Nicolaus Copernicus

Copernicus was honoured by Poland when the Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, established 1945, was named after him. He died in 1947 of a cerebral hemorrhage at the age of 83 in Fair Lane, his Dearborn estate, and is buried in the Ford Cemetery in Detroit. Copernicus:. In ill health, he ceded the presidency to his grandson Henry Ford II on September 21, 1945, and went into retirement. Goethe:. Edsel's 1943 death brought Henry Ford out of retirement. His reasons for doing so lay in his dissatisfaction with the inadequacies of the geocentric model, in his strong belief in the truth of the solution to the problem that he developed, its elegance and relative simplicity, and its coincidence with observation and with the classical ideals to which he had subscribed since his youth. Ford suffered an initial stroke in 1938, after which he turned over the running of his company to Edsel.

Although not holding ordained office within the Catholic Church, Copernicus was devout and unwilling to be openly defiant of the Church's teaching, but, in common with supporters of the Reformation, Copernicus was criticizing orthodox theory and belief. The foundation no longer has any association with the Ford Motor Company, nor with the family or descendants of Henry Ford. Neo-Platonic and classical ideas formed the intellectual environment in which Copernicus worked. The Foundation has grown immensely and, by 1950, had become national and international in scope.[2]. In this discussion of Copernicus' reasons for discarding such a long-held belief as the geocentric cosmology of Ptolemy, we can see that the Copernican revolution was simmering against a background revolution of theological thought — the Reformation. Henry Ford, with his son Edsel, founded the Ford Foundation in 1936 as a local philanthropic organization with a broad charter to promote human welfare. His reverence for the sun can be seen in the most famous passage of de Revolutionibus:. His knowledge of the Ontario town of the same name is believed to have led to the renaming of the Georgia town, formerly known as Ways Station.

As far as Copernicus was concerned, the Sun, a distinctive element in classical thought, held the central and most important position in the universe, gave added credence to his cosmology. He contributed substantially to the community, building a chapel and schoolhouse and employing a large number of local residents. They might not have been ready to change to an understanding of the Bible as a source only of moral and spiritual, rather than scientific, wisdom. Ford also maintained a vacation residence (known as the "Ford Plantation") in Richmond Hill, Georgia. For orthodox Catholics, the Copernican model of the universe might have seemed too radically different from the geocentric model, sustained as it was by its agreement with many scriptural references. (The airfield was across the street and is now the site of a Ford Motor Company test track.) He heavily sponsored the Stout Metal Airplane Company, which developed the Ford Tri-Motor, an early airliner. However, the lenient attitudes in Chelmno, where Copernicus carried out much of his work, began to change and might have contributed to Copernicus' isolation in the last years of his life. Ford was an early promoter of aviation, building the Dearborn Inn as the first airport hotel.

Both preferred, at least initially, to promote tolerance of differing views within the church rather than open discord, and both encouraged Copernicus' publication of his scientific beliefs. Lloyd Shaw. Copernicus seems to have been benefited from the attitude of the bishops who were his superiors in the church - Johann Dantiscus and Tiedmann Giese. Which he shared with his friend Dr. "Mathematics", he says, "is written for mathematicians". Ford also had an interest in American folk music and frequently sponsored square dances, one of his particular interests. In his own preface to his work, dedicated to Pope Paul III, Copernicus took care to point out that his motives for developing a cosmology that included a moving, rather than a stationary, Earth, were inspired by his dissatisfaction with the mathematical and astronomical descriptions of the geocentric model, and were not intended to defy the written Word. It was opened in 1929 as the Edison Institute and, although greatly modernized, remains open today.

Not much more than a century later, Kepler had certainly despatched the circular orbits of the planets and replaced them with ellipses, but the Copernican heliocentric universe was still intact. About the same time, he began collecting materials for his museum, which had a theme of practical technology. However, its consistency with the observed behaviour of the universe in a time before the telescope made more detailed observation and the gathering of more accurate measurements practicable, gave the Copernican model its strongest support. It may have inspired the creation of Old Sturbridge Village as well. In his unauthorized and anonymous preface to de Revolutionibus, Andreas Osiander was technically correct when he made reference to "the hypothesis of this work". This plan never saw fruition, but Ford repeated it with the creation of Greenfield Village in Dearborn, Michigan. Until 1543, the year that Copernicus died, and the year in which his de Revolutionibus was published, and for many years afterwards, Copernicus' description of the motion of the Earth was not ratified by empirical evidence. He moved the schoolhouse from the Mary had a little lamb nursery rhyme from Sterling, Massachusetts and purchased the historical Wayside Inn.

Copernicus used the eccentrics, epicycles, and equants of Ptolemaic cosmology, but added three kinds of motion to describe the observed behaviour of the Earth:. In the 1920s, Ford began work to turn Sudbury, Massachusetts into an Americana-themed historical village. Elegance was a consequence of the overall simplicity of Copernicus' cosmology and much of this seeming simplicity resulted from his retention of circular orbits for the planets around the central Sun. Ford had an interest in what today would be known as "Americana". Heraclides' description of the revolutions of Mercury and Venus around the Sun might have led Copernicus to consider that the other planets, including the Earth, did the same. [Detroit News, July 31, 1938.]. Aristarchus (3rd century BC) proposed an openly heliocentric model of the universe. The decoration was given "in recognition of [Ford's] pioneering in making motor cars available for the masses." The award was accompanied by a personal congratulatory message from Adolf Hitler.

Some of the ideas expressed by Philolaus (5th century BC) and Heraclides (4th century BC), proposed cosmological models in which the Earth moved. Ford was the first American and the fourth person given this award, at the time Nazi Germany's highest honorary award given to foreigners. He was acquainted with ideas espoused by other classical authors. In July of that year, Ford was awarded (and accepted) the Grand Cross of the Order of the German Eagle (Großkreuz des Deutschen Adlerordens). Copernicus' mathematical experience engendered in his thought a desire for a simpler and more elegant model of the universe. In 1938, for instance, it opened an assembly plant in Berlin, the purpose of which was to supply trucks to the Wehrmacht. His heliocentric universe theory accomplished this by dispensing with individual explanations for the motion of each planet, and replacing them with a description that applied to all the planets, including the Earth. Ford's indirect financial backing of the Nazis was also undeniable, as Ford Motor Company was active in Germany's military buildup prior to World War II.

In Copernicus' view, Ptolemy's explanation failed to provide an accurate mathematical description of the universe. Regardless of whether direct financial support was provided, Ford repeatedly voiced his overt approval of Hitler's theories. This characteristic of the Earth's movement is apparent only with observation over long periods of time. However, a 1933 Congressional investigation into the matter was unable to substantiate whether contributions were actually sent. Precession is the phenomenon by which the Earth's axis "wobbles". in the 1920s, and Winifred Wagner, daughter-in-law of Richard Wagner, who said they requested funds from Ford to aid the National Socialist movement in Germany. Nor did the Ptolemaic model explain precession. This can in part be traced to statements from Kurt Ludecke, Germany's representative to the U.S.

The Ptolemaic geocentric model was complicated and inconsistent in Copernicus' estimations and observations, including one in 1497 of the star Aldebaran, that did not coincide with predictions made by Ptolemy. There is also some evidence that Henry Ford gave Adolf Hitler direct financial backing when Hitler was first starting out in politics. The mathematical confusion that Copernicus said caused him to develop an alternative to the geocentric model derived from an inadequate reconciliation of the Aristotelian model and amendments to it by Ptolemy. Henry Ford spent years bestowing gushing praise on Adolf Hitler's Nazi regime, although this praise abated as the United States entered WWII. An accurate calculation of the astronomical year was important to a clergyman, like Copernicus, allowing him to forecast properly the various festivals that comprised the liturgical calendar. His writings continue to be used as propaganda by various groups, often appearing on anti-Semitic and neo-Nazi websites. It maintained that all planetary motion, and the motion of the Moon, the Sun, and the stars was circular, around a stationary Earth. Some claim that Ford neither wrote nor signed this letter and have questioned the sincerity of his apology.

Ptolemy's model explained each planet's circular motion individually and was the first model of the universe to explain some of the eccentric behaviour of the planets. On January 7, 1942, Henry Ford wrote a public letter to the ADL denouncing hatred against the Jews and expressing his hope that anti-Jewish hatred would cease for all time. The Earth-centered Ptolemaic cosmology had been the accepted model of the universe since the 2nd century BC. He later retracted the International Jew and the Protocols. There is evidence that his interest in these subjects continued after he had left Kraków. Lawsuits in response to anti-Semitic remarks led Ford to close the Dearborn Independent in December 1927. At the University of Kraków, which he attended in 1491 and 1492, Copernicus studied both mathematics and astronomy in common with all university students of that time. None of this work was actually penned by Ford, though they required his tacit approval since he was the paper's publisher.

He was well educated. Denounced by the Anti-Defamation League (ADL), the articles nevertheless explicitly condemned pogroms and violence against Jews (Volume 4, Chapter 80), preferring to blame incidents of mass violence on the Jews themselves. Copernicus' lived in early 16th century Prussia and Poland, and was influenced by the cultural, religious, and social contexts of life at the time. The Independent also published, in Ford's name, several anti-Jewish articles which were released in the early 1920s as a set of four bound volumes, cumulatively titled "The International Jew, the World's Foremost Problem." These volumes were distributed through Ford's car dealerships. More recent philosophers also have found Copernicanism to remain valid and retain valuable philosophical meaning. The American Jewish Historical Society describes the ideas presented in it as "anti-immigrant, anti-labor, anti-liquor, and anti-Semitic". Immanuel Kant, for instance, caught the symbolic character of Copernicus' revolution (of which he put in evidence the transcendental rationalism) postulating that human rationality was the real legislator of observed phenomena. The paper ran for eight years, during which it republished "Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion," which has since been discredited by virtually all historians as a forgery.

Some say "the" revolution [1]. Henry Ford began publication of a newspaper, The Dearborn Independent, in 1919. Copernicus' innovation was a scientific revolution. Under pressure from Edsel and his wife, Clara, Henry Ford finally agreed to collective bargaining at Ford plants, and the first contract with the UAW was signed in June 1941. This contrasts with Aristotle's system, which placed much more value on knowledge gained from the senses. A sit-down strike by the UAW union on April 2, 1941 closed the River Rouge Plant. One of the consequences of Copernicanism is that scientific laws must not necessarily coincide with appearance. Ford was the last Detroit automaker to recognize the United Auto Workers union (UAW).

Accordingly some find that Copernicanism demolished the foundations of mediaeval science and metaphysics. The most famous incident, in 1937, was a bloody brawl between company security men and organizers that became known as The Battle of the Overpass. Immanentism also leads into subjectivism: the theory that perception creates reality, and that there is no underlying, true, reality that exists independent of perception. Bennett employed various intimidation tactics to squash union organizing. However, Copernicanism also opened a way to immanence, the view that the divine force, or the divine being, pervades through all things that exist, which has been developed further in modern philosophy. To forestall union activity, he promoted Harry Bennett, a former Navy boxer, to be the head of the Service Department. When his work was published, it contradicted then accepted religious dogma: the suggestion being that there is no need for an entity (God) that from outside could give a soul, a power and a life to the World and to Human beings when science can explain everything attributed to Him. Conversely, Ford was adamantly against labor unions in his plants.

His academic standing is often compared with Galileo Galilei. The "short week," as Ford called it in a contemporary interview, was required so that the country could "absorb its production and stay prosperous.". His work cut across science and religion, dogmatism and freedom of scientific investigation. In granting workers an extra day off, Ford ensured leisure time for the working class. Many meanings have been seen in his theory, quite apart from its scientific value. In 1926, Ford instituted the five-day, forty-hour work-week, effectively inventing the modern weekend. Many authors suggest that only Euclid's geometry, Darwin's Evolution, or Newton's physics could have a similar influence on human culture in general and on science in particular. Even with these requirements a large percentage of workers were able to qualify for the profit sharing.

Copernicus' theories have an extraordinary relevance in the history of human knowledge. The company established a Sociological Department complete with 150 investigators and support staff in order to verify this last point. The fifth and the sixth books contain the concrete exposition of the new system. The wage was offered to men over the age of 22, who had worked at the company for 6 months or more, and, importantly, conducted their lives in a manner of which Ford approved. The fourth book contains a similar description of the Moon and its orbital movements. Ford labeled the increased compensation as profit sharing rather than wages. The third book is mainly dedicated to the apparent movements of the Sun and to related phenomena. The program called for a reduction in length of the workday from 9 to 8 hours and a raise in minimum daily pay from $2.34 to $5 for qualifying workers.

The second book is mainly theoretical and reports the principles of spherical astronomy and a list of stars (as a basis for the arguments developed in the following books). On January 5, 1914 Ford announced his five-dollar a day program. The first book contains a general vision of the heliocentric theory, and a summarized exposition of his idea on the World. Henry Ford had very specific thoughts on relations with his employees. It was dedicated to Pope Paul III, and is divided into 6 books. By 1945 Henry Ford's senility was quite evident, and his wife and daughter-in-law forced his resignation in favor of his grandson, Henry Ford II. The major work of Copernicus, "On the Revolution of Celestial Spheres" (1543), is the result of decades of labor. Roosevelt considered a federal bailout for Ford Motor Company so that wartime production could continue.

Main article: De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium.. President Franklin D. These propositions represent the exact contrary of what the dominant geocentric propositions stated. The company saw hard times during the next two years, losing $10 million a month. The Copernican system can be summarized in seven propositions, as Copernicus himself collected them in a Compendium of De revolutionibus that was found and published in 1878:. Henry Ford II was released from the navy and became an executive vice president, while Harry Bennett had a seat on the board and was responsible for personnel, labor relations, and public relations. Galileo's observation of the phases of Venus produced, however, the first observational evidence for Copernicus' theory. The issue was settled for a period when Henry himself, at the age of 79, took over the presidency personally.

The system nevertheless had a large influence on scientists such as Galileo, Tycho Brahe, and Johannes Kepler, who adopted, championed and (especially in Kepler's case) improved the model. Edsel's widow Eleanor, who had inherited Edsel's voting stock, wanted her son Henry Ford II to take over the position. Furthermore, he badly underestimated the size of the solar system, like most of the astronomers of the time. Henry Ford advocated Harry Bennett to take the spot. Unfortunately, uniform circular motion is not what happens in the solar system, which runs on elliptical orbits; and this model was no more precise in predicting ephemerides than the then current tables based on Ptolemy's model. On May 26, 1943, Edsel Ford died, leaving a vacancy in the company presidency. With this change his system had only uniform circular motions, correcting what seemed to be a defect in Ptolemy's system. The design never caught on.

This is the main source of the statement that his system had even more epicycles than Ptolemy's. Furthermore, it ran on grain alcohol (ethanol) instead of gasoline. He also replaced Ptolemy's equant circles with epicycles. It weighed 30% less than a standard car of the same size, and was said to be able to withstand blows ten times greater than could steel. He added another motion to the Earth, by which the axis is kept pointed throughout the year at the same place in the heavens; from the time of Galileo it has been recognized that for it not to point to the same place would be a motion. This project culminated in 1942, when on January 13 Ford patented an automobile made almost entirely of plastic, attached to a tubular welded frame. He also gave a clear account of the cause of the seasons: that the Earth's axis is not perpendicular to the plane of its orbit. Soybean-based plastics were used in Ford automobiles throughout the 1930s in plastic parts such as car horns, in paint, etc.

He arrived at the correct order of the known planets and explained the precession of the equinoxes correctly by a slow change in the position of the Earth's rotational axis. Henry Ford long had an interest in plastics developed from agricultural products, especially soybeans. Copernicus held that the Earth is another planet revolving around the fixed sun once a year, and turning on its axis once a day. During the thirties, Ford also overcame his objection to finance companies, and the Ford-owned Universal Credit Company became a major car financing operation. This book marks the beginning of the shift from a geocentric (and anthropocentric) universe with the Earth at its center. Subsequently, the company adopted an annual model change system similar to that in use by automakers today. Copernicus' major theory was published in the book De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres) in the year of his death 1543, even though he had arrived at it several decades earlier. The result was the highly successful Ford Model A, introduced December, 1927 and produced through 1931, with a total output of over four million automobiles.

See also discussion about Copernicus' nationality. Edsel also managed to prevail over his father's initial objections in the inclusion of a sliding-shift transmission. The search for the body of Copernicus will continue in 2005. The elder Ford pursued the project with a great deal of technical expertise in design of the engine, chassis, and other mechanical necessities, while leaving it to his son to develop the body design. They found, however, several interesting graves from various time periods. By 1926, flagging sales of the Model T convinced Henry of what Edsel had been suggesting for some time: a new model was necessary. However, a group of archaeologists searching for the body of Copernicus in 2004 failed to find the corpse of the astronomer. Half of these were Ford Model Ts.

Copernicus was buried in the Frombork Cathedral. By 1928 there were about 30 million cars world wide. He allegedly awoke from his stroke induced coma, looked at his book, and died peacefully. Henry Ford's assembly line was so unique that it turned the Ford Motor Company into a Giant, (and became a tool for every other industry that creates merchandise in the assembly line, of course the assembly line does not use people anymore, but uses robots) while the other car companies were still stuck with the technologies of the earlier days. Legend says that the first printed copy of De revolutionibus was put in Copernicus's hands the same day of his death, so that he could say goodbye to his opus vitae. But that's what made it unique. Under the strong pressure from Rheticus, and having seen that the first general reception of his work had not been favorable, Copernicus finally agreed to give the book to his close friend Tiedemann Giese, (the bishop of Kulmerland Chelmno Land, to be delivered to Rheticus for printing at Nuremberg. One screw held 10 or 20 parts.

In 1542, in the name of Copernicus, Rheticus published a treatise on trigonometry (later included in the second book of De revolutionibus). The Model T was a very simple car, as simple as it could be made. Rheticus became a disciple of Copernicus' and stayed with him for two years, in which he wrote a book, Narratio prima, in which he included the essence of the theory. For the first time everyone could own a car, the downside was that every Model T produced after 1913, (the year the assembly line was created) was painted black because the paint dried a lot faster than any other color. Philipp Melanchthon had arranged with several astronomers for Rheticus to visit and study with them. The cars sales triggered the modern era of vehicles. Copernicus was still completing his work (even if he was not convinced to publish it), when in 1539 Georg Joachim Rheticus, a great mathematician at Wittenberg, directly arrived in Frauenburg. The Model T's key to success was the fact that it had been made in the assembly line, which allowed for many different cars to be made consecutively, identically and much faster than other hand made vehicles.

The cardinal Nicola Schoenberg of Capua wrote him asking him to communicate his ideas more widely and requested a copy for himself; "Therefore, learned man, without wishing to be inopportune, I beg you most emphatically to communicate your discovery to the learned world, and to send me as soon as possible your theories about the Universe, together with the tables and whatever else you have pertaining to the subject." Some have proposed that this note may have made Copernicus nervous of publication whereas others have suggested that the church wanted to ensure that his ideas were published. Despite urgings from Edsel, Henry steadfastly refused to incorporate new features into the Model T or to form a customer credit plan. From many parts of the continent, Copernicus received invitations to publish it, but he felt quite apprehensive of persecution for his revolutionary work by the establishment of the time. Other auto makers offered payment plans through which consumers could buy their cars, which usually included more modern mechanical features and styling not available with the Model T. In 1536 his work was already in a definitive form, and some rumours about his theory had reached the scientists of all Europe. By the mid 1920's, sales of the Model T began to decline due to rising competition. In 1533 Albert Widmanstadt delivered a series of lectures in Rome outlining Copernicus' theory. The company remained privately held by the family until 1956, when the family allowed a public offering of a portion of the company without ceding control.

During the war between the Teutonic Order and the Kingdom of Poland (1519–1524) Copernicus successfully defended Allenstein (Olsztyn) on the head of royal troops besieged by the troops of Albert of Brandenburg. Also at this time, Henry and Edsel purchased all remaining stock from other investors, thus becoming sole owners of the company. From there he continued gathering evidence for a more detailed work. On January 1, 1919, after unsuccessfully seeking a seat in the United States Senate, [1] Henry Ford turned the presidency of Ford Motor Company over to his son Edsel, although still maintaining a firm hand in its management—few company decisions under Edsel's presidency were made without approval by Henry, and those few that were, Henry often reversed. In 1514 he made his "Commentariolus"—a short, handwritten text describing his ideas about the heliocentric hypothesis—available to his friends. Ford said, "Any customer can have a car painted any colour that he wants so long as it is black." (See References at bottom). During these years he also travelled extensively on government business and as a diplomat, on the behalf of the Prince-Bishop of Warmia. This was a record which would stand for the next 45 years.

It was at this time that Copernicus came up with one of the earliest iterations of the theory now known as Gresham's Law. The design, fervently promoted and defended by Henry Ford, would continue through 1927 (well after its popularity had faded), with a final total production of fifteen million vehicles. Copernicus worked for years with Prussian diet on monetary reform and published some studies about the value of money; as a governor of Ermland, he administered taxes and dealt out justice. By 1918, half of all cars in America were Model Ts. Throughout his lifetime he made astronomical observations and calculations, but always in his spare time and never as a profession. Wills. Some time before his return to Warmia, he had received a position at the Collegiate Church of the Holy Cross in Wrocław, Silesia, which he held for many years until he resigned a few years prior to his death, when he progressively became ill. Sorensen, and C.H.

Having left Italy at the end of his studies, he came to live and work in Frombork. "Ed" Martin, Charles E. His collection of observations and ideas on the theory started in 1504. Although Ford is often credited with the idea, contemporary sources indicate that the concept and its development came from employees Clarence Avery, P.E. It has been supposed that it was in Padua that he gained access to those passages of Cicero and Plato about the opinion of Ancients on the movement of the Earth, having the first intuition of his theory. It was in this year that Henry Ford introduced the moving assembly belts into his plants, which enabled an enormous increase in production. As soon as he reached this town, he asked and obtained permission to return to Italy to complete his studies in Padua (with Guarico and Fracastoro) and in Ferrara (with Bianchini), where in 1503 received his doctoral degree in canon law. Racing was, by 1913, no longer necessary from a publicity standpoint because the Model T was already famous and ubiquitous on American roads.

He would have then visited Frombork only in 1501. Ford dropped out of the race, and soon thereafter dropped out of racing permanently, citing dissatisfaction with the sport's rules and the demands on his time by the now-booming production of the Model Ts. Copernicus went to Rome, where he could observe a lunar eclipse and where he gave some lessons of astronomy or mathematics (unfortunately, nothing of this remains to us). In 1913, Ford attempted to enter a reworked Model T in the Indianapolis 500, but was told rules required the addition of another 1,000 pounds (450 kg) to the car before it could qualify. In 1497 his uncle was ordained the bishop of Warmia and Copernicus was named a canon in the Frombork cathedral, but he waited in Italy for the great Jubilee of 1500. From 1909 to 1913, Ford entered stripped-down Model Ts in races, finishing first (although later disqualified) in an "ocean-to-ocean" (across the USA) race in 1909, and setting a one-mile oval speed record at Detroit Fairgrounds in 1911 with driver Frank Kulick. The first observation Copernicus made in 1497 together with Domenico Novara, are recorded in De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium. In 1908, the Ford company released the Model T.

He followed his lessons and became a disciple and assistant. Henry Ford was also one of the early backers of the Indianapolis 500. However, while studying canon and civil law at Ferrara, he met his teacher Domenico Maria Novara da Ferrara, a famous astronomer. Convinced by this success, the famous race driver Barney Oldfield, who named this new Ford model "999" in honor of a racing locomotive of the day, took the car around the country and thereby made the Ford brand known throughout the U.S. His uncle financed his education and wished for him to become a bishop as well. Clair in 39.4 seconds, which was a new land speed record. After four years and a brief stay in Toruń, he moved to Italy, where he studied law and medicine at the universities of Bologna and Padua. In a newly-designed car, Ford drove an exhibition in which the car covered the distance of a mile on the ice of Lake St.

This science soon fascinated him, as his books (stolen by Swedes during The Deluge, and now in the Uppsala University Library) show. Henry Ford, with eleven other investors and $28,000 in capital, incorporated the Ford Motor Company in 1903. In 1491 Copernicus entered the Jagiellonian University in Kraków, and here he encountered astronomy for the first time, thanks to his teacher Albert Brudzewski. Leland in 1902, and the company was reorganized as Cadillac. A sister, Barbara, became a Benedictine nun and the other sister, Katharina, married a businessman and city councillor, Barthel Gertner. Ford was forced out of the company by the investors, including Henry M. His brother Andrew became canon in Frombork (German: Frauenburg). During this period, he personally drove his Quadricycle to victory in a race against Alexander Winton, a well-known driver and the heavy favorite on October 10, 1901.

His maternal uncle, Lucas Watzenrode, a church canon and later the Prince-Bishop governor of Warmia (German: Ermland ), raised him and his three other siblings after the death of Copernicus' father. With his interest in race cars, he formed a second company, the Henry Ford Company. Little is known of his mother, Barbara Watzenrode, but she appears to have predeceased her husband. Ford raced his vehicles against those of other manufacturers to show the superiority of his designs. He was ten years of age when his father, a wealthy businessman and copper trader, died. The Detroit Automobile Company went bankrupt soon afterward because Ford continued to improve the design, instead of selling cars. His father Nikolas, a citizen of Cracow (at that time the capital of Poland), moved there in 1460 and became a respected citizen of Toruń as well, once the war with the Teutonic Knights was over. After this initial success, Ford left Edison Illuminating and, with other investors, formed the Detroit Automobile Company.

Copernicus was born in 1473 in the city of Toruń (German: Thorn) in Polish Royal Prussia. These experiments culminated in 1896 with the completion of his own self-propelled vehicle named the Quadricycle, which he test-drove on June 4 of that year. . In 1891, Ford became an engineer with the Edison Illuminating Company, and after his promotion to Chief Engineer in 1893, he had enough time and money to devote attention to his personal experiments on internal combustion engines. His theory affected many other aspects of human life as well, opening the door to young astronomers everywhere to challenge the dogmas and never take anything at face value. Upon his marriage to Clara Bryant in 1888 Ford supported himself by farming and running a sawmill. His theory about the Sun as the center of the solar system, turning over the traditional geocentric theory (that placed Earth at the center of the Universe), is considered one of the most important discoveries ever, and is the fundamental starting point of modern astronomy and modern science itself (it inaugurated the scientific revolution). This led to his being hired by Westinghouse company to service their steam engines.

Astronomy was actually a byproduct, a hobby of his. In 1882, he returned to Dearborn to work on the family farm and became adept at operating the Westinghouse portable steam engine. His main occupations and services rendered were in Royal Prussia as church canon, governor and administrator, jurist, astrologer and as a doctor. Flower & Bros., and later with the Detroit Dry Dock Co. Nicolaus Copernicus (in Latin; Polish Mikołaj Kopernik, German Nikolaus Kopernikus); February 19, 1473 – May 24, 1543) was a Polish astronomer, mathematician and economist who developed the heliocentric (Sun-centered) theory of the solar system in a form detailed enough to make it scientifically useful. In 1879, he left home for the nearby city of Detroit to work as an apprentice machinist, first with James F. Precession — the axial wobble mentioned earlier that explains why the position of the fixed stars seems to change over long periods of time. At 13, he saw a self-propelled vehicle, a steam powered thresher, for the first time.

Daily rotation — the motion around a tilted axis that results in day and night. As a child, Henry was passionate about mechanics, preferring to tinker in his father's shop over doing farm chores. Annual motion — the yearly orbit around the Sun. He was the eldest of six children. These movements of the Earth and of the other planets around the Sun, can explain the stations, and all the particular characteristics of the planets' movements. Ford was born on a prosperous farm in Springwells Township (now in the city of Dearborn, Michigan) owned by his parents, William and Mary Ford, immigrants from County Cork, Ireland. The Earth (together with its Moon, and just like the other planets) moves around the Sun, so the movements that the Sun seems to be making (its apparent moving during daytime, and its annual moving through the Zodiac) are nothing else than effects of the Earth's real movements. .

The daytime movement of the Sun is only apparent, and represents the effect of a rotation that the Earth makes every 24 hours around its axis, always parallel to itself. This achievement not only revolutionized industrial production in the United States and the rest of the world, but also had such tremendous influence over modern culture that many social theorists identify this phase of economic and social history as "Fordism.". The distance between the Earth and the Sun, compared with the distance between the Earth and the fixed stars, is very small. He was one of the first to apply assembly line manufacturing to the mass production of affordable automobiles. (Copernicus was never certain whether the Sun moved or not, claiming that the center of the World is 'in the Sun, or near it.'). Henry Ford (July 30, 1863 – April 7, 1947) was the founder of the Ford Motor Company and is credited with contributing to the creation of a middle class in American society. All the planets move along orbits whose center is the Sun, therefore the Sun is the center of the World. Here, the Jew is a threat." - 1920.

The center of the Earth is not the center of the Universe, but only the center of the Earth's mass and of the lunar orbit. I believe that in all these countries except our own the Jewish financier is supreme.. Orbits and celestial spheres do not have a unique, common, center. They are what is called the International Jew -- German Jews, French Jews, English Jews, American Jews. "The international financiers are behind all war. We want to live in the present, and the only history that is worth a tinker's damn is the history we make today." - 1916.

We don't want tradition. It's tradition. "History is more or less bunk.