Occupied Japan

Even though some 47,000 US military personnel remain in Japan today, they are there at the invitation of the Japanese government under the terms of the Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan and not as an occupying force. The university also has the largest dues-paying alumni association in the world with over 156,100 members. The San Francisco Peace Treaty, signed on September 8, 1951, marked the end of the Allied occupation, and when it went into effect on April 28, 1952, Japan was once again an independent state (with the exception of Okinawa, which remained under US control until 1972). Penn State has more than 460,000 living alumni that are located in all 50 states and many countries around the world. In 1949, MacArthur rubber-stamped a sweeping change in the SCAP power structure that greatly increased the power of Japan's native rulers, and as his attention (and that of the White House) gradually diverted to the Korean War, the occupation began to draw to a close.
. After a short period of Democratic Party administration, Yoshida returned in late 1948 and continued to serve as prime minister until 1954. This two-level 10,000-square-foot museum is located adjacent to Beaver Stadium.^[10].

Thereafter, the socialist party steadily declined in its electoral successes. The University also opened a new Penn State All-Sports Museum in February 2002. This divisiveness in conservative ranks gave a plurality to the Japan Socialist Party, which was allowed to form a cabinet, which lasted less than a year. The ballpark will be oriented to the east, offering views of Mount Nittany. For the 1947 elections, anti-Yoshida forces left the Liberal Party and joined forces with the Progressive Party to establish the new Democratic Party (Minshuto). Construction of the new ballpark is expected to be complete in June 2006. The first postwar elections were held in 1946 (women were given the franchise for the first time), and the Liberal Party's vice president, Yoshida Shigeru (1878-1967), became prime minister. It will be host to both the university baseball team as well as the State College Spikes, a minor league baseball team.

The old Seiyokai and Rikken Minseito came back as, respectively, the Liberal Party (Nihon Jiyuto) and the Japan Progressive Party (Nihon Shimpoto). Currently, ground has been broken for the construction of a new baseball stadium named Medlar Field at Lubrano Park. Left-wing organizations, such as the Japan Socialist Party and the Japan Communist Party, quickly reestablished themselves, as did various conservative parties. Additionally, the university operates two golf courses for the golf teams, students, faculty and the general public, known as the Penn State Golf Courses. Political parties had begun to revive almost immediately after the occupation began. Most of the other indoor teams play at Rec Hall, which was previously the long term home for the basketball teams as well. Once Japan's wartime leaders were weeded out, a generation of junior officers was ready to take command of the country. The men's and women's basketball teams play in the Bryce Jordan Center.

While these other reforms were taking place, various military tribunals, most notably the International Military Tribunal for the Far East in Ichigaya, were trying Japan's war criminals and sentencing many to death and imprisonment. The school also is home to one of the nation's best indoor tracks, named the Horace Ashenfelter Indoor Facility. The Japanese written system was drastically reorganized to give the Toyo Kanji, predecessor of today's Jōyō kanji, and grammar was greatly altered to reflect conversational usage. Penn State has been a powerhouse in fencing, winning 9 national championships in the sport since 1990. The longstanding issue of restricting Kanji usage, which had been planned for decades but continuously opposed by more conservative elements, was also resolved during this time. Penn State's women's volleyball team has won 8 Big Ten championships in 14 years, including the 2003 & 2004 titles, and was the NCAA division I national champion in 1999. The Imperial Rescript on Education was repealed, and the Imperial University system reorganized. In 1994, Penn State became the first team outside of the state of California to win a NCAA division I national championship in men's volleyball.

During the occupation, Japan's secondary education system was changed to incorporate three-year junior high schools and senior high schools similar to those in the US: junior high became compulsory, but senior high remained optional. The school has a strong history in both men's and women's volleyball. Before and during the war, Japanese education was based on the German system, with gymnasiums and universities to train students after primary school. Penn State has many notable achievements in other sports. In February 1947, Japan's workers were ready to call a general strike, in an attempt to take over their factories; MacArthur warned that he would not allow such a strike to take place, and the unions eventually relented, making them lose face and effectively subduing them for the remainder of the occupation. They are for the Governor's Victory Bell with the University of Minnesota and the season-ending Land Grant Trophy game versus Michigan State University. This turned out to be one of the greatest hurdles of the occupation, as communism had become increasingly popular among the poorer Japanese workers for several decades, and took advantage of Japan's recent left-leaning atmosphere. Penn State plays in two football "trophy games" with other members of the Big Ten.

Women gained the right to vote, and in April of that year, 14 million turned out for the election that gave Japan its first modern prime minister, Shigeru Yoshida. It took 3 overtimes and 5 hours before Penn State kicked a game-winning field goal for a 26-23 victory. Shinto was abolished as a state religion, and Christianity reappeared in the open for the first time in decades. These two coaches faced one another in the 2006 FedEx Orange Bowl. The new constitiution guaranteed basic freedoms and civil liberties, abolished nobility, and, perhaps most importantly, made the emperor the symbol of Japan, removing him from politics. He has led Penn State to 354 victories, placing him second for all-time Division I-A wins, trailing only Florida State's Bobby Bowden with 359. In 1946, the Diet ratified a new Constitution of Japan which followed closely a 'model copy' prepared by the Occupational authorities, and was promulgated as an amendment to the old Prussian-style Meiji Constitution. Joe Paterno has been the head coach for the Nittany Lion football team since 1966.

Five million acres (20,000 km²) of land were taken out of the hands of nobles and given to the farmers who worked them. The school has long been know as "Linebacker U" for the number of quality linebackers that it has produced. The Allies dismantled Japan's zaibatsu: only their factories remained, in the hands of a wide array of corporations which eventually coalesced into what are now known as keiretsu. The largest crowd ever at Beaver Stadium was on September 14, 2002, as 110,753 watched the Nittany Lions defeat the University of Nebraska by a score of 40-7. Even so, at $46.9 billion in 2003, Japan's defense budget is the second-largest in the world, at 5% of the worldwide total spend on defense. The stadium is the second largest in the country with a seating capacity of over 107,282. Traditionally, Japan's military spending has been restricted to about 1% of its budget, though this is by popular practice, not law, and has fluctuated up and down from this figure (see Defense budget of Japan). Penn State has a large football following and attracts tens of thousands of visitors to its campus, the area around which is also known as "Happy Valley," for tailgating and games on autumn Saturdays in Beaver Stadium.

However, within less than a decade, America was pressuring Japan to rebuild its army as a bulwark against Communism in Asia. The team's fight song is "Fight On State" and other notable songs played at athletic endeavors include the Alma Mater and "Nittany Lion". The initial intent of the "Peace Clause" was to prevent the country from ever becoming an aggresive military power again. In men's volleyball, Penn State participates in the Eastern Intercollegiate Volleyball Association (EIVA). Recently, Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi and other politicians have tried to repeal this clause. It participates in the NCAA Division I-A and in the Big Ten Conference for most sports. During the occupation, a "peace clause" was also included in the constitution that specifically forbade Japan from waging war; although the origins are unclear, both Allied and Japanese leaders apparently took part. However, these colors when used on the football team's uniforms would fade to dark blue and white and so the decision was made to permanently change the colors to the now familiar navy blue and white.

The national police force was dissolved and replaced by regional police forces. The school's official colors were originally black and pink. Shortly after his arrival, MacArthur ordered that all Japanese personnel give up their katana and wakizashi: seven tons of swords were confiscated and sent to San Francisco. Penn State's mascot is the Nittany Lion. During 1947, BCOF began to decrease its activities in Japan and it was officially wound up in 1951. The Trophy, which has been presented by the John Philip Sousa Foundation since 1982, is regarded as the nation's highest accolade for collegiate bands. At its peak, the force numbered about 40,000 personnel. In 2005, the Penn State Blue Band was honored with the Sudler Trophy.

While US forces were responsible for overall military government, BCOF was responsible for supervising demilitarisation and the disposal of Japan's war industries.[1] BCOF was also responsible for occupation of several western prefectures and had its headquarters at Kure. In addition, WPSU-FM (radio) and WPSU-TV (television) originate their broadcasts from the Penn State campus. The official British Commonwealth Occupation Force (BCOF), comprised of Australian, British, Indian and New Zealand personnel, was deployed from February 21, 1946. The student run radio station is WKPS The LION 90.7 FM. By the end of 1945, more than 350,000 US personnel were stationed throughout Japan. The university yearbook is named La Vie. While other Allied political and military leaders pushed for Hirohito to be tried as a war criminal, MacArthur resisted such calls, arguing that any such prosecution would be overwhelmingly unpopular with the Japanese people. In addition to the traditional paper publication, The Collegian went online as The Digital Collegian, starting in summer of 1996.

With the sanction of Japan's reigning monarch, MacArthur now had the ammunition he needed to begin the real work of the Occupation. The student run newspaper is The Daily Collegian. The two men met for the first time on September 28; the photograph of the two together is one of the most famous in Japanese history. This event has inspired many similar events at other universities throughout the country. Once the food network was in place, at a cost of up to US$1 million a day, MacArthur set out to win the support of Hirohito. Dancers dance for 48 hours straight, raising millions of dollars for pediatric cancer care and research, generally through the Four Diamonds Fund. His first priority was to set up a food distribution network; following the collapse of the ruling government, and the wholesale destruction of most major cities, virtually everyone was starving. Every February, thousands of students participate in the Penn State Dance Marathon (Thon), the largest student-run philanthropy in the world.

General MacArthur was technically supposed to defer to an advisory council set up by the Allied powers, but in practice did everything himself. It is also the home to LateNight Penn State, an endeavor designed to provide weekend entertainment in an alcohol-free environment. Allied (primarily American) forces supervised the country. Most of the student organizations are headquartered at the Hetzel Union Building (HUB), which underwent significant renovations and enlargement beginning in 1997. On September 2, Japan formally surrendered, signing the Japanese Instrument of Surrender, and the occupation began. 11-13% of the University Park population is affiliated with a Greek organization. No Allied personnel were to eat the scarce Japanese food. Over seven hundred student organizations exist ^[9], as well as the largest Greek systems in the country.

No Allied personnel were to assault Japanese people. The National Research Council (NRC) rated Penn State's Department of Geography number one in the United States in 1995. MacArthur himself arrived in Tokyo on August 30, and immediately set several laws: No Allied personnel were to fraternize with Japanese people. News Best Graduate Schools 2006, Penn State ranks. Other Allied personnel followed. According to U.S. They were followed by USS Missouri, whose accompanying vessels landed the 4th Marine Division on the southern coast of Kanagawa. News Best Colleges 2006 ^[6], Penn State nationally ranks ^[7]:.

On August 28, 150 US personnel flew to Atsugi, Kanagawa Prefecture, and became the first Allied forces to land on Japanese soil. According to U.S. Japanese officials left for Manila on August 19 to meet MacArthur and to be briefed on his plans for the occupation. and the #39 university in the world. On V-J Day, Truman appointed General Douglas MacArthur as Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers, to supervise the occupation of Japan. Shanghai Jiao Tong University's Academic Ranking of World Universities 2005 ranks Penn State - University Park as the #30 university in the U.S. The Soviet Union would be responsible for North Korea, Sakhalin, and the Kuril Islands, while the United States and the British Empire would have the responsibility for Japan, South Korea, and Japan's remaining possessions in Oceania. The Washington Monthly ranks Penn State as the #6 national university in the country.

At Potsdam, United States President Harry Truman, British Prime Minister Clement Attlee and Soviet leader Josef Stalin had agreed on how the Allied occupation of the Japanese Empire would be carried out. The Fiske Guide to Colleges 2006 gives Penn State - University Park an academic rating of 4.5 stars out of 5. It was V-J Day, the end of World War II, and the beginning of a long road to recovery for a shattered Japan. The Public Ivies: America's Flagship Public Universities, a book published by Greene's Guides, included Penn State among the Public Ivies, public universities that purportedly offer an academic experience of Ivy League or close caliber combined with affordably priced tuition. On the following day, Hirohito announced Japan's surrender on the radio.
. Japan surrendered to the Allies on August 14, 1945, when Emperor Hirohito accepted the terms of the Potsdam Declaration. Penn State was the first university in the United States to ^[5]:.

. ^[4]. The occupation was satirised in the 1956 American film The Teahouse of the August Moon. The university library system began with a modest 1500 book library in Old Main, which has grown to its current 4.8 million volumes, in addition to nearly 500,000 maps, over 5 million microforms, and nearly 160,000 films and videos. The phrase "shikata ga nai", was commonly used in both Japanese and American press to encapsulate the Japanese public's resignation to the harsh conditions endured while under occupation. The Penn State University Libraries are ranked twelfth among research libraries in North America. 80% of first-year classes have 50 or fewer students, and classes are even smaller for upperclassmen and for all students at other campuses.

When the medical school, college of technology, and law school are included, the ratio is 15:1. The student to faculty ratio at Penn State campuses is 16:1. Penn State is known for its Geography (#1 graduate program - National Research Council, 2001), Meteorology, and Geosciences programs, in the College of Earth & Mineral Sciences. Over 10,000 students are enrolled in the university's graduate school, and over 70,000 degrees have been awarded since the school was founded in 1922 ^[3].

In 2003 the university devoted $545 million to research, ranking it 12th in the nation ^[2], and its researchers received nearly $400 million in outside grants toward their projects. The Smeal College of Business is AACSB accredited in business and is one of only four Pennsylvania schools to be AACSB accredited in accounting. Penn State is a research university, known for its breadth of programs in engineering, architecture, economics, business, and the sciences. Penn State Great Valley School of Graduate Professional Studies is a special mission campus offering master's degrees, master's certification, and continuing professional education.

Some of the larger campuses offer degree programs, while others only offer introductory courses. Penn State operates 19 Commonwealth Campuses throughout the state, where over 60% of Penn State first-year students begin their education. About 5000 students, or 12% of the total student population, are of minority ethnicity, and another 3000 are international students. Slightly more than 54% of the students are male, and approximately 25% are from outside of Pennsylvania.

Approximately 34,000 undergraduate students and 6000 graduate students study at University Park. With an acceptance rate of 58%, it is the most selective campus in the Penn State system. The flagship of Penn State's 24 campuses, University Park, is found next to State College, just east of the geographic center of the state. In 2004, Penn State started celebrating its 150th anniversary, since 2005 marks the University's sesquicentennial.

To make up the difference, the University has turned to philanthropy, with 2003 marking the end of the Grand Destiny campaign–a seven-year effort which raised over $1.3 billion for the University. Even so, limited growth in state appropriations to the University have turned the school into the least-funded state school in the Big Ten on a per student basis. Currently, the University is the largest in Pennsylvania, and in 2003, it was credited with having the largest impact on the state economy of any organization, generating over $6 billion for the state on a budget of $2.5 billion. In 1989, the Pennsylvania College of Technology in Williamsport joined ranks with the University, and in 1997, so did the Dickinson School of Law.

In recent years, Penn State's role as a leader in education in Pennsylvania has become well-defined. As such, it belongs to the Commonwealth System of Higher Education. In the 1970s, The Pennsylvania State University became a state-related institution. Additionally, in 1967, the Hershey Medical Center, a college of medicine and hospital, was established with a $50 million gift from the Hershey Trust.

Under his leadership, which lasted from 1956-1970, the University added hundreds of acres of surrounding land, and nearly tripled enrollment to 40,000. Eric Walker, the University developed rapidly. In 1953, President Milton Eisenhower changed the school's name to The Pennsylvania State University, and under his successor, Dr. Around this time, Commonwealth campuses were started by President Ralph Hetzel to give an alternative to Depression-era students who were economically unable to leave home to attend college.

In the years that followed, Penn State grew significantly, becoming the state's largest source of baccalaureate degrees and reaching an enrollment of 5,000 in 1936. Atherton's grave rests in front of Schwab Auditorium near Old Main, the University Park campus's central administration building, and is marked by an engraved marble block resting in front of his statue. Contrary to popular belief, Atherton Hall is not named after President Atherton but Frances Atherton. For this, Atherton is widely credited with saving Penn State from bankruptcy, and is still honored today by the name of a major road in State College and its suburbs, Atherton Street.

Atherton also expanded the liberal arts and agriculture programs, and as a result, was rewarded with regular appropriations from the state beginning in 1887. Shortly after he introduced engineering studies, Penn State became one of the ten largest engineering schools in the nation. Atherton became president of the school in 1882, and began working to broaden the school's curriculum. George W.

In the following years, enrollment fell as the school tried to balance purely agricultural studies with a more classic education, falling to 64 undergraduates in 1875, a year after the school's name changed once again to The Pennsylvania State College. In 1862, the school's name was changed to The Agricultural College of Pennsylvania, and with the passage of the Morrill Land-Grant Act, Pennsylvania selected the school in 1863 to be the state's sole land grant college. Centre County became the home of the new school when James Irvin of Bellefonte donated 200 acres (809,000 m²) of land—the first of 10,101 acres the University would eventually acquire. 50 of the General Assembly of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania as the Farmers' High School of Pennsylvania.

46, No. Penn State was founded in February 22, 1855 by act P.L. .
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The university joined the Big Ten Conference in 1990 (1993 for football). Founded in 1855 as an agricultural school, the university became a land grant college in 1863 and now offers over 160 majors and boasts a $1.2 billion (USD) endowment, placing it among the top ten public universities in the United States. The Pennsylvania State University (commonly known as Penn State) is a state-related land-grant university based in State College, Pennsylvania (the university uses a "University Park, Pennsylvania" to differentiate University addresses from those in town), with over 80,000 students at 24 campuses throughout the state. The Pennsylvania State University.

URL accessed on November 23, 2005.. ^  GoPSUsports.com - Official Home of Penn State Athletics. URL accessed on November 23, 2005.. ^  Index of Student Organizations @ Penn State.

URL accessed on November 23, 2005.. ^  Penn State Firsts. URL accessed on November 23, 2005.. ^  http://www.ie.psu.edu.

URL accessed on November 23, 2005.. ^  Penn State: Rankings and Ratings 2004/2005. URL accessed on November 23, 2005.. ^  USNews.com: America's Best Colleges 2006.

URL accessed on November 23, 2005.. ^  Penn State Libraries : Statistics. URL accessed on November 23, 2005.. ^  About Us.

URL accessed on November 23, 2005.. ^  Volume_II_Appendix Tables_2004. URL accessed on November 23, 2005.. ^  Penn State University Budget Office.

2003 University Endowment statistics. An Illustrated History of Penn State. Short History of Penn State. List of Big Ten Championships Won by Penn State.

List of National Championships Won by Penn State. Schreyer Honors College. Student Alumni Corps. 61st in fine arts.

58th in nursing. 57th in public affairs. 51st in history. 28th in English.

17th in sociology. 7th in criminology. 36th in psychology. 35th in political science.

35th in computer science. 45th in biological sciences. 18th in chemistry. 27th in physics.

7th in geology. 26th in mathematics. 28th in economics. 90th among law schools.

3rd in higher education administration, 4th in vocational/technical education, and 6th in counseling/personnel services. 34th among schools of education