell them in their parlors. However, his clothes line also brought him criticism when it was revealed that its Honduras-based factories violated Honduran labor laws. These products are safe, efficient and dermatologically tested. His urban clothing line, Sean John has been nominated for the prestigious Council of Fashion Designers of America (CFDA) Award for Menswear Designer of the Year, every year since 2000. In the last few years, new cosmetic and pharmaceutical aftercare products have been developed specifically for the tattoo world. In the year 2002, he featured at #12 on Fortune magazine's "40 Richest People Under 40" list. Japanese soak the tattoo in hot water to clean it.

Diddy is one of the most entrepreneurially-minded men in the music industry. Some tattooists will recommend leaving the covering on for several hours or overnight, and then gently washing the area. P. Immediately after completing the tattoo, most tattooists will cover the area to keep out dirt and keep the tattoo from oozing into clothes; sometimes the area is wrapped in clingfilm, paper towel, poultry packs (that come in chicken packs) or gauze. He appeared on the March 10, 2004 episode of The Oprah Winfrey Show to discuss the marathon. New tattoos are wounds which must be looked after properly. Diddy ran in the New York City Marathon and raised $2,000,000 for the educational system for the children of New York. The majority of these products contain petroleum or lanolin which, when applied to a new tattoo, can clog skin pores and actually retard your body's healing process. There is also the possibility of allergic reactions to these products, and, application to a new tattoo can cause skin reactions leading to loss of ink and permanent damage to your tattoo.

In 2003, P. These products were intended to prevent cuts, burns, scrapes and abrasions from becoming infected and not for the healing of new tattoos. The six finalists have to come up with their name, CD and video (see Da Band). Tattoo artists have had to recommend a variety of products available from your local drug store. In it, contestants compete to be in a new group on Bad Boy Records. Aftercare for your new tattoo has been a subject of debate in the tattoo community for many years. Later in 2002, he made his own reality show on MTV called Making the Band 2, the sequel to the first Making the Band. Many of the most notable tattooists do not belong to any association.

He also signed the female pop group Dream onto Bad Boy Records in 2000. Membership in professional organizations, or certificates of appreciation/achievement, may imply that the artist is aware of the latest trends in equipment and sterilization. As a result, Bad Boy Records was formed as an independent record company. A reputable artist will:. Diddy filed a restraining order to keep them aboard. The studio must have all of the following:. Faith Evans left the label, and 112 almost did, though P. See the sections under "Risks," above.

This was followed by a serious set-back for Bad Boy Records when Arista Records stopped distributing Bad Boy releases. The television show Mythbusters tested the theory, and concluded that there is no risk of interaction between tattoo inks and MRI. Today the majority of professional tattoos do not contain metal particles and therefore there is no concern with MRI. A collaboration with David Bowie appeared on the soundtrack to Training Day, while Puffy began working with Britney Spears and *N Sync. It is likely that this is an urban myth. After yet more legal problems stemming from an accusation of reckless driving by the Miami police, Puffy began working with a series of unusual (for him) artists. There has been concern about the interaction between magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) procedures and tattoo inks, some of which contain trace metals. It has been claimed that the magnetic fields produced by MRI machines could interact with these metal particles, potentially causing burns or distortions in the image. Diddy released a much-delayed gospel album, Thank You, as well as a solo hip hop LP, The Saga Continues. Shops should appear clean; sinks with hot water and soap should be available in the bathroom as well as in the studio; tattooers should wash their hands regularly and wear latex gloves; surfaces should be cleaned with disinfectant and floors should appear clean; proper procedures for sterilizing equipment should also be followed strictly.

In spite of continuing legal problems, P. The risk of infection also be reduced by following obvious precautions. Diddy tried to reinvent his image, but was once again in court facing assault charges from a Michigan television host, and then was arrested for driving on a suspended license in Florida. People who are susceptible to infection should know the dangers abrading the skin can have and should consult a physician before getting a tattoo. P. Potential infections include everything from surface infections of the skin to Staphylococcus aureus infections that can cause cardiological damage. Diddy". Infection from tattooing in clean and modern tattoo studios is rare.

With the media circus over, Puffy changed his stage name to "P. Some tattoo artists give small tests, by marking a small amount of ink behind the ear to determine if that person has an allergic reaction. Puffy was soon acquitted of all charges relating to the shooting incident, followed almost immediately by a break-up with Lopez. People with allergies should think carefully about getting a tattoo because of the risk of anaphylactic shock (hypersensitive reaction), which can be life threatening. Puffy then launched his own lawsuit against a writer who did not follow through on an alleged agreement to help write his autobiography. Allergic reactions to tattoo pigments are fairly uncommon except for certain brands of red and green (with which some many people have a slight problem with itching,swelling,redness of the skin,oozing). People who are sensitive or allergic to certain metals may react to pigments in the skin by becoming swollen and/or itchy, oozing of clear sebum is also common. A talent agency then sued Puffy for unfair competition, as did a woman who rented an apartment owned by Puffy; she claimed he refused to rid the house of vermin. The tattooer should know and discuss the risks of disease in tattooing.

Cochran Jr. These are used on one client, once only, and are discarded when the session ends. His attorney was Johnnie L. To avoid contamination, small amounts of ink are poured from larger bottles into disposable cups. With a gag order in place, the highly-publicized trial began. In addition, it is important that needles and other instruments do not come in contact with inks that will be used on other clients. His driver and the club owner also sued before the shooting charges even made it to trial. Universal precautions, such as washing the hands, wearing latex gloves and the thorough cleaning of floors and surfaces, also reduce the risk of disease.

One was from a girl who claimed to have been mentally scarred at a party ten years before, and another was for sampling a phone conversation without permission. Most reputable tattoo shops use fresh disposable needles for each client and sterilize reusable instruments between clients using an autoclave. Before the trial was over, Puffy found himself in court on numerous civil charges. Since tattoo instruments come in contact with blood and bodily fluids, diseases may be transmitted if the instruments are used on more than one person without being sterilized. With bribery charges added to the bill, Puffy was being attacked in the tabloids on a near daily basis. Permanent tattooing of any form carries risks, including infection, allergy, and disease. Puffy was indicted after a huge blow to his case; his driver claimed that Puffy had tried to bribe him into taking the weapon after the shooting. Mehndi has also become popular, particularly in the West, as a form of temporary body decoration with no symbolic meaning.

After a police investigation, Puffy and fellow rapper Shyne were arrested for weapons violations and other charges. Mehndi is traditionally applied onto the hands and feet of brides, but there exist traditions in Bangladesh, Kashmir and Sudan where bridegrooms also have Mehndi applied before wedding ceremonies. In December 1999, Puffy and his then-girlfriend, Jennifer Lopez, were at Club New York, a midtown Manhattan nightclub, when gunfire broke out. PPD is very unhealthy and has been known to cause burns[2] (http://www.hennapage.com/henna/warnings.html). This was followed by a yet more negative publicity as The Lox left Bad Boy Records, and a recording session with Lil' Kim and Lil' Cease (both of B.I.G.'s Junior M.A.F.I.A.) posse was interrupted by gunfire. So-called 'black henna', which is made by adding p-phenylenediamine (PPD) to natural henna, in order to achieve a black color, may cause allergic reactions. Stoute's refusal led to an argument and Puffy's arrest for assault. Most designs last up to two weeks, fading from a dark brown to a light orange before disappearing.

Though Puffy had willingly filmed the video earlier that year, he demanded that the images be removed. The length of time the design will last depends on how long the paste is left on the skin. Stoute was the manager for Nas, whose video for "Hate Me Now" featured Puffy being crucified. The designs are usually hand drawn with henna: powdered henna is mixed with coffee or tea, lemon juice (to release the dye) and sugar (for consistency) into a paste which is then applied. On April 15, 1999, Puffy was accused of assaulting Steve Stoute of Interscope Records. The art known as Mehndi, common in Middle Eastern, North African and Asian countries (but particularly associated with India), is the application of intricate patterns and designs on the hands and feet. Puffy's follow-up was 1999's failed Forever, which was a commercial failure and no more well-reviewed than No Way Out. Temporary tattoos are easily removed with soap and water or oil-based creams, and are intended to last a few days.

"I'll Be Missing You" won a Grammy for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group, while No Way Out won Best Rap Album. They are generally applied to the skin using water to transfer the design to the surface of the skin. The song's video starred many celebrities, such as Wyclef Jean, Quincy Jones, and Puff Daddy's future love interest, Jennifer Lopez. Temporary tattoos are a type of body sticker, like a decal. and had a popular rock remix, which was worked on by Rob Zombie and the Foo Fighters' Dave Grohl, among others; and "Been Around The World," a song that featured Puffy's labelmate, Mase, and the late Notorious B.I.G., and was probably best remembered for having sampled David Bowie's "Let's Dance" and Lisa Stansfield's "All Around The World". According to George Orwell, workers in coal mines would wind up with characteristic tattoos owing to coal dust getting into wounds. The album also produced the hit singles "It's All About The Benjamins," which featured Lil Kim, The Lox and The Notorious B.I.G. The prices of cosmetic procedures are higher than design tattoos because most states require permanent makeup artists to be licensed aestheticians.

Puff Daddy, plus various labelmates known as the Family, released No Way Out, an LP, in 1997. Permanent cosmetics are tattoos that enhance eyebrows, lips (liner or lipstick), eyes (shadow, mascara), and even moles, usually with natural colors as the designs are intended to resemble makeup. Blair(a tribute to Biggie with guests Faith Evans and 112) was heavily criticized for sampling The Police's "Every Breath You Take" and adding little. [1] (http://www.cnn.com/2004/LAW/05/04/tattoo/). Both singles were successful, though "I'll Be Missing You" was written by Marvin L. Inmates will be trained to staff and operate the tattoo parlors once six of them open successfully. Puff Daddy began in 1997, releasing "Can't Nobody Hold Me Down", followed by "I'll Be Missing You". Legitimate parlors onsite would reduce risks of infection with makeshift tattoo guns, while also offering inmates the chance to cover up unsightly ink they received while incarcerated.

Biggie's second album, Life After Death, was a huge posthumous success. However, Canadian inmates may be able to safely tattoo themselves while incarcerated if a test of onsite prison tattoo parlors in the summer of 2005 proves to be successful. Both cases remain unsolved. Prisoners often dismiss these risks in a show of toughness. was also murdered. There is also significant risk of illness, including such blood-borne diseases as HIV and hepatitis. Six months later, in March of 1997, the Notorious B.I.G. Tattoos created under such conditions are frequently painful, and the resulting designs are coarser.

Shakur was murdered by unknown persons in 1996. In most prisons, tattoo machines are not available so tattooing is done with crude "homemade" machines. were allied against Tupac Shakur and Suge Knight, trading insults in songs and interviews during the mid 1990s. The unit rapidly and repeatedly drives the needles in and out of the skin, usually 50 to 3,000 times a minute. Puffy and Notorious B.I.G. In this procedure, ink is inserted into the skin via a group of needles that are soldered onto a bar, which is attached to an oscillating unit. Mase and The Lox soon joined Bad Boy, just as a widely publicized rivalry with the West Coast's Death Row Records. The most common method of tattooing in modern times is with an electric tattoo machine.

Puff Daddy, as he was then known, began signing more acts to Bad Boy, including Faith Evans, 112 and Total, as well as producing for Lil' Kim, TLC, Mariah Carey, Boyz II Men, SWV, Aretha Franklin and others. Traditional Japanese tattoos (irezumi) are still "hand-poked," that is, the ink is inserted beneath the skin using non-electrical, hand-made and hand held tools with needles of sharpened bamboo or steel. Both Mack and Biggie quickly released hit singles, followed by similarly successful LPs, particularly B.I.G.'s Ready to Die. Some cultures create tattooed marks by "tapping" the ink into the skin using sharpened sticks or animal bones. Combs set up his own label, Bad Boy Records, and soon signed Craig Mack and the Notorious B.I.G.. This may be an adjunct to scarification. Blige; 1992), Blue Funk (Heavy D & the Boyz; 1992) before being fired in 1993. Some tribal cultures still create tattoos by cutting designs into the skin and rubbing the resulting wound with ink, ashes or other agents.

Only a few months later, Combs was an A&R executive, and helped produce Father's Day (Father MC; 1990), What's the 411? (Mary J. Such tattoos are performed by veterinarians and the animals are anaesthetized to prevent pain. After completing his secondary education at Mount Saint Michael Academy in the Bronx, Combs attended Howard University in Washington, D.C. before becoming an intern at Uptown Records. Pets, show animals, thoroughbred horses and livestock are sometimes tattooed with identification marks, and certain of their body parts (for example, noses) have also been tattooed to prevent sunburn. Originally from Harlem, New York City, Combs was raised in the suburb of Mount Vernon, New York. Tattoos are also placed on animals, though very rarely for decorative reasons. His own music career, and to a lesser extent, his production, has been criticized as watered-down and overly commercialized for a mainstream market, as well as an over-reliance on obvious and lengthy sampling for most of his hit songs. European sailors were known to tattoo the crucifixion on their backs to prevent flogging as a punishment.

Blige, Craig Mack, Notorious B.I.G., Faith Evans, 112, Ma$e, and Carl Thomas. The best known is the ka-tzetnik identification system for Jews in concentration camps during the Holocaust. Diddy first skyrocketed to fame as a label executive, first for Uptown Records and later for his own label, signing and devloping acts such as Father MC, Jodeci, Mary J. Throughout history people have also been forcibly tattooed for a variety of reasons. P. Some Maori males still choose to wear intricate moko on their faces. He is the founder of Bad Boy Entertainment, one of the driving forces in hip hop in the mid to late 1990s. Today, people commonly choose to be tattooed for cosmetic, religious and magical reasons, as well as as a symbol of belonging to or identification with particular groups (see Criminal tattoos).

Diddy, Puff Daddy, Sean "Puffy" Combs) is an African-American record producer, CEO, and rapper. Current estimates have one in seven or over 39 million people in North America who have at least one tattoo. Sean John Combs (born November 4, 1969 aka P. Tattoos are more popular now than at any time in recorded history. The "modern" electric tattoo machine is fundamentally the same machine invented by Samuel O'Reilly in 1891, which was based on an electric engraving pen invented by Thomas Edison. Europeans rediscovered tattooing during the exploration of the South Pacific under Captain James Cook in the 1770s, and sailors were particularly identified with tattoos in European culture until after World War I.

In addition, Chinese legend has it that the mother of Yue Fei, the most famous general of the Song Dynasty, tattooed the words 精忠報國 (pinyin: jin zhong bao guo) on his back with her sewing needle before he left to join the army, reminding him to "repay his country with total loyalty". Tattooing has also been featured prominently in one of the Four Classic Novels in Chinese literature, Water Margin, in which at least two of the 108 characters, Shi Jun and Yan Qing, were described as having tattoos covering nearly the whole of their bodies. The Man of Pazyryk was also tattooed with therapeutic dots lined up along the spinal column (lumbar region) and around the right ankle. Their tattooing involves animal designs repertory carried out in a curvilinear style.

Three tattooed mummies (c. 300 BC) were extracted from the permafrost of Altaï in second half of the 20th century (the Man of Payzyrk, during the forties; one female mummy and one male in Ukok plateau, during the nineties). Mair, The Tarim Mummies, London, 2000), some of them could date from the end of the 2nd millennium before our era. Mallory and V H. Still relatively unknown (the only current publications in Western languages are those of J P.

Tarim Basin (West China, Xinjiang) revealed several tattooed mummies of a European physical type. "Ötzi the Iceman", dated circa 3300 BC, exhibits therapeutic tattoos (small parallel dashes along lumbar and on the legs). Tattooing has been a Eurasian practice since Neolithic times. According to Robert Graves in his book The Greek Myths, tattooing was common amongst certain religious groups in the ancient Mediterranean world, which probably contributed to the prohibition of tattooing in Leviticus 19:28 in the Old Testament.

Japan, and China. Tattooing was widespread among Polynesian peoples, and in the Philippines, Borneo, Samoa, Africa, Mesoamerica. The Ainu, the indigenous people of Japan, wore unique facial tattoos. Tattooing has been a practice of almost every known people.

Tattoos, particularly full traditional body suits, are still popularly associated with the yakuza (mafia) in Japan; in reality, however, many yakuza members are choosing not to be tattooed to avoid this very stigma. It is widely believed that one of the initiation rites in becoming a triad member is silently withstanding the pain of receiving a tattoo the size of one's entire back in one sitting, usually performed in the traditional "hand-poked" style. It is said that most triad members in Hong Kong have a tattoo of a black dragon on the left bicep and one of a white tiger on the right; in fact, many people in Hong Kong use "left a black dragon, right a white tiger" as a euphemism for a triad member. It has been suggested that a majority of prisoners in US prisons have at least one tattoo.

Tattoos can be wholly or partially removed by cosmetic surgery but this can be expensive and may not be entirely effective in leaving unblemished skin. For this reason and others a large proportion of people who get tattoos subsequently regret it. Tattoos can therefore impair the wearer's career prospects. Many employers, especially in professional fields, dislike tattoos greatly.

For example, many businesses such as gyms, hot springs and recreational facilities in Japan still ban people with visible tattoos. In some areas, tattoos have a largely negative image. This is particularly true in East Asian countries and regions, where tattoos are still generally associated with criminality in the public's mind; therefore those who choose to be tattooed in such countries usually keep their tattoos covered for fear of reprisal. Many celebrities, particularly in the music industry, wear tattoos, but there are many others who have tattoos but generally keep them covered. "Tattoo Flash" is also the name of an American tattoo magazine.

Tattoo designs that are mass produced and sold to tattoo artists and studios are called flash. This usage is gaining support, with mainstream art galleries holding exhibitions of tattoo designs and photographs of tattoos. Most tattoo enthusiasts refer to tattoos as art and to tattooists (less often "tattooers") as artists. In Japanese the word used for traditional designs or those that are applied using traditional methods is irezumi, while "tattoo" is used for non-Japanese designs.

The origin of the word tattoo is usually traced to the Tahitian tatu or tatau, which means to mark or strike (the latter referring to traditional methods of applying the designs). In technical terms, tattooing is micro-pigment implantation. Tattoos are a type of body modification. This article is about the tattoo, a design in ink or some other pigment, usually decorative or symbolic, placed permanently under the skin. The Symbolism and Meaning of Many Popular Tattoo Designs Jennifer Gribbs Tattoo Design Guide (http://www.tattoojohnny.com/tattoo-design-guide.asp).

The Art of Tattooing Joshua Andrews Tattoology (http://www.tattoology.net). The Tattoo Machine Joshua Andrews link Source (http://www.howtotattoo.net). Safe Tattooing Joshua Andrews. Russian Criminal Tattoo Encyclopaedia Danzig Baldaev, ISBN 3882439203.

Tattoo Art Magazine. Total Tattoo Book Amy Krakow, ISBN 0446670014. provide clear aftercare instructions and products. always use fresh ink for each session, placing small amounts in disposable containers which are used for one client only.

always use properly sterilized non-disposable and disposable supplies. always open new, sterile needle packages in front of the client, and always use new, sterile disposable instruments. Many artists will change gloves one or more times during longer sessions. wash his or her hands with water and soap or an approved sanitizing agent, and wear latex gloves.

be willing and able to answer questions. ensure that the customer is satisfied with and sure about the design before applying it. refuse to tattoo minors, intoxicated people, or those incapable of consent due to mental defect. be knowledgeable, courteous and helpful.

accessible facilities for washing the hands with hot water and soap. an autoclave is usually required by law but is not really needed if the items to be used have been presterilized elsewhere. sharps containers for old needles. biohazard containers for blood-stained objects.

Renaut, 2004, French and English abstract) (http://www.ephe.sorbonne.fr/ED2/renaut.htm). PhD Thesis on body-marking in Antiquity (L. Renaut, 2004, French and English abstract) (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=GatewayURL&_origin=AUGATEWAY&_method=citationSearch&_piikey=S0003552103000840&_version=1&md5=f6dd58d559c19d58799b93a66225b038). Comparative study about Ötzi's therapeutic tattoos (L.