This page will contain wikis about Ohio State, as they become available.Ohio State UniversityThe Ohio State University is currently the third largest university in the United States and currently ranked by US News and World Report as the best public university in Ohio and the twenty-first best public university in the nation.[1] Ohio State's students attend either the main campus in Columbus, Ohio, or regional campuses located in Lima, Mansfield, Marion, Gibraltar Island (Stone Lab), Newark, and Wooster. The university was founded in 1870 as a land-grant university. Ohio State should not be confused with Ohio University, a separate institution located in Athens, Ohio. HistoryThe Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical College, founded in 1870 as a land-grant university in accordance with the Morrill Act of 1862, first opened its doors for students during the September of 1873. Initially, President Stanton of Miami University was trying to receive more state funding through the Morrill Land Grant Act and was instrumental in the founding of The Ohio State University. The school was originally situated within a farming community located on the northern edge of Columbus, and was intended to matriculate students of various agricultural and mechanical disciplines. After an 1878 vote passed in favor of broadening the spectrum of educational offerings, the college permanently changed its name to the now-familiar "The Ohio State University". Ohio State operated The Big Ear, the largest and longest-running radio telescope SETI project in the world, until 1998. OrganizationUniversity Hall, Ohio State University.Ohio State University is comprised of the following colleges, schools, and campuses:
CampusThe Columbus, Ohio campus is currently one of the largest student bodies in the United States, with 50,504 students enrolled. The university is ranked best public university in the state of Ohio by U.S. News and World Report in their annual college rankings special issue. The medical school is home to the James Cancer Hospital, a cancer research institute, and the Richard M. Ross Heart Hospital, a research institute for cardiovascular disease. The Columbus campus is also home to the Wexner Center for the Arts. The current president is Karen A. Holbrook and Barbara R. Snyder is the Provost. AthleticsOhio State's intercollegiate sports teams are called the "Buckeyes" (after the state tree, the Buckeye), and participate in the NCAA's Division I-A in all sports and the Big Ten Conference in most sports. (The men's hockey program competes in the Central Collegiate Hockey Association, and its women's hockey program competes in the Western Collegiate Hockey Association). The school colors are Scarlet and Gray, and the mascot of OSU is Brutus Buckeye. The Buckeye football team, which plays at Ohio Stadium (a.k.a. the Horseshoe or simply The 'Shoe), won the 2002 college football national championship at the 2003 Fiesta Bowl. It was the seventh national championship for the football team, which also topped the nation in 1942, 1954, 1957, 1961, 1968, and 1970. Although Ohio State University does not recognize championships won in 1933, 1944, 1969, 1973, 1974, 1975, and 1998, various organizations awarded it the national championship, reaching a total of 13 titles. The most famous football coach in Ohio State's history was the colorful and legendary Woody Hayes (1913-1987), who passionately taught players and students that a person succeeds in life through "hard work." The Buckeye football team also boasts 5 Heisman trophy winners including the only two-time winner Archie Griffin (in 1974 and 1975), Les Horvath (1944), Vic Janowicz (1950), Howard "Hopalong" Cassady (1955), and Eddie George (1995). Other outstanding sports figures that were students at Ohio State include Jesse Owens "the Buckeye Bullet" (track and field); Fred R. Taylor, John Havlicek, and Jerry Lucas (basketball); Frank Howard (baseball); Jack Nicklaus (golf); and Chic Harley (three-time All-American football running back) and Woody Hayes (football; M.A.). Ohio State is a part of the intense athletic Ohio State-Michigan Rivalry (particularly in football). The University of Michigan leads the historical series 57-39-6, but Ohio State is 4-1 in the game since Jim Tressel became its coach in 2001. The OSU/UM game has been called the greatest rivalry in sports by ESPN.[2] Activities & OrganizationsThe Ohio union, was the first student union built by a public university. The Ohio union is dedicated to enriching the student experience on and off of the Ohio State University campus. The Ohio union, located prominently along High Street southeast of the Oval, has been a center of student life at The Ohio State University for more than 50 years. It provides facilities for student activities, organizations and events, and serves as an important meeting place for campus and community interaction. In addition, many student services and programs are housed in the union, along with dining and recreational facilities. Student Organizations/SOURCEStudent organizations at The Ohio State University provide students with opportunities to get involved in a wide variety of interest areas including academic, social, religious, artistic, service-based, diversity and many more! There are over 800 registered student organizations that involve many thousands of students. Leadership & ServiceThe union's vision is to prepare students to be responsible, engaged leaders committed to community participation for social action and change. Examples of programs to get involved in are the Buckeye Leadership Society, LeaderShape, Buckeye Service Council, Community Commitment, and Alternative Spring Break. All of these programs have the ultimate goal of making students into better leaders, people and citizens of Ohio State. Student GovernmentsAt The Ohio State University, there are three recognized student governments that represent their constituents.
Student lifeThe Office of Student Affairs is responsible for many of the outside-the-classroom aspects of student life at Ohio State. Among these are student housing; food service; health, wellness and counseling; activities, organizations and leadership development; recreation and intramurals. The Office of Student Affairs also operates the Schottenstein Center, the Fawcett Center, the Blackwell Inn, the Ohio union and the Drake Event Center. The Makio is Ohio State's annual/yearbook. The Makio ran into financial problems during the early 1970s, and the organization went bankrupt and stopped publication during the late 1970s. The book was revived from 1985 to 1994, and has been revived again since 2000. The Ohio State University Marching Band (or TBDBITL, "The Best Damn Band in the Land") is also a tradition at Ohio State. The marching band is the largest all brass band in the world. All songs are customized to fit the unorthodox instrumentation. The band is famous for "Script Ohio," during which the band marches through the curves of the word, spelling "Ohio" while playing the famous march "Le Regiment de Sambre et Meuse". OSU's "Buckeye Bullet" electric car broke the world record for the fastest speed by an electric vehicle on October 3, 2004 with a speed of 271.737 MPH (437.3 km/h) at the Bonneville Salt Flats in Utah. The vehicle also holds the US record for fastest electric vehicle with a speed of 314.958 MPH (506.9 km/h), and peak timed mile speed of 321.834 MPH (517.9 km/h). The vehicle was designed, built and managed by a team of engineering students at the university's "Center for Automotive Research-Intelligent Transportation" (CAR-IT). The Ohio State University Men's Glee Club[3], formed in 1875, is the oldest musical organization on campus. In 1990, led by Professor James Gallagher, the Men's Glee Club participated in the International Musical Eisteddfod in Llangolen, Wales and won the male chorus competition by an unprecedented 20 points before, in a unanimous decision of the judges, being named "Choir of the World"—the first American choir to win such an honor. The Glee Club is under the direction of Dr. Robert J. Ward. Ohio State-affiliated mediaOSU operates a public television station, WOSU-TV 34 / WOSU-DT 38 (a local PBS TV station), as well as two public radio stations, WOSU-AM (NPR/BBC) and WOSU-FM (Classical) in Columbus, both with the call letters WOSU. In 2003, the television station began broadcasting in HDTV. There is also a student-run radio station with an Internet audio stream (no broadcast signals are available in Columbus) called "The Underground" and a student-run cable channel, airing primarily on the campus cable system operated by UNITS (the university's telecommunications department), known as Buckeye TV. The school newspaper is called The Lantern, and has operated as a laboratory newspaper in the School of Communication (formerly the School of Journalism) for more than 150 years. The student monthly newspaper is The Sentinel (formerly The Observer). The Sentinel serves as an analytical complement to The Lantern, though with a substantially smaller circulation. The university also produces a literary magazine called Mosaic, which features undergraduate fiction, poetry, and art. Notable alumni
Points of interest
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The university also produces a literary magazine called Mosaic, which features undergraduate fiction, poetry, and art. The scents are then heavily marketed; the association with the celebrity's name usually being the selling point of the campaign. The Sentinel serves as an analytical complement to The Lantern, though with a substantially smaller circulation. In recent years, some celebrities have signed contracts with perfume houses to associate their name with a signature scent, as a lucrative self-promotion campaign. The student monthly newspaper is The Sentinel (formerly The Observer). approved safe by IFRA. The school newspaper is called The Lantern, and has operated as a laboratory newspaper in the School of Communication (formerly the School of Journalism) for more than 150 years. Numerous synthetic musks of high quality are readily available. There is also a student-run radio station with an Internet audio stream (no broadcast signals are available in Columbus) called "The Underground" and a student-run cable channel, airing primarily on the campus cable system operated by UNITS (the university's telecommunications department), known as Buckeye TV. Due to its legality, rarity, high price, and ethical reasons, it is the policy of most perfume companies to use synthetic musk in place of natural musk for ethical reasons. In 2003, the television station began broadcasting in HDTV. This means that these musk deer and their derivatives are banned from international commercial trade." [1]. OSU operates a public television station, WOSU-TV 34 / WOSU-DT 38 (a local PBS TV station), as well as two public radio stations, WOSU-AM (NPR/BBC) and WOSU-FM (Classical) in Columbus, both with the call letters WOSU. The musk deer populations of Afghanistan, Bhutan, India, Nepal and Pakistan are included in Appendix I of CITES, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. Ward. "Musk deer are protected under national legislation in many countries where they are found. Robert J. As a result, the deer is now protected by law and international trade of musk from Moschus moschiferus is prohibited:. The Glee Club is under the direction of Dr. Due to the high demand of musk and indiscriminate hunting, populations were severely depleted. In 1990, led by Professor James Gallagher, the Men's Glee Club participated in the International Musical Eisteddfod in Llangolen, Wales and won the male chorus competition by an unprecedented 20 points before, in a unanimous decision of the judges, being named "Choir of the World"—the first American choir to win such an honor. Although the musk pod is produced only by a young male deer in oestrus musk hunters usually did not discriminate between the age and sex of the deers. The Ohio State University Men's Glee Club[3], formed in 1875, is the oldest musical organization on campus. This requires the killing of the animal in the process. The vehicle was designed, built and managed by a team of engineering students at the university's "Center for Automotive Research-Intelligent Transportation" (CAR-IT). Musk was traditionally taken from the male musk deer Moschus moschiferus. The vehicle also holds the US record for fastest electric vehicle with a speed of 314.958 MPH (506.9 km/h), and peak timed mile speed of 321.834 MPH (517.9 km/h). There are several reasons for this:. OSU's "Buckeye Bullet" electric car broke the world record for the fastest speed by an electric vehicle on October 3, 2004 with a speed of 271.737 MPH (437.3 km/h) at the Bonneville Salt Flats in Utah. It is important to note that there is no benefit from creating a perfume exclusively from natural materials. The band is famous for "Script Ohio," during which the band marches through the curves of the word, spelling "Ohio" while playing the famous march "Le Regiment de Sambre et Meuse". For instance, acetophenone, limonene, oakmoss etc while present in many perfumes, are also potential allergens. All songs are customized to fit the unorthodox instrumentation. In some cases, an excessive use of perfumes may cause allergic reactions of the skin. The marching band is the largest all brass band in the world. Perfumers were also known to create poisons; for instance, a French duchess was murdered when a perfume/poison was rubbed into her gloves and was, thus, slowly absorbed into her skin. The Ohio State University Marching Band (or TBDBITL, "The Best Damn Band in the Land") is also a tradition at Ohio State. Today, perfume creation is dominated by a handful of very large multi national companies - IFF (USA), Givaudan (Switzerland), Firmenich (Switzerland), Takasago (Japan) and Quest (UK). The book was revived from 1985 to 1994, and has been revived again since 2000. By the 18th century, aromatic plants were being grown in the Grasse region of France to provide the growing perfume industry with raw materials. The Makio ran into financial problems during the early 1970s, and the organization went bankrupt and stopped publication during the late 1970s. Partly due to this patronage, the western perfumery industry was created. The Makio is Ohio State's annual/yearbook. The Prophet Muhammad said, "The taking of a bath on Friday is compulsory for every male Muslim who has attained the age of puberty and (also) the cleaning of his teeth with Siwak (type of twig used as a toothbrush), and the using of perfume if it is available." (Recorded in Sahih Bukhari). The Office of Student Affairs also operates the Schottenstein Center, the Fawcett Center, the Blackwell Inn, the Ohio union and the Drake Event Center. In the Islamic culture, perfume usage has been documented as far back as the 6th century and its usage is considered a religious duty. Among these are student housing; food service; health, wellness and counseling; activities, organizations and leadership development; recreation and intramurals. During the Renaissance period, perfumes were used primarily by royalty and the wealthy to mask bodily odors resulting from the sanitary practices of the day. The Office of Student Affairs is responsible for many of the outside-the-classroom aspects of student life at Ohio State. Knowledge of perfumery came to Europe as early as the 14th century. At The Ohio State University, there are three recognized student governments that represent their constituents. The world centre of perfumery has moved over the centuries depending upon who has had the economic and political power. All of these programs have the ultimate goal of making students into better leaders, people and citizens of Ohio State. It was developed and further refined by the Romans and the Arabs. Examples of programs to get involved in are the Buckeye Leadership Society, LeaderShape, Buckeye Service Council, Community Commitment, and Alternative Spring Break. In ancient Egypt a great deal was recorded and we have a relativley clear account of the considerable importance of perfume in their daily lives. The union's vision is to prepare students to be responsible, engaged leaders committed to community participation for social action and change. Perfumery, or the art of making perfumes, began in china and India but little evidence remains. Student organizations at The Ohio State University provide students with opportunities to get involved in a wide variety of interest areas including academic, social, religious, artistic, service-based, diversity and many more! There are over 800 registered student organizations that involve many thousands of students. The mixture is normally aged for one year. In addition, many student services and programs are housed in the union, along with dining and recreational facilities. Included in the perfume are fixatives, which bind the various fragrances together, include balsams, ambergris, and secretions from the scent glands of civets and musk deer (undiluted, these have unpleasant smells but in alcoholic solution they act as preserving agents). It provides facilities for student activities, organizations and events, and serves as an important meeting place for campus and community interaction. Perfume oils usually contain tens to hundreds of ingredients. The Ohio union, located prominently along High Street southeast of the Oval, has been a center of student life at The Ohio State University for more than 50 years. Of these extracts, only absolutes, essential oils, and tinctures are directly used to formulate perfumes. The Ohio union is dedicated to enriching the student experience on and off of the Ohio State University campus. Although fragrant extracts are known to the general public as the generic term "essential oils", a more specific language is used in the fragrance industry to describe the source, purity, and technique used to obtain a particular fragrant extract. The Ohio union, was the first student union built by a public university. This is due to the use of heat, harsh solvents, or through exposure to oxygen in the extraction process which will denature the aromatic compounds, which either change their odour character or renders them odourless. The OSU/UM game has been called the greatest rivalry in sports by ESPN.[2]. All these techniques will to a certain extent, distort the odour of the aromatic compounds obtained from the raw materials. The University of Michigan leads the historical series 57-39-6, but Ohio State is 4-1 in the game since Jim Tressel became its coach in 2001. The results of the extraction are either essential oils, absolutes, concretes, or butters, depending on the amount of waxes in the extracted product. Ohio State is a part of the intense athletic Ohio State-Michigan Rivalry (particularly in football). Odorants from natural sources require the use of various methods to extract the aromatics from the raw materials. Taylor, John Havlicek, and Jerry Lucas (basketball); Frank Howard (baseball); Jack Nicklaus (golf); and Chic Harley (three-time All-American football running back) and Woody Hayes (football; M.A.). Synthetic odorants are produced through organic synthesis and purified. Other outstanding sports figures that were students at Ohio State include Jesse Owens "the Buckeye Bullet" (track and field); Fred R. Before perfumes can be composed, the odorants used in various perfume compositions must first be obtained. The Buckeye football team also boasts 5 Heisman trophy winners including the only two-time winner Archie Griffin (in 1974 and 1975), Les Horvath (1944), Vic Janowicz (1950), Howard "Hopalong" Cassady (1955), and Eddie George (1995). See Aroma compound. The most famous football coach in Ohio State's history was the colorful and legendary Woody Hayes (1913-1987), who passionately taught players and students that a person succeeds in life through "hard work.". Each of these companies patent several processes for the production of aromatic synthetics annually. Although Ohio State University does not recognize championships won in 1933, 1944, 1969, 1973, 1974, 1975, and 1998, various organizations awarded it the national championship, reaching a total of 13 titles. They include:. It was the seventh national championship for the football team, which also topped the nation in 1942, 1954, 1957, 1961, 1968, and 1970. The majority of the world's synthetic aromatics are created by relatively few companies. the Horseshoe or simply The 'Shoe), won the 2002 college football national championship at the 2003 Fiesta Bowl. Orchid scents are usually not obtained directly from the plant itself but are instead synthetically created to match the fragrant compounds found in various orchids. The Buckeye football team, which plays at Ohio Stadium (a.k.a. For example, linalool and coumarin are both naturally occurring compounds that can be cheaply synthesized from terpenes. The school colors are Scarlet and Gray, and the mascot of OSU is Brutus Buckeye. Synthetic aromatics are often used as an alternate source of compounds that are not easily obtained from natural sources. (The men's hockey program competes in the Central Collegiate Hockey Association, and its women's hockey program competes in the Western Collegiate Hockey Association). For instance, Calone, a compound of synthetic origin, imparts a fresh ozonous metallic marine scent that is widely used in contemporary perfumes. Ohio State's intercollegiate sports teams are called the "Buckeyes" (after the state tree, the Buckeye), and participate in the NCAA's Division I-A in all sports and the Big Ten Conference in most sports. Synthetics can provide fragrances which are not found in nature. Snyder is the Provost. Synthetic aromatics are created through organic synthesis from various chemical compounds that are obtained from petroleum distillates, pine resins, or other relatively cheap organic feedstock. Holbrook and Barbara R. Orange leaves, blossoms, and fruit zest are the respective sources of petit grain, neroli, and orange oils. The current president is Karen A. A plant can offer more than one source of aromatics, for instance the aerial portions and seeds of coriander have remarkably different odors from each other. The Columbus campus is also home to the Wexner Center for the Arts. The sources of these compounds may be derived from various parts of a plant. Ross Heart Hospital, a research institute for cardiovascular disease. Plants are by far the largest source of fragrant compounds used in perfumery. The medical school is home to the James Cancer Hospital, a cancer research institute, and the Richard M. These aromatics are usually secondary metabolites produced by plants as protection against herbivores as well as to attract pollinators. News and World Report in their annual college rankings special issue. Plants have long been used in perfumery as a source of essential oils and aroma compounds. The university is ranked best public university in the state of Ohio by U.S. As such, although the oil concentration of a perfume in eau de parfum dilution will necessarily be higher than the same perfume in eau de toilette form, the same trends may not necessarily apply to different perfume compositions much less across different perfume houses. The Columbus, Ohio campus is currently one of the largest student bodies in the United States, with 50,504 students enrolled. It should be noted that different perfumeries or perfume houses assign different amounts of oils to each of their perfumes. Ohio State University is comprised of the following colleges, schools, and campuses:. As the percentage of aromatic compounds decreases, the intensity and longevity of the scent decrease. Ohio State operated The Big Ear, the largest and longest-running radio telescope SETI project in the world, until 1998. Although dilutions of the perfume oil can be done using solvents such as jojoba, fractionated coconut oil, and wax, the most common solvents for perfume oil dilution is ethanol or a mixture of ethanol and water. After an 1878 vote passed in favor of broadening the spectrum of educational offerings, the college permanently changed its name to the now-familiar "The Ohio State University". This is done because undiluted oils contain volatile components that would be too concentrated for people with sensitive skin or allergies. The school was originally situated within a farming community located on the northern edge of Columbus, and was intended to matriculate students of various agricultural and mechanical disciplines. Perfumes oils, or the "juice" of a perfume composition, are diluted with a suitable solvent to make the perfume more usable. Initially, President Stanton of Miami University was trying to receive more state funding through the Morrill Land Grant Act and was instrumental in the founding of The Ohio State University. The rate of evaporation (vapor pressure) and the odor strength of the compound partly determine the tenacity of the compound and determine its perfume note classification. The Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical College, founded in 1870 as a land-grant university in accordance with the Morrill Act of 1862, first opened its doors for students during the September of 1873. On application, body heat causes the solvent to quickly disperse, leaving the fragrance to evaporate gradually over several hours. . A mixture of alcohol and water is used as the solvent for the aromatics. Ohio State should not be confused with Ohio University, a separate institution located in Athens, Ohio. Traditionally, fragrances can be classified into several olfactive families, by the themes, or accords, of these fragrances. The university was founded in 1870 as a land-grant university. Perfumes can also be classified according to their concentration. The Ohio State University is currently the third largest university in the United States and currently ranked by US News and World Report as the best public university in Ohio and the twenty-first best public university in the nation.[1] Ohio State's students attend either the main campus in Columbus, Ohio, or regional campuses located in Lima, Mansfield, Marion, Gibraltar Island (Stone Lab), Newark, and Wooster. On the other hand, it is possible to group perfumes into olfactive families and describe them through the notes that appear as they slowly evaporate. Chadwick Arboretum - Columbus, Ohio campus. Even if the formulas are known, the ingredients are often too numerous to provide a useful classification. List of Ohio State University people. It is impossible to describe a perfume according to its components because the exact formulas are kept secret. Its purpose is to act as a liaison between these students and the governing bodies of the University. . Inter-Professional Council (IPC), which is a representative body of all professional students in the colleges of Dentistry, Law, Medicine, Optometry, Pharmacy, and Veterinary Medicine. The amount and type of solvent mix with the fragrance oil dictates whether a perfume is considered a perfume extract, Eau de parfum, Eau de toilette, or Eau de Cologne. The Council provides a forum in which the graduate student body may present, discuss, and set upon issues related to its role in the academic and non-academic aspects of the University community. Perfume is a mixture of fragrant essential oils and aroma compounds, fixatives, and solvents used to give the human body, objects, and living spaces a lasting and pleasant smell. Council of Graduate Students (CGS), which promotes and provides academic, administrative, and social programs for the university community in general and for graduate students in particular. Miss Piggy: Moi. USG seeks to outreach to and work for the students at the Ohio State University. Elizabeth Taylor: Passion, White Diamonds. Undergraduate Student Government (USG), which consists of elected and appointed student representatives who serve as liaisons from the undergraduate student body to university officials. Britney Spears: Curious, Fantasy. Ohio State University Newark Campus. Sarah Jessica Parker: Lovely. Delaware Center. Jennifer Lopez: JLo, Still, Live, Glow, Miami Glow. Ohio State University Marion Campus
Ohio State University Mansfield Campus. Paris Hilton: Paris Hilton, Paris Hilton for Men, Just Me, Just Me for Men. Ohio State University Lima Campus. Alan Cumming: Cumming. Moritz College of Law. Cher: Uninhibited. Michael E. David Beckham: Instinct. Fisher College of Business. Many synthetics have very beautiful aromas not available in nature. Max M. There are many new synthetic aromas that bear no olfactory relationship to any natural material and yet modern perfumery depends on these new odours for the infinite variety of perfumes available today. Graduate School. Unless the essential oil is distilled from a certified organic origin. School of Public Policy and Management. In the distillation of natural essential oils any biocides (including pesticides, herbicides, or fungicides) that have been applied while the plant is growing may be concentrated into the essential oil making the oil toxic. School of Journalism and Communication. Synthetic aromatics make possible perfumes at reasonable prices. College of Social and Behavioral Sciences
College of Biological Sciences. Many natural aromatic materials are in fact inherently toxic and are either banned or restricted by IFRA. School of Music. Tinctures are typically thin liquids. Advanced Computing Center for the Arts and Design (ACCAD). Tincture: Fragrant materials produced by directly soaking and infusing raw materials in ethanol. College of the Arts
Colleges of the Arts and Sciences
College of Optometry. As such concretes are usually further purified through distillation or ethanol based solvent extraction. College of Nursing. Concretes usually contain a large amount of wax due to the ease in which the solvents dissolve various hydrophobic compounds. School of Public Health. Concrete: Fragrant materials that have been extracted from raw materials through solvent extraction using volatile hydrocarbons. School of Biomedical Science. Absolutes are usually found in the form of an oily liquid. School of Allied Medical Professions. By using a slightly hydrophilic compound such as ethanol, most of the fragrant compounds from the waxy source materials can be extracted without dissolving any of the fragrantless waxy molecules. College of Medicine and Public Health
Agricultural Technical Institute. Enfleurage: Absorption of aroma materials into wax and then extracting the odorous oil with alcohol. Horticulture & Crop Science. Of all raw materials, only the fragrant oils from the peels of fruits in the citrus family are extracted in this manner since the oil is present in large enough quantities as to make this extraction method economically feasible. College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences
Austin E. Fragrant compounds that are released from the raw material by the high heat often undergo anhydrous pyrolysis, which results in the formation of different fragrant compounds, and thus different fragrant notes. College of Engineering
School of Educational Policy and Leadership. This allows for the easy separation of the fragrant oils from the water. College of Education
Distillation: A common technique for obtaining aromatic compounds from plants, such as orange blossoms and roses. Ethanol extraction is not used to extract fragrace from fresh plant materials since these contain large quantities of water, which will also be extracted into the ethanol. Ethanol extraction: A type of solvent extraction used to extract fragrant compounds directly from dry raw materials, as well as the impure oily compounds materials resulting from solvent extraction or enfluerage. Due to the low heat of process and the relatively unreactive solvent used in the extraction, the fragrant compounds derived often closely resemble the original odour of the raw material. Supercritical fluid extraction: A relatively new technique for extracting fragrant compounds from a raw material, which often employ supercritical CO2. The product of this process is call a "concrete".
Fragrant compounds for woody and fibrous plant materials are often obtained in this matter as are all aromatics from animal sources. Maceration lasts anywhere from hours to months. Raw materials are submerged in a solvent that can dissolve the desired aromatic compounds. Maceration/Solvent extraction: The most commonly used and economically important technique for extracting aromatics in the modern perfume industry. Symrise. Takasago. Quest International. Firmenich. Givaudan-Roure. International Flavors and Fragrances (IFF). Honeycomb: Distilled from the honeycomb of the Honeybee. Ambergris is commonly referred as "amber" in perfumery and should not be confused with yellow amber, which is used in jewelry. Ambergris: Lumps of oxidized fatty compounds, whose precursors were secreted and expelled by the Sperm Whale. Castoreum: Obtained from the odorous sacs of the North American beaver. Civet: Also call Civet Musk, this is obtained from the odorous sacs of the civets, animals in the family Viverridae, related to the Mongoose. Musk: Originally derived from the musk sacs from the Asian musk deer, it has now been replaced by the use of synthetic musks due to its price and various ethical issues. Lichens: Commonly used lichen includes oakmoss and treemoss thalli. Some of what is called amber and copal in perfumery today is the resinous secretion of fossil conifers. Pine and fir resins are a particularly valued source of terpenes used in the organic synthesis of many other synthetic or naturally occurring aromatic compounds. Commonly used resins in perfumery include labdanum, frankincense/olibanum, myrrh, Peru balsam, gum benzoin. Highly fragrant and antiseptic resins and resin-containing perfumes have been used by many cultures as medicines for a large variety of ailments. Resins: Valued since antiquity, resins have been widely used in incense and perfumery. The fragrant oil in sassafras root bark is also used either directly or purified for its main constituent, safrole, which is used in the synthesis of other fragrant compounds such as helional. Bark: Commonly used barks includes cinnamon and cascarilla. Commonly used woods include sandalwood, rosewood, agarwood, birch, cedar, juniper, and pine. Woods: Highly important in providing the base notes to a perfume, wood oils and distillates are indispensible in perfumery. The most commonly used fruits yield their aromatics from the rind; they include citrus such as oranges, lemons, limes, and grapefruit. Notable exceptions include litsea cubeba, vanilla, and juniper berry. Fruits: Fresh fruits such as apples, strawberries, cherries unfortunately do not yield the expected odors; if you find such fragrance notes in a perfume, they're synthetic. Seeds: Commonly used seeds include tonka bean, coriander, caraway, cocoa, nutmeg, mace, cardamom, and anise. Roots, rhizomes and bulbs: Commonly used terrestrial portions in perfumery include iris rhizomes, vetiver roots, various rhizomes of the ginger family. Sometimes leaves are valued for the "green" smell they bring to perfumes, examples of this include hay and tomato leaf. Leaves and Twigs: Commonly used for perfumery are patchouli, sage, violets, rosemary, and citrus leaves. Orchid flowers are not commercially used to produce essential oils or absolutes. Although not traditionally thought of as a flower, the unopened flower buds of the clove are also commonly used. Includes the flowers of several species of rose and lavender, as well as jasmine, osmanthus, mimosa, tuberose, as well as the blossoms of citrus and ylang-ylang trees. Flowers and Blossoms: Undoubtedly the largest source of aromatics. 2001 : Nu by Yves Saint-Laurent (Jacques Cavallier). 2001 : Coco Mademoiselle by Chanel (Jacques Polge). 1996 : Acqua di Gió Pour Homme by Giorgio Armani (Alberto Morillas). 1995 : Le Mâle by Jean-Paul Gaultier (Francis Kurkdjian). 1995 : Dolce Vita by Christian Dior (Pierre Bourdon and Maurice Roger). 1995 : CK One by Calvin Klein (Firmenich). 1993 : Jean-Paul Gaultier by Jean-Paul Gaultier (Jacques Cavallier). 1992 : Angel by Thierry Mugler (Olvier Cresp and Yves de Chiris). 1990 : Trésor by Lancôme (Sophia Grosjman). 1987 : Loulou by Cacharel (Jean Guichard). 1985 : Poison by Christian Dior (Jean Guichard). 1984 : Coco by Chanel (Jacques Polge). 1983 : Paris by Yves Saint-Laurent (Sophia Grosjman). 1981 : Nombre Noir by Shiseido (Serge Lutens, Jean-Yves Leroy). 1979 : Anaïs Anaïs by Cacharel (Roger Pellegrino). 1978 : Magie Noire by Lancôme (PFW). 1978 : Azzaro Pour Homme by Azzaro (Gérard Anthony, Martin Heiddenreich, Richard Wirtz). 1977 : Opium by Yves Saint-Laurent (Jean-Louis Sieuzac). 1969 : Ô by Lancôme (Robert Gonnon). 1966 : Eau sauvage by Christian Dior (Edmond Roudnitska). 1959 : Cabochard by Parfums Grès (Bernard Chant). 1959 : Monsieur by Givenchy. 1956 : Diorissimo by Christian Dior (Edmond Roudnitska). 1948 : L'Air du temps by Nina Ricci (Francis Fabron). 1945 : Femme by Rochas (Edmond Roudnitska). 1944 : Bandit by Robery Piguet (Germaine Cellier). 1934 : Pour Un Homme by Caron (Ernest Daltroff). 1930 : Joy by Jean Patou (Henri Alméras). 1929 : Soir by Paris by Bourjois (Ernest Beaux). 1927 : Arpège by Lanvin (André Fraysse). 1925 : Shalimar by Guerlain (Jacques Guerlain). 1921 : N°5 by Chanel (Ernest Beaux). 1919 : Tabac Blond by Caron (Ernest Daltroff). 1919 : Mitsouko by Guerlain (Jacques Guerlain). 1917 : Chypre by François Coty (François Coty). 1889 : Jicky by Guerlain (Aimé Guerlain). 1714 : Eau de Cologne by Farina (Johann Maria Farina 1685-1766). Eau de cologne: 2-3% aromatic compounds. Eau de toilette: 5-20% aromatic compounds. Eau de parfum: 10-30% aromatic compounds. Perfume extract: 20%-40% aromatic compounds. Musk, vetiver and scents of plant resins are commonly used as base notes. The compounds of this class of scents are typically rich and "deep" and are usually not perceived until 30 minutes after the application of the perfume or during the period of perfume dry-down. Compounds of this class are often the fixatives used to hold and boost the strength of the lighter top and heart notes. Base notes bring depth and solidness to a perfume. The base and middle notes together are the main theme of a perfume. Base notes: The scent of a perfume that appears after the departure of the top notes. Top notes and heart notes are sometimes described together as Head notes. Lavender and rose scents are typical heart notes. Not surprisingly, the scent of heart note compounds is usually more mellow and "rounded." Scents from this note class appear anywhere from 2 minutes to 1 hour after the application of a perfume. The heart note compounds form the "heart" or main body of a perfume and act to mask the often unpleasant initial impression of base notes, which become more pleasant with time. Heart notes or Middle notes: The scent of a perfume that emerges after the top notes dissipate. Citrus and ginger scents are common top notes. The scents of this note class are usually described as "fresh," "assertive" or "sharp." The compounds that contribute to top notes are strong in scent, very volatile, and evaporate quickly. Because of this, they are very important in the selling of a perfume. Top notes create the scents that form a person's initial impression of a perfume. Top notes: Scents that are perceived immediately on application of a perfume. Development of newer fragrance compounds has allowed for the creation of primarily citrus fragrances. Citrus: An old fragrance family that until recently consisted mainly of "freshening" Eau de colognes due to the low tenacity of citrus scents. Typically enhanced by camphorous oils and incense resins, which bring to mind Victorian era imagery of the Middle East and Far East. Orientals or ambers: A large fragrance class featuring the scents of vanilla and animal scents together with flowers and woods. Patchouli, with its camphorous smell, is commonly found in perfumes of this fragrance family. Woody: Fragrances that are dominated by the woody scents, typically of sandalwood and cedar. Leather: A family of fragrances which features the scents honey, tobacco, wood, and wood tars in its middle or base notes and a scent that alludes to leather. Many men's fragrances belong to this family of fragrances, which is characterized by its sharp herbaceous and woody scent. Fougère: Fragrances built on a base of lavender, coumarin and oakmoss. Aldehydic perfumes have the characteristic "piquant" note produced by materials like Aldehyde C12 MNA. Others include Je Reviens and Arpege. Chanel No 5 was the first aldehydic perfume (created by the royal Russian perfumer Ernest Beaux in 1923). Aldehydic: Fragrances that incorporate the family of chemicals known as aldehydes. This fragrance family is characterized by a scent reminiscent of apricot and custard. Meaning Cyprus in French, the term alludes to where this base was inspired. This family of fragrances is named after a perfume by François Coty by the same name. Chypre: Fragrances build on a similar base consisting of bergamot, jasmine and oakmoss. When only one flower is used, it is called a soliflore (as in Dior's Diorissimo, with jasmine). Floral: Fragrances that are dominated by the scent of one or more types of flowers. |