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New Mexico

State nickname: Land of Enchantment
Other U.S. States
Capital Santa Fe
Largest city Albuquerque
Governor Bill Richardson
Official languages English and Spanish
Area 315,194 km² (5th)
 - Land 314,590 km²
 - Water 607 km² (0.2%)
Population (2000)
 - Population 1,819,046 (36th)
 - Density 5.79 /km² (45th)
Admission into Union
 - Date January 6, 1912
 - Order 47th
Time zone Mountain: UTC-7/-6
Latitude 31°20'N to 37°N
Longitude 103°W to 109°W
Width 550 km
Length 595 km
Elevation
 - Highest Wheeler Peak, 13,161 ft, 4,014 m
 - Mean 5,692 ft, 1735 m
 - Lowest Red Bluff Reservoir, 2,817 ft, 859 m
Abbreviations
 - USPS NM
 - ISO 3166-2 US-NM
Web site www.state.nm.us

New Mexico (Spanish: Nuevo México) is one of the two southwestern states of the USA. Over its relatively long history it has also been occupied by Native American populations, part of the Spanish colony of New Spain, a province of the Republic of Mexico, and a US territory. New Mexico holds the distinction of being the state with the highest percentage of people who claim Hispanic ancestry, many of whom are descended from Spanish colonists. It also contains a sizeable Native American population. As a result, the demographics and culture of the state are unique for their strong Spanish, Mexican, and Native American cultural influences. For a variety of reasons, some people in other parts of the U.S. sometimes mistake it for a part of Mexico. Both English and Spanish are officially recognized languages in the state. In European Spanish, the state's name would be spelled Nuevo Méjico.

History

Native American Pueblos

Prehistoric Native Americans used the land and minerals of New Mexico to build an early Southwestern culture millenia ago. Prehistoric Native American ruins indicate a presence at modern Santa Fe. Caves in the Sandia Mountains near Albuquerque contain the remains of some of the earliest inhabitants of the New World. The Pueblo people built a flourishing sedentary culture in the 1200s, constructing small towns in the valley of the Rio Grande and pueblos nearby.

The Spanish encountered Pueblo civilization in the 1500s. Word of the pueblos reached Cabeza de Vaca, a Spaniard wandering across south New Mexico in 1528-1536. Fray Marcos de Niza enthusiastically identified the pueblos as the fabulously rich Seven Cities of Cibola, the fabled seven cities of gold. Dispatched from New Spain, conquistador Francisco Vásquez de Coronado led a full-scale expedition to find these cities in 1540-1542. Coronado camped near an excavated pueblo today preserved as Coronado State Monument in 1541. His maltreatment of the Pueblo people while exploring the upper Rio Grande valley led to long-standing hostility that impeded the Spanish conquest of New Mexico.

Spanish colonization

Juan de Oñate founded the San Juan colony on the Rio Grande in 1598, the first European settlement in the future state of New Mexico. Oñate pioneered the El Camino Real, "The Royal Road" as a 700 mile (1100 km) lifeline from the rest of New Spain to his remote colony. Oñate was made the first governor of the new Province of New Mexico. The Native Americans at Acoma revolted against this Spanish encroachment but faced severe suppression.

In 1609, Pedro de Peralta, a later governor of the Province of New Mexico, established the settlement of Santa Fe at the foot of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains. As the seat of government of New Mexico since its founding, Santa Fe is the oldest capital city in the United States. Peralta built the Palace of Governors in 1610. Although the colony failed to prosper, some missions flourished. Spanish settlers arrived at the site of Albuquerque in the mid-1600s. Missionaries subjugated Native Americans to forced labor on the haciendas and attempted to convert them to Christianity. The Apache revolted violently in 1676, and the Pueblo uprising of 1680 drove the Spanish to abandon New Mexico entirely until the campaign of Diego de Vargas Zapata reestablished Spanish control and returned Spanish colonists in 1692.

While developing Santa Fe as a trade center, the returning settlers founded the old town of Albuquerque in 1706, naming for the viceroy of New Spain, the duke of Alburquerque. They constructed the Church of San Felipe de Nerí (1706). The through development of ranching and some farming in the 1700s laid the foundations for the state's still-flourishing Hispanic culture.

Mexican province

Napoleon Bonaparte of France sold the vast Louisiana Purchase, which extended into the northeastern corner of New Mexico, to the United States in 1803. As a part of New Spain, the remainder of the province of New Mexico passed to independent Mexico following the 1810-1821 Mexican War of Independence.

Small trapping parties from the United States had previously reached Santa Fe, but the Spanish rulers forbade them to trade. Trader William Becknell returned to the United States in November 1821 with news that independent Mexico welcomed trade through Santa Fe.

Becknell left Independence, Missouri, for Santa Fe early in 1822 with the first party of traders. Wagon caravans thereafter made the 40- to 60-day annual trek along the 780 mile (1,260 km) Santa Fe Trail, usually leaving in early summer and returning after a 4 to 5 week stay in New Mexico. The Trail divided into Mountain and Cimarron Divisions southwest of Dodge City, Kansas. The rugged Mountain Division passed over Raton Pass and rejoined the more direct Cimarron Division near Fort Union, New Mexico. The dry southern Cimmaron route offered poor short grass and little wildlife. The Santa Fe National Historic Trail follows the route of the old trail, with many sites marked or restored.

American frontiersman Kit (Christopher) Carson, apprenticed to a saddler in the Santa Fe Trail outfitting point of Old Franklin, ran away from his job in 1826. He joined a caravan for Santa Fe, and made Taos, his home and headquarters as he made a living as a teamster, cook, guide, and hunter for exploring parties until 1840.

The breakaway Republic of Texas claimed the territory north and east of the Rio Grande when it seceded from Mexico in 1836. New Mexico authorities captured a group of Texans who embarked an expedition to assert their claim to the province in 1841. The United States of America annexed Texas as a state in 1845; the status of the territory of modern-day New Mexico was finalized with the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo at the conclusion of the Texas War.

American territory

Tierra O Muerte – Land or Death

American General Stephen W. Kearny entered Santa Fe without opposition in 1846 during the Mexican-American War, and his forces occupied the city, making New Mexico a United States territory. On meeting Kit Carson, General Kearney commanded Carson to guide his men to California. Under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo of 1848, Mexico ceded much of the American Southwest to the United States of America. This new territory included most of the western half of present-day New Mexico. The change of national authority allowed Anglo-American culture to come to New Mexico.

The Compromise of 1850 halted a bid for statehood under an antislavery constitution. Texas transferred eastern New Mexico to the federal government, settling a lengthy boundary dispute. Under the compromise, the American government established the New Mexico Territory on September 9, 1850. The territory, which included Arizona and parts of Colorado, officially established its capital at Santa Fe, New Mexico in 1851. The people of New Mexico would determine whether to permit slavery under a constitution at statehood, but the status of slavery during the territorial period provoked considerable debate. Some (including Stephen Douglas) maintained that the territory could not restrict slavery, as under the earlier Missouri Compromise, while others (including Abraham Lincoln) insisted that older Mexican legal traditions, which forbade slavery, took precedence. Regardless of its status, slavery never took a significant hold.

Native American plundering led Kit Carson to abandon his intent to retire to a sheep ranch near Taos. Carson accepted an 1853 appointment as U.S. Indian agent with a headquarters at Taos, and fought the Indians with notable success.

The United States acquired the southwestern "boot heel" of the state and much of southern Arizona in the Gadsden Purchase of 1853. With this purchase, the United States established its sovereignty over all of the present state of New Mexico.

During the American Civil War, Confederate troops from Texas first occupied New Mexico. Union troops captured the territory in early 1862. Kit Carson helped to organize and command the 1st New Mexican Volunteers to engage in campaigns against the Apache, Navajo, and Comanche in New Mexico and Texas. The Arizona Territory split as a separate entity in 1863. Union troops withdrew after the conclusion of the war.

The Roman Catholic Church established an archbishopric center in Santa Fe in 1875. The Santa Fe Railroad reached Lamy, New Mexico, 16 miles (26 km) from Santa Fe in 1879 and Santa Fe itself in 1880, replacing the storied Santa Fe Trail. The new town of Albuquerque, platted in 1880 as the Santa Fe Railroad extended westward, quickly enveloped the old town.

The railway encouraged the great cattle boom of the 1880s and the development of accompanying cow towns. Cattlemen feuded between each other and with authorities, most notably in the Lincoln County War. Outlaws included Billy the Kid. The cattle kindgom could not keep out sheepherders, and eventually homesteaders and squatters overwhelmed the cattlemen by fencing in and plowing under the "sea of grass" on which the cattle fed. Conflicting land claims led to bitter quarrels among the original Spanish inhabitants, cattle ranchers, and newer homesteaders. Despite destructive overgrazing, ranching survived as a mainstay of the New Mexican economy.

Confict with the Apache and the Navajo plagued the territory until Apache chief Geronimo finally surrendered in 1886.

Albuquerque, on the upper Rio Grande, incorporated in 1889.

Statehood

Congress admitted New Mexico as the 47th state in the Union on January 6, 1912. The admission of the neighboring State of Arizona on February 14, 1912 completed the contiguous 48 states.

The United States government built the Los Alamos Research Center in 1943 amid the Second World War. Top-secret personnel there developed the atomic bomb, first detonated at Trinity site in the desert on the White Sands Proving Grounds vaguely near Alamogordo on July 16, 1945.

Albuquerque expanded rapidly after the war. High-altitude experiments near Roswell in 1947 reputedly led to persistent claims that the government captured and concealed extraterrestrial corpses and equipment. The state quickly emerged as a leader in nuclear, solar, and geothermal energy research and development. The Sandia National Laboratories, founded in 1949, carried out nuclear research and special weapons development at Kirtland Air Force Base south of Albuquerque.

The controversial Waste Isolation Pilot Plant, deep in salt formations near Carlsbad readied for storage of nuclear wastes during the 1990s.

Law and government

The capital of New Mexico is Santa Fe. The Constitution of 1912, as amended, dictates the form of government in the State.

Governor Bill Richardson and Lieutenant Governor Diane Denish, both Democrats, will face re-election in 2006. Governors serve a term of four years and may seek reelection. For a list of past governors of the State of New Mexico, see List of New Mexico Governors.

Other Constitutional officers, all of whose terms also expire in January 2007, include Secretary of State Rebecca Vigil-Giron, Attorney General Patricia A. Madrid, and State Treasurer Robert E. Vigil. All three are Democrats.

A state house of representatives with 70 members and a state senate with 42 members comprise the state legislature. The Democratic Party generally dominates state politics, and as of 2004 50% of voters were registered Democrats, 33% were registered Republicans, and 17% did not affiliate with either of the two major parties.

In national politics, however, New Mexico occupies the dead center, giving its 5 electoral votes to all but two Presidential election winners since statehood. In these exceptions, New Mexicans supported Republican President Gerald Ford over Georgia Governor Jimmy Carter in 1976, and Democratic Vice President Al Gore over Texas Governor George W. Bush (by just 366 popular votes) in 2000. No presidential candidate has won an absolute majority here since George H. W. Bush in 1988, and no Democrat has done so since Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964.

New Mexico sends Democrat Jeff Bingaman to the United States Senate until January 2007 and Republican Pete V. Domenici until January 2009. Republicans Steve Pearce and Heather Wilson and Democrat Tom Udall represent the Land of Enchantment in the United States House of Representatives.

Geography

See: List of New Mexico counties

Digitally colored elevation map of NM

The eastern border of New Mexico lies along 103 °W with Oklahoma, and 3 miles (5 km) west of 103 °W with Texas. Texas also lies south of most of New Mexico, although the southwestern boot-heel borders the Mexican states of Chihuahua and Sonora. The western border with Arizona runs along 109 °W. The 37 °N parallel forms the northern boundary with Colorado. The states of New Mexico, Colorado, Arizona, and Utah come together at the Four Corners in the northwestern corner of New Mexico.

The landscape ranges from wide, rose-colored deserts to broken mesas to high, snow-capped peaks. Despite New Mexico's arid image, heavily forested mountain wildernesses cover a significant portion of the state. Part of the Rocky Mountains, the broken, north-south oriented Sangre de Cristo (Blood of Christ) range flanks both sides of the Rio Grande from the rugged, pastoral north through the center of the state. Government lands include the Cibola National Forest, headquartered in Albuquerque and the Santa Fe National Forest, headquartered in Santa Fe.

Cacti, yuccas, creosote bush, sagebrush, and desert grasses cover the broad, semiarid plains that cover the southern portion of the state.

The Federal government protects millions of acres of beautiful New Mexico as national forests and monuments. The natural attractions of New Mexico include Carlsbad Caverns National Park and the Aztec Ruins National Monument. Thousands of tourists annually visit the White Sands National Monument, Bandelier, Capulin Volcano National Monument, El Morro.

The rich history of New Mexico also attracts visitors to such places as Fort Union, Gila Cliff Dwellings, and Salinas Pueblo Missions national monuments and Chaco Culture National Historical Park. Visitors also frequent the surviving native pueblos of New Mexico. Tourists visiting these sites bring significant monies to the state.

Other areas of geographical and scenic interest include Kasha-Katuwe Tent Rocks National Monument and the Valles Caldera National Preserve. The Gila Wilderness lies in the southwest of the state.

See also: Delaware Basin

Interstate freeways & US highways


Economy

The Bureau of Economic Analysis (http://www.bea.gov/) estimates that New Mexico's total state product in 2003 was $57 billion. Per capital personal income in 2003 was $24,995, 48th in the nation.

Cattle and dairy products top the list of major animal products of New Mexico. Cattle, sheep, and other livestock graze most of the arable land of the state throughout the year.

Limited but scientifically controlled dryland farming prospers alongside cattle ranching. Major crops include hay, nursery stock, pecans, and chiles. Hay and sorghum top the list of major dryland crops. Farmers also produce onions, potatoes, and dairy products. New Mexico specialty crops include piñon nuts, pinto beans, and chiles.

In the desert and semiarid portions of the state, the scant rainfall evaporates rapidly, generally leaving insufficient water supplies for large-scale irrigation. The Carlsbad and Fort Sumner reclamation projects on the Pecos River and the nearby Tucumcari project provide adequate water for limited irrigation in those areas. Located upstream of Las Cruces, the Elephant Butte Dam and Reservoir provides a major irrigation source for the extensive farming along the Rio Grande. Other irrigation projects use the Colorado River basin and the San Juan River.

Lumber mills in Albuquerque process pinewood, the chief commercial wood of the rich timber economy of northern New Mexico.

New Mexicans derive much of their income from mineral extraction. Even before European exploration, Native Americans used silver and turquoise in making jewelry. New Mexico produces uranium ore, manganese ore, potash, salt, perlite, copper ore, beryllium, and tin concentrates. Natural gas, petroleum, and coal are also found in smaller quantities.

Industrial outputs, centered around Albuquerque, include electric equipment; petroleum and coal products; food processing; printing and publishing; and stone, glass, and clay products. Defense-related industries include ordnance. Important high-technology industries include lasers, data processing, and solar energy.

Federal government spending drives the New Mexico economy and provides more than a quarter of the state's jobs. Many of the federal jobs relate to the military; the state hosts several air force bases, national observatories, and the Los Alamos National Laboratory. Sandia National Laboratories conducts electronic and industrial research at Kirtland Air Force Base south of Albuquerque. These installations include the missile and spacecraft proving grounds at White Sands.

Tourism provides many service jobs. Attractions include the Cibola National Forest near Albuquerque, the natural-history and atomic museums in the city, and the rich, unique history of the region. Albuquerque also hosts a famed hot-air balloon festival.

The private service economy in urban New Mexico has boomed in recent decades. Noted as a health resort, Albuquerque contains many hospitals. Tourism also provides many service jobs. Attractions include the Cibola National Forest near Albuquerque, the natural-history and atomic museums in the city, and the rich, unique history of the region. Albuquerque also hosts a famed hot-air balloon festival. The warm, semiarid climate has contributed to the exploding population of Albuquerque, attracting new industries to New Mexico. By contrast, many heavily Native American and Hispanic rural communities remain economically underdeveloped.

Demographics

New Mexico

See also New Mexico locations by per capita income

According to the Census Bureau, as of 2003, the population of New Mexico was 1,874,614. The population of New Mexico has grown 23.7% from its 1990 levels. For a list of cities and towns, in New Mexico, with a population greater than 3,000, see: Cities & towns in New Mexico.

Racial makeup

The racial makeup of the state is:

The 5 largest ancestry groups in New Mexico are Mexican (18.1%), German (9.9%), American Indian (9.5%), Spanish (9.3%), and English (7.6%).

7.2% of New Mexico's population were reported as under 5, 28% under 18, and 11.7% were 65 or older. Females made up approximately 50.8% of the population.

Religion

New Mexico is overwhelmingly Christian with relatively few adherents of non-Christian religions living in the state. Like many other Western states, New Mexico has a higher than average percentage of people who claim no religion in comparison to other U.S. states.

Roman Catholicism

New Mexico belongs to the Ecclesiastical Province of Santa Fe. New Mexico has three dioceses, one of which is an archdiocese:

Culture

Symbols of the Southwest — a string of chile peppers and a bleached white cow's skull hang in a market near Santa Fe.

With a Native American population of 134,000 in 1990, New Mexico still ranks as an important center of American Indian culture. Both the Navajo and Apache share Athabaskan origin. The Apache and some Ute live on federal reservations within the state. With 16 million acres (65,000 km²), mostly in neighboring Arizona, the reservation of the Navajo Nation ranks as the largest in the United States. The prehistorically agricultural Pueblo Indians live in pueblos scattered throughout the state, many older than any European settlement.

More than one-third of New Mexicans claim Hispanic origin, the vast majority of whom descend from the original Spanish colonists in the northern portion of the state. Most of the considerably fewer recent Mexican immigrants reside in the southern part of the state.

At least one-third of New Mexicans are also fluent in a unique dialect of Spanish. New Mexican Spanish dispenses with many grammatical niceties, typically restricting verb conjugations to two. Because of the historical isolation of New Mexico from other speakers of the Spanish language, the local dialect preserves some late medieval Castillian vocabulary considered archaic elsewhere, adopts numerous Native American words for local features, and contains much Anglicized vocabulary for American concepts and modern inventions.

The tranquil climate and startling panoramas have attracted Americans seeking health and retirement.

The presence of various indigenous Native American communities, the long-established Spanish and Mexican influence, and the diversity of Anglo-American settlement in the region, ranging from pioneer farmers and ranchers in the territorial period to military families in later decades, make New Mexico a particularly heterogeneous state.

There are natural history and atomic museums in Albuquerque, which also hosts the famed Albuquerque International Balloon Fiesta.

A large artistic community thrives in Santa Fe. The capital city has museums of Spanish colonial, international folk, Navajo ceremonial, modern Native American, and other modern art. Another museum honors resident Georgia O'Keeffe. Colonies for artists and writers thrive, and the small city teems with art galleries. Performing arts include the renowned Santa Fe summer opera, and the restored Lensic Theater. Writer D.H. Lawrence resided in Taos.

Education

Colleges and universities

Miscellaneous information

Welcome to New Mexico Hasta la Vista

Official state symbols

(*)The official State Question refers to a waiter asking a diner's preference for either red or green Chile sauce (or salsa), made from Chile peppers, with their meal (in New Mexico chile sauce can be finer, and thicker than salsa). If the diner wants both the answer is: "Christmas".

(**)The second USS New Mexico, SSN-779, is scheduled to be constructed.

Further reading


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(**)The second USS New Mexico, SSN-779, is scheduled to be constructed. Injured Reserve. If the diner wants both the answer is: "Christmas". Reserves. (*)The official State Question refers to a waiter asking a diner's preference for either red or green Chile sauce (or salsa), made from Chile peppers, with their meal (in New Mexico chile sauce can be finer, and thicker than salsa). Starters. Lawrence resided in Taos. Several veterans are set to become free agents during the offseason, which will clear much salary cap space.

Writer D.H. The series exposed many weaknesses of the Bulls, including their carelessness in ball handling. Performing arts include the renowned Santa Fe summer opera, and the restored Lensic Theater. However, the injury depleted Bulls lost to the Wizards in six games despite winning the first two. Colonies for artists and writers thrive, and the small city teems with art galleries. Coincidentally, the team they faced in the first round was the Washington Wizards, the team Jordan played for when he came out of retirement for a second time. Another museum honors resident Georgia O'Keeffe. The Bulls finished the regular season with the 10th best record in the NBA and clinched their first playoff berth since 1998 with a 110-97 win over the Toronto Raptors, who were elimanted from playoff contention.

The capital city has museums of Spanish colonial, international folk, Navajo ceremonial, modern Native American, and other modern art. This season led Ben Gordon to become the first rookie ever win the NBA Sixth Man Award and the first Bull to win the award since 1996 with Toni Kukoc. A large artistic community thrives in Santa Fe. With the prospect of free agency looming for Curry and Chandler, the Bulls must chose whether they will be re-signed in the offseason or let go to clear salary space for a potential run at a star player in 2007. There are natural history and atomic museums in Albuquerque, which also hosts the famed Albuquerque International Balloon Fiesta. It was the first time the Bulls were over .500 since November 2002, and the latest into the season they were over .500 since 1998. The presence of various indigenous Native American communities, the long-established Spanish and Mexican influence, and the diversity of Anglo-American settlement in the region, ranging from pioneer farmers and ranchers in the territorial period to military families in later decades, make New Mexico a particularly heterogeneous state. The Bulls made it over .500 on January 25, 2005, going 20-19 with a win over the Atlanta Hawks.

The tranquil climate and startling panoramas have attracted Americans seeking health and retirement. After a discouraging 0-9 start to the 2004-05 season, by December the Bulls began to show the signs of improved play, relying on solid performances by their four rookies and by Hinrich, Chandler, and Curry. Because of the historical isolation of New Mexico from other speakers of the Spanish language, the local dialect preserves some late medieval Castillian vocabulary considered archaic elsewhere, adopts numerous Native American words for local features, and contains much Anglicized vocabulary for American concepts and modern inventions. Paxson also signed free agent small forward Andres Nocioni, who had recently won an Olympic gold medal as a member of the Argentinian national team. New Mexican Spanish dispenses with many grammatical niceties, typically restricting verb conjugations to two. The picks were used to select University of Connecticut guard [[Ben Gordon], Duke small forward Luol Deng and CK small foward John Anderson in the first round, and Duke point guard Chris Duhon in the second. At least one-third of New Mexicans are also fluent in a unique dialect of Spanish. During the 2004 off-season, Paxson traded a future draft pick to the Phoenix Suns in return for an additional pick in the 2004 draft.

Most of the considerably fewer recent Mexican immigrants reside in the southern part of the state. This led to the contractual buy-out of swingman Eddie Robinson, the purge of Marcus Fizer, letting Crawford leave via free agency, and acquiring rugged players like Othella Harrington, Eric Piatkowski, and Jared Reiner. More than one-third of New Mexicans claim Hispanic origin, the vast majority of whom descend from the original Spanish colonists in the northern portion of the state. Paxson wanted players who overachieved rather than those who relied on talent. The prehistorically agricultural Pueblo Indians live in pueblos scattered throughout the state, many older than any European settlement. Paxson's strategy was very different from that of Krause's. With 16 million acres (65,000 km²), mostly in neighboring Arizona, the reservation of the Navajo Nation ranks as the largest in the United States. After struggling throughout the season, the Bulls finished with 23 wins and 59 losses, the second-worst record in the league.

The Apache and some Ute live on federal reservations within the state. A multiplayer trade with the Toronto Raptors brought Antonio Davis and Jerome Williams to the Bulls in exchange for top-scorer Jalen Rose and Donyell Marshall in what was seen as a major shift in team strategy from winning with athleticism to winning with hard work. Both the Navajo and Apache share Athabaskan origin. Bill Cartwright was fired as head coach in December 2003, and replaced with former Phoenix coach Scott Skiles. With a Native American population of 134,000 in 1990, New Mexico still ranks as an important center of American Indian culture. Jamal Crawford had shown increased confidence, but remained inconsistent. New Mexico has three dioceses, one of which is an archdiocese:. Scottie Pippen's ability to influence games was impaired by knee problems, and he openly contemplated retirement.

New Mexico belongs to the Ecclesiastical Province of Santa Fe. Tyson Chandler was plagued by a chronic back injury, missing more than thirty games. states. Eddy Curry showed limited development, leading to questions about his conditioning and commitment. Like many other Western states, New Mexico has a higher than average percentage of people who claim no religion in comparison to other U.S. However, the 2003-2004 season proved disappointing. New Mexico is overwhelmingly Christian with relatively few adherents of non-Christian religions living in the state. With Pippen playing, Cartwright at the sidelines, and Paxson in the front office, the Bulls hoped that some of the championship magic from before would return.

Females made up approximately 50.8% of the population. Paxson selected point guard Kirk Hinrich with the seventh pick in the draft, and signed veteran free agent and former franchise player Scottie Pippen. 7.2% of New Mexico's population were reported as under 5, 28% under 18, and 11.7% were 65 or older. Jay Williams, coming off a promising rookie campaign, was seriously injured in a motorcycle accident; Williams was eventually released by the Bulls in February 2004 and has yet to return to the game. The 5 largest ancestry groups in New Mexico are Mexican (18.1%), German (9.9%), American Indian (9.5%), Spanish (9.3%), and English (7.6%). Long-time GM Jerry Krause retired, and former player and announcer John Paxson was tabbed as his successor. The racial makeup of the state is:. During the summer of 2003, the Bulls were faced with many changes, both positive and negative.

For a list of cities and towns, in New Mexico, with a population greater than 3,000, see: Cities & towns in New Mexico. Curry led the league in field goal percentage becoming the first Bull since Jordan to lead the league in a major statistical category while Rose finished in the top 10 in scoring. According to the Census Bureau, as of 2003, the population of New Mexico was 1,874,614. The population of New Mexico has grown 23.7% from its 1990 levels. Rose and Williams teamed with Crawford, Fizer, newcomer Donyell Marshall, Curry, Chandler, and guard Trenton Hassell to form a young and exciting nucleus which improved to 30-52 in Bill Cartwright's first full season as head coach. See also New Mexico locations by per capita income. Still led by Rose, they had picked up college phenom Jay Williams with the second pick in the draft. By contrast, many heavily Native American and Hispanic rural communities remain economically underdeveloped. For the 2002-2003 season, the Bulls came to play with much optimism.

The warm, semiarid climate has contributed to the exploding population of Albuquerque, attracting new industries to New Mexico. Led by Cartwright and Rose, and Bulls improved from 15 to 21 wins, though they still tied for last in the league. Albuquerque also hosts a famed hot-air balloon festival. There was also a change in coaching, with Floyd being dismissed in favor of assistant coach and former Bulls co-captain Bill Cartwright following a series of arguments with players and management. Attractions include the Cibola National Forest near Albuquerque, the natural-history and atomic museums in the city, and the rich, unique history of the region. This trade essentially created more playing time for the two teenagers while Rose would provide a go to scorer whom the Bulls desperately needed. Tourism also provides many service jobs. Rose was the most versatile and best player the Bulls had had since Jordan and Pippen.

Noted as a health resort, Albuquerque contains many hospitals. At mid-season, the Bulls traded their top three scorers - Mercer, Artest, and Miller - to the Indiana Pacers for guard Jalen Rose. The private service economy in urban New Mexico has boomed in recent decades. Having been burned by major stars during the previous offseason, the Bulls decided to grow their own stars. Albuquerque also hosts a famed hot-air balloon festival. Since both Chandler and Curry came straight out of high school, neither were expected to make much of a contribution for several years but they were seen as potential franchise players in the future with Curry in the mold of a young Shaquille O'Neal and Chandler providing a big athletic wing player like Kevin Garnett. Attractions include the Cibola National Forest near Albuquerque, the natural-history and atomic museums in the city, and the rich, unique history of the region. He also selected Eddy Curry with the fourth pick.

Tourism provides many service jobs. Krause and Floyd soon realized that building around Brand and free agency would not work so they took a gamble and shocked Bulls fans on draft day when he traded franchise player Brand to the Los Angeles Clippers for second pick in the draft, Tyson Chandler. These installations include the missile and spacecraft proving grounds at White Sands. However, the team was still very weak, finishing at the worst record in team history at 15-67. Sandia National Laboratories conducts electronic and industrial research at Kirtland Air Force Base south of Albuquerque. Marcus Fizer was named to the all-rookie second team. Many of the federal jobs relate to the military; the state hosts several air force bases, national observatories, and the Los Alamos National Laboratory. Brad Miller started at center, while point guard duties were split between Bryce Drew and rookies Crawford and Khalid El-Amin.

Federal government spending drives the New Mexico economy and provides more than a quarter of the state's jobs. Brand again led the team in scoring and rebounds with another 20-10 season, while Mercer and Artest finished second and third in scoring, respectively. Important high-technology industries include lasers, data processing, and solar energy. He signed free agent center Brad Miller and shooting guard Ron Mercer, and picked up power forward Marcus Fizer and center Chris Mihm with the fourth and seventh picks in the draft, then traded Mihm for eighth pick guard Jamal Crawford. Defense-related industries include ordnance. After a summer in which the Bulls witnessed major free agents Tim Duncan, Grant Hill, Eddie Jones, Tracy McGrady, and even Tim Thomas spur them, Krause tried to build around Brand with youth, acquiring several draft picks. Industrial outputs, centered around Albuquerque, include electric equipment; petroleum and coal products; food processing; printing and publishing; and stone, glass, and clay products. However, the team was still just led by rookies, and finished with the worst Bulls record at that time, at 17-65, worst in the league.

Natural gas, petroleum, and coal are also found in smaller quantities. For his efforts Brand was named 1999-2000 co-rookie of the year with Houston's Steve Francis, and to the all-rookie first team, while Artest was named to the all-rookie second team. New Mexico produces uranium ore, manganese ore, potash, salt, perlite, copper ore, beryllium, and tin concentrates. He led all rookies in scoring, rebounds, blocks, field goal percentage and minutes, while Artest led all rookies in steals and finished second on the team in scoring. Even before European exploration, Native Americans used silver and turquoise in making jewelry. Brand recorded the first 20-10 average for the Bulls since the days of Artis Gilmore. New Mexicans derive much of their income from mineral extraction. Since the team lost Harper, Brown, Wennington and Barry in the offseason, Brand and fellow rookie Ron Artest led the team througout the year, especially after Kukoc was traded early in the season.

Lumber mills in Albuquerque process pinewood, the chief commercial wood of the rich timber economy of northern New Mexico. The previous year's dismal finish came with one highlight: the team won the draft lottery and the rights to power forward Elton Brand. Other irrigation projects use the Colorado River basin and the San Juan River. Kukoc led the team in scoring, rebounding, and assists, but with little help the team crashed and burned, winning 13 of 50 games in the lockout-shortened season. The Carlsbad and Fort Sumner reclamation projects on the Pecos River and the nearby Tucumcari project provide adequate water for limited irrigation in those areas. Located upstream of Las Cruces, the Elephant Butte Dam and Reservoir provides a major irrigation source for the extensive farming along the Rio Grande. He hired a new collegiate coach Tim Floyd who ran a successful program at Iowa State University and promptly gave him a starting lineup of point guard Randy Brown, shooting guard Ron Harper, newcomer Brent Barry at small forward, power forward Toni Kukoc, and center Bill Wennington. In the desert and semiarid portions of the state, the scant rainfall evaporates rapidly, generally leaving insufficient water supplies for large-scale irrigation. Krause also declined to resign Dennis Rodman and Steve Kerr, and traded Luc Longley.

New Mexico specialty crops include piñon nuts, pinto beans, and chiles. Krause traded Scottie Pippen after having failed trading him the previous offseason when his trade was vetoed by owner Jerry Reinsdorf and did not re-sign Phil Jackson, prompting Michael Jordan to retire for the second time. Hay and sorghum top the list of major dryland crops. Farmers also produce onions, potatoes, and dairy products. The plan was to sink the team and acquire high draft picks while clearing salary cap space to make a run at several promising free agents. Major crops include hay, nursery stock, pecans, and chiles. He decided that it was time to rebuild rather than endure a slow decline. Limited but scientifically controlled dryland farming prospers alongside cattle ranching. Krause had realized during previous years that the Bulls were on the decline and it would only be a matter of time before they were old and unable to compete.

Cattle, sheep, and other livestock graze most of the arable land of the state throughout the year. The summer of 1998 marked the most dramatic dismantling of a world championship team ever, as Jerry Krause completely revamped the roster for the worse. Cattle and dairy products top the list of major animal products of New Mexico. In the sixth and final game of the championship series, after a controversial "no-call" for pushing off on Bryon Russell, Jordan stepped back and buried a game winning jumpshot with seconds left on the clock. The Bureau of Economic Analysis (http://www.bea.gov/) estimates that New Mexico's total state product in 2003 was $57 billion. Per capital personal income in 2003 was $24,995, 48th in the nation. Rodman earned his record seventh straight rebounding title, as the Bulls upended the Jazz for the second straight year.
. Jordan bagged his third straight scoring title and tenth overall, and his second triple crown with his fifth MVP award, third all-star game MVP, and sixth Finals MVP award.

The Gila Wilderness lies in the southwest of the state. They achieved the repeat three-peat by winning 62 regular season games and the 1998 NBA Finals. Other areas of geographical and scenic interest include Kasha-Katuwe Tent Rocks National Monument and the Valles Caldera National Preserve. Jordan earned his second straight scoring title and ninth overall, while Rodman earned his sixth straight rebounding title. Tourists visiting these sites bring significant monies to the state. The Bulls repeated their excellence in 1996-97 by tying the second best record in league history at 69-13 and winning their fifth world championship over John Stockton, Karl Malone and the Utah Jazz. Visitors also frequent the surviving native pueblos of New Mexico. The team triumped over Gary Payton, Shawn Kemp and the Seattle SuperSonics for their fourth title.

The rich history of New Mexico also attracts visitors to such places as Fort Union, Gila Cliff Dwellings, and Salinas Pueblo Missions national monuments and Chaco Culture National Historical Park. Both Pippen and Jordan made the all-NBA first team, and Jordan, Pippen, and Rodman made the all-defensive first team. Thousands of tourists annually visit the White Sands National Monument, Bandelier, Capulin Volcano National Monument, El Morro. Krause won executive of the year, Jackson coach of the year, and Kukoc was the sixth man of the year. The natural attractions of New Mexico include Carlsbad Caverns National Park and the Aztec Ruins National Monument. Jordan garnered the elusive triple-crown with the regular season MVP, all-star game MVP, and Finals MVP. The Federal government protects millions of acres of beautiful New Mexico as national forests and monuments. Jordan won his eighth scoring title, and Rodman his fifth straight rebounding title, while Kerr led the league in three-point shooting.

Cacti, yuccas, creosote bush, sagebrush, and desert grasses cover the broad, semiarid plains that cover the southern portion of the state. With a lineup of Harper, Jordan, Pippen, Rodman and Longley, and perhaps the league's best bench in Kerr, Myers, Kukoc, Wennington and guard Randy Brown, the Bulls posted one of the best single-season improvements in league history and the best single-season record, moving from 47-35 to 72-10. Despite New Mexico's arid image, heavily forested mountain wildernesses cover a significant portion of the state. Part of the Rocky Mountains, the broken, north-south oriented Sangre de Cristo (Blood of Christ) range flanks both sides of the Rio Grande from the rugged, pastoral north through the center of the state. Government lands include the Cibola National Forest, headquartered in Albuquerque and the Santa Fe National Forest, headquartered in Santa Fe. Armstrong in the expansion draft, but Krause pulled off a masterful deal by trading Will Perdue to the San Antonio Spurs for ballistic rebounder Dennis Rodman, who had won the past four rebounding titles. The landscape ranges from wide, rose-colored deserts to broken mesas to high, snow-capped peaks. In the offseason, the Bulls lost B.J. The states of New Mexico, Colorado, Arizona, and Utah come together at the Four Corners in the northwestern corner of New Mexico. However, Jordan was too rusty, and the Bulls still not strong enough to overcome the eventual Eastern Conference champion Orlando Magic, which included Horace Grant.

The 37 °N parallel forms the northern boundary with Colorado. He was soon among the best in the league again, scoring 55 points against the Knicks in only his fifth game back, and led the Bulls to the fifth seed in the playoffs, where they upset the Charlotte Hornets. Texas also lies south of most of New Mexico, although the southwestern boot-heel borders the Mexican states of Chihuahua and Sonora. The western border with Arizona runs along 109 °W. However, they were slumping during the season, when on March 17, 1995, they received the best possible news: Michael Jordan was coming out of retirement. The eastern border of New Mexico lies along 103 °W with Oklahoma, and 3 miles (5 km) west of 103 °W with Texas. They also had sharpshooter Steve Kerr, Myers, and centers Luc Longley and Bill Wennington. See: List of New Mexico counties. The Bulls sported the look of Armstrong and Harper in the backcourt, Pippen and Kukoc at the forward spots, and Perdue at center.

Republicans Steve Pearce and Heather Wilson and Democrat Tom Udall represent the Land of Enchantment in the United States House of Representatives. In 1995, the Bulls lost Horace Grant and Bill Cartwright to free agency, but picked up all-star shooting guard Ron Harper. Domenici until January 2009. Despite the Bulls' amazing run during the regular season, where they won 55 games, they were beaten in seven games by the Knicks in the second round, after a controversial foul call by referee Hue Hollins in game 5 of that series. New Mexico sends Democrat Jeff Bingaman to the United States Senate until January 2007 and Republican Pete V. Armstrong, who were named to their first all-star games, where Pippen won the MVP award. The three were assisted by Cartwright, Perdue, shooting guard Pete Myers, and Croatian rookie forward Toni Kukoc. Johnson in 1964. He received help from Horace Grant and B.J.

Bush in 1988, and no Democrat has done so since Lyndon B. The Bulls were led by Scottie Pippen, who had established himself as one of the top players in the league. W. During the summer, Jordan shocked the basketball community by announcing his retirement, only months after learning of his father's murder. No presidential candidate has won an absolute majority here since George H. He also tied Wilt Chamberlain by winning his seventh straight scoring title. Bush (by just 366 popular votes) in 2000. Jordan was once again the Finals MVP after setting a Finals record for points per game.

In these exceptions, New Mexicans supported Republican President Gerald Ford over Georgia Governor Jimmy Carter in 1976, and Democratic Vice President Al Gore over Texas Governor George W. In 1992-93 the Bulls did what no team had done since the legendary Celtics of the 60's by chalking up the three-peat over regular season MVP Charles Barkley and the Phoenix Suns, with John Paxson's historic shot heard around the world that gave them a 99-98 victory in Game six at Phoenix. In national politics, however, New Mexico occupies the dead center, giving its 5 electoral votes to all but two Presidential election winners since statehood. Jordan won regular season MVP and Finals MVP once again, to go with his sixth straight scoring title. The Democratic Party generally dominates state politics, and as of 2004 50% of voters were registered Democrats, 33% were registered Republicans, and 17% did not affiliate with either of the two major parties. They prevailed over the Portland Trail Blazers and Clyde Drexler in six games. A state house of representatives with 70 members and a state senate with 42 members comprise the state legislature. The Bulls won their second straight title in 1991-92 after racking up another franchise record for wins with 67.

All three are Democrats. Michael Jordan won regular season MVP and Finals MVP to go with his fifth straight scoring title. Vigil. They recorded a franchise record 61 wins, and romped through the playoffs, where they swept the Pistons in the conference finals and won the Finals in five over the Magic Johnson-led Lakers on June 12, 1991. Madrid, and State Treasurer Robert E. By the 1990-91 season, the Bulls had run out of excuses, and charged through the year with a mission. Other Constitutional officers, all of whose terms also expire in January 2007, include Secretary of State Rebecca Vigil-Giron, Attorney General Patricia A. With these additional pieces and the previous year's starting five, the Bulls again made it to the Conference Finals, and pushed the Pistons to seven games before being edged out for the third straight year by Detroit.

For a list of past governors of the State of New Mexico, see List of New Mexico Governors. Armstrong in the 1989 draft. Governors serve a term of four years and may seek reelection. The Bulls also picked up rookie center Stacey King and rookie point guard B.J. Governor Bill Richardson and Lieutenant Governor Diane Denish, both Democrats, will face re-election in 2006. There was also a major change on the sidelines, where Doug Collins was replaced by assistant Phil Jackson, a specialist in the triangle offense. The Constitution of 1912, as amended, dictates the form of government in the State. In 1989-90, Jordan led the league in scoring for the fourth straight season, and was joined on the all-star squad for the first time by Scottie Pippen.

The capital of New Mexico is Santa Fe. The new starting lineup of Paxson, Jordan, Pippen, Grant, and Cartwright took some time to mesh, winning fewer games than the previous season, but making it all the way to the Eastern Conference Finals, where they were subdued in six games by the eventual NBA champion Pistons. The controversial Waste Isolation Pilot Plant, deep in salt formations near Carlsbad readied for storage of nuclear wastes during the 1990s. Popular power forward Charles Oakley, who had led the league in total rebounds in both '87 and '88, was traded to the New York Knicks for center Bill Cartwright and a draft pick which they used on center Will Perdue. The Sandia National Laboratories, founded in 1949, carried out nuclear research and special weapons development at Kirtland Air Force Base south of Albuquerque. The 1988-89 season marked a second straight year of major off-season moves. The state quickly emerged as a leader in nuclear, solar, and geothermal energy research and development. However, for his efforts Jordan was named NBA Most Valuable Player, the first of five such awards.

High-altitude experiments near Roswell in 1947 reputedly led to persistent claims that the government captured and concealed extraterrestrial corpses and equipment. With Paxson and Jordan in the backcourt, Brad Sellers and Oakley at the forward spots, Corzine anchoring center, and rookies Pippen and Grant coming off the bench, the Bulls made major noise, winning 50 games and advancing to the Eastern Conference semi-finals, where they were beaten by the eventual Eastern Conference Champion Detroit Pistons in five games. Albuquerque expanded rapidly after the war. In 1987-88 Krause selected center Olden Polynice 8th overall and power forward Horace Grant 10th overall in the NBA draft, then sent Polynice to Seattle in a draft-day trade for the 5th selection, small forward Scottie Pippen. Top-secret personnel there developed the atomic bomb, first detonated at Trinity site in the desert on the White Sands Proving Grounds vaguely near Alamogordo on July 16, 1945. However, the Bulls were again swept by the Celtics in the playoffs. The United States government built the Los Alamos Research Center in 1943 amid the Second World War. In 1986-87 Jordan continued his assault on the record books, leading the league in scoring with 37.1 points per game and being the first Bull named to the all-NBA first team.

The admission of the neighboring State of Arizona on February 14, 1912 completed the contiguous 48 states. Though the Bulls were swept, Jordan recorded a playoff single-game record 63 points in Game 2, prompting Bird to call him 'God disguised as Michael Jordan.'. Congress admitted New Mexico as the 47th state in the Union on January 6, 1912. Jordan returned for the playoffs, and took the 8th-place Bulls up against the 67-15 Boston Celtics, led by Larry Bird. Albuquerque, on the upper Rio Grande, incorporated in 1889. After Jordan suffered a broken foot early in the season, the team also acquired NBA legend George Gervin to help with scoring, which he did, finishing second on the team to Woolridge in scoring. Confict with the Apache and the Navajo plagued the territory until Apache chief Geronimo finally surrendered in 1886. Along with Jordan and center Dave Corzine, they provided much of the Bulls' offense for the next two years.

Despite destructive overgrazing, ranching survived as a mainstay of the New Mexican economy. In the offseason, the team acquired point guard John Paxson and drafted power forward Charles Oakley. Conflicting land claims led to bitter quarrels among the original Spanish inhabitants, cattle ranchers, and newer homesteaders. The team, with new management in owner Jerry Reinsdorf and General Manager Jerry Krause, decided to rebuild around Jordan. Jordan set franchise records during his rookie campaign for scoring (3rd in the league) and steals (4th in the league), and led the Bulls back to the playoffs, for which he was rewarded with a berth on the All-NBA second team and Rookie of the Year. The cattle kindgom could not keep out sheepherders, and eventually homesteaders and squatters overwhelmed the cattlemen by fencing in and plowing under the "sea of grass" on which the cattle fed. Jordan would go on to redefine the game and rewrite its record books, establishing himself as arguably the greatest player ever. Outlaws included Billy the Kid. After the Rockets selected Hakeem Olajuwon and the Blazers jumped on Sam Bowie, the Bulls grabbed shooting guard Michael Jordan.

Cattlemen feuded between each other and with authorities, most notably in the Lincoln County War. In the summer of 1984 the team's fortunes changed for good when it received the third pick of the NBA draft, after Houston and Portland. The railway encouraged the great cattle boom of the 1880s and the development of accompanying cow towns. However, with continued dismal results, the Bulls decided to change directions, trading Theus during the 1983-84 season. The new town of Albuquerque, platted in 1880 as the Santa Fe Railroad extended westward, quickly enveloped the old town. After Gilmore was traded to the San Antonio Spurs for center Dave Corzine, the Bulls employed a high-powered offense centered around Theus, and which soon included guards Quentin Daly and Ennis Whatley. The Santa Fe Railroad reached Lamy, New Mexico, 16 miles (26 km) from Santa Fe in 1879 and Santa Fe itself in 1880, replacing the storied Santa Fe Trail. Artis Gilmore, acquired in the ABA dispersal-draft in 1976, led a Bulls squad which included guard Reggie Theus, forward David Greenwood, and forward Orlando Woolridge.

The Roman Catholic Church established an archbishopric center in Santa Fe in 1875. By the late 1970s and early 80s, the team had hit the cellar of the league. Union troops withdrew after the conclusion of the war. Nevertheless, the team only won one division title, and never made it to the Finals. The Arizona Territory split as a separate entity in 1863. During the 1970s, the Bulls were known as a tough, defensive-minded team, built around hard-nosed defender Jerry Sloan, forwards Bob Love and Chet Walker, point guard Norm Van Lier, and center Tom Boerwinkle. Kit Carson helped to organize and command the 1st New Mexican Volunteers to engage in campaigns against the Apache, Navajo, and Comanche in New Mexico and Texas. Over the next few years, the Bulls assembled the pieces to be competitive, though they never quite reached the top.

Union troops captured the territory in early 1862. The team began play for the 1966-67 season, and immediately posted the best record by an expansion team in NBA history, qualifying for the playoffs. During the American Civil War, Confederate troops from Texas first occupied New Mexico. The Chicago Bulls are actually the third NBA team in Chicago, after the Packers/Zephyrs (now the Washington Wizards) and the Stags (1946-1950). With this purchase, the United States established its sovereignty over all of the present state of New Mexico. The Chicago Bulls are a National Basketball Association team based in Chicago, Illinois. The United States acquired the southwestern "boot heel" of the state and much of southern Arizona in the Gadsden Purchase of 1853. Bulls.Blogspot.com - Chicago Bulls Weblog (http://bulls.blogspot.com/).

Indian agent with a headquarters at Taos, and fought the Indians with notable success. AmIAnnoying.com - Chicago Bulls (http://www.amiannoying.com/view.aspx?id=11503). Carson accepted an 1853 appointment as U.S. Official Chicago Bulls Summer Pro League web site (http://www.summerproleague.com/). Native American plundering led Kit Carson to abandon his intent to retire to a sheep ranch near Taos. Chicago Bulls official web site (http://www.nba.com/bulls/). Regardless of its status, slavery never took a significant hold. G-F - #9 Luol Deng (Duke).

Some (including Stephen Douglas) maintained that the territory could not restrict slavery, as under the earlier Missouri Compromise, while others (including Abraham Lincoln) insisted that older Mexican legal traditions, which forbade slavery, took precedence. C - #2 Eddy Curry (Thornwood HS, Calumet City, Illinois). The people of New Mexico would determine whether to permit slavery under a constitution at statehood, but the status of slavery during the territorial period provoked considerable debate. G - #30 Frank Williams (Illinois). The territory, which included Arizona and parts of Colorado, officially established its capital at Santa Fe, New Mexico in 1851. C - #35 Jared Reiner (Iowa). Texas transferred eastern New Mexico to the federal government, settling a lengthy boundary dispute. Under the compromise, the American government established the New Mexico Territory on September 9, 1850. SG - #52 Eric Piatkowski (Nebraska).

The Compromise of 1850 halted a bid for statehood under an antislavery constitution. G - #15 Jannero Pargo (Arkansas). The change of national authority allowed Anglo-American culture to come to New Mexico. SF - #44 Adrian Griffin (Seton Hall). This new territory included most of the western half of present-day New Mexico. PG - #7 Ben Gordon (UConn). Under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo of 1848, Mexico ceded much of the American Southwest to the United States of America. PF - #51 Lawrence Funderburke (Ohio State).

On meeting Kit Carson, General Kearney commanded Carson to guide his men to California. C - #3 Tyson Chandler (Dominguez HS, Compton, California). Kearny entered Santa Fe without opposition in 1846 during the Mexican-American War, and his forces occupied the city, making New Mexico a United States territory. PG - #21 Chris Duhon (Duke). American General Stephen W. SG - #12 Kirk Hinrich (Kansas). The United States of America annexed Texas as a state in 1845; the status of the territory of modern-day New Mexico was finalized with the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo at the conclusion of the Texas War. C - #34 Antonio Davis (UTEP).

New Mexico authorities captured a group of Texans who embarked an expedition to assert their claim to the province in 1841. PF - #36 Othella Harrington (Georgetown). The breakaway Republic of Texas claimed the territory north and east of the Rio Grande when it seceded from Mexico in 1836. SF - #5 Andres Nocioni (Argentina). He joined a caravan for Santa Fe, and made Taos, his home and headquarters as he made a living as a teamster, cook, guide, and hunter for exploring parties until 1840. GM Jerry Krause. American frontiersman Kit (Christopher) Carson, apprenticed to a saddler in the Santa Fe Trail outfitting point of Old Franklin, ran away from his job in 1826. COACH Phil Jackson.

The Santa Fe National Historic Trail follows the route of the old trail, with many sites marked or restored. 23 Michael Jordan. The dry southern Cimmaron route offered poor short grass and little wildlife. 10 Bob Love. The rugged Mountain Division passed over Raton Pass and rejoined the more direct Cimarron Division near Fort Union, New Mexico. 4 Jerry Sloan. The Trail divided into Mountain and Cimarron Divisions southwest of Dodge City, Kansas. Bill Wennington.

Wagon caravans thereafter made the 40- to 60-day annual trek along the 780 mile (1,260 km) Santa Fe Trail, usually leaving in early summer and returning after a 4 to 5 week stay in New Mexico. Chet Walker. Becknell left Independence, Missouri, for Santa Fe early in 1822 with the first party of traders. Norm Van Lier. Small trapping parties from the United States had previously reached Santa Fe, but the Spanish rulers forbade them to trade. Trader William Becknell returned to the United States in November 1821 with news that independent Mexico welcomed trade through Santa Fe. Jerry Sloan. As a part of New Spain, the remainder of the province of New Mexico passed to independent Mexico following the 1810-1821 Mexican War of Independence. Dennis Rodman.

Napoleon Bonaparte of France sold the vast Louisiana Purchase, which extended into the northeastern corner of New Mexico, to the United States in 1803. Scottie Pippen. The through development of ranching and some farming in the 1700s laid the foundations for the state's still-flourishing Hispanic culture. John Paxson. They constructed the Church of San Felipe de Nerí (1706). Luc Longley. While developing Santa Fe as a trade center, the returning settlers founded the old town of Albuquerque in 1706, naming for the viceroy of New Spain, the duke of Alburquerque. Toni Kukoc.

The Apache revolted violently in 1676, and the Pueblo uprising of 1680 drove the Spanish to abandon New Mexico entirely until the campaign of Diego de Vargas Zapata reestablished Spanish control and returned Spanish colonists in 1692. Steve Kerr. Missionaries subjugated Native Americans to forced labor on the haciendas and attempted to convert them to Christianity. Johnny Kerr. Spanish settlers arrived at the site of Albuquerque in the mid-1600s. Michael Jordan. Although the colony failed to prosper, some missions flourished. Ron Harper.

Peralta built the Palace of Governors in 1610. Horace Grant. As the seat of government of New Mexico since its founding, Santa Fe is the oldest capital city in the United States. Artis Gilmore. In 1609, Pedro de Peralta, a later governor of the Province of New Mexico, established the settlement of Santa Fe at the foot of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains. Bill Cartwright. The Native Americans at Acoma revolted against this Spanish encroachment but faced severe suppression. Armstrong.

Oñate was made the first governor of the new Province of New Mexico. B.J. Oñate pioneered the El Camino Real, "The Royal Road" as a 700 mile (1100 km) lifeline from the rest of New Spain to his remote colony. Robert Parish. Juan de Oñate founded the San Juan colony on the Rio Grande in 1598, the first European settlement in the future state of New Mexico. Nate Thurmond. His maltreatment of the Pueblo people while exploring the upper Rio Grande valley led to long-standing hostility that impeded the Spanish conquest of New Mexico. George Gervin.

Coronado camped near an excavated pueblo today preserved as Coronado State Monument in 1541. Dispatched from New Spain, conquistador Francisco Vásquez de Coronado led a full-scale expedition to find these cities in 1540-1542. Fray Marcos de Niza enthusiastically identified the pueblos as the fabulously rich Seven Cities of Cibola, the fabled seven cities of gold. Word of the pueblos reached Cabeza de Vaca, a Spaniard wandering across south New Mexico in 1528-1536.

The Spanish encountered Pueblo civilization in the 1500s. The Pueblo people built a flourishing sedentary culture in the 1200s, constructing small towns in the valley of the Rio Grande and pueblos nearby. Caves in the Sandia Mountains near Albuquerque contain the remains of some of the earliest inhabitants of the New World. Prehistoric Native Americans used the land and minerals of New Mexico to build an early Southwestern culture millenia ago. Prehistoric Native American ruins indicate a presence at modern Santa Fe.

In European Spanish, the state's name would be spelled Nuevo Méjico. Both English and Spanish are officially recognized languages in the state. sometimes mistake it for a part of Mexico. For a variety of reasons, some people in other parts of the U.S.

As a result, the demographics and culture of the state are unique for their strong Spanish, Mexican, and Native American cultural influences. It also contains a sizeable Native American population. New Mexico holds the distinction of being the state with the highest percentage of people who claim Hispanic ancestry, many of whom are descended from Spanish colonists. Over its relatively long history it has also been occupied by Native American populations, part of the Spanish colony of New Spain, a province of the Republic of Mexico, and a US territory.

New Mexico (Spanish: Nuevo México) is one of the two southwestern states of the USA. Marc Simmons, New Mexico: An Interpretive History, 221 pages, University of New Mexico Press 1988, ISBN 0826311105 - good introduction. Kern, Labor in New Mexico: Strikes, Unions, and Social History, 1881-1981, University of New Mexico Press 1983, ISBN 0826306756. Robert W.

Paul Horgan, Great River, The Rio Grande in North American History, 1038 pages, Wesleyan University Press 1991, 4th Reprint, ISBN 819562513 - Pulitzer Prize 1955. Tony Hillerman, The Great Taos Bank Robbery and other Indian Country Affairs, University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, 1973, trade paperback, 147 pages, (ISBN 082630530X). Maciel, editors, The Contested Homeland: A Chicano History of New Mexico, 314 pages - University of New Mexico Press 2000, ISBN 0826321992. Erlinda Gonzales-Berry, David R.

Chavez, An Illustrated History of New Mexico, 267 pages, University of New Mexico Press 2002, ISBN 0826330517. Thomas E. Diocese of Las Cruces. Diocese of Gallup.

Archdiocese of Santa Fe. 17% No Religion. 1% Non-Christian Religions. 3% Mormon.

20% Other Protestant. 3% Pentecostal. 4% Presbyterian. 10% Baptist.

37% Protestant

    . 42% Roman Catholic. 82% Christian
      . 3.6% mixed race.

      1.1% Asian. 1.9% Black. 9.5% American Indian. 42.1% Hispanic.

      44.7% White non-Hispanic.