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Nelson Rockefeller

Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller (July 8, 1908 – January 26, 1979) was a Governor of New York and the 41st Vice President of the United States of America from December 19, 1974 to January 20, 1977.

Early years

"Rocky," as he was called, was born in Bar Harbor, Maine. A member of the prominent Rockefeller family, he was the son of John D. Rockefeller, Jr. and the grandson of oil tycoon John D. Rockefeller and Senator Nelson W. Aldrich of Rhode Island, for whom he was named. He was also the brother of Governor Winthrop Rockefeller of Arkansas and the uncle of Governor and Senator John Davison Rockefeller, IV of West Virginia. Nelson Rockefeller was born on the same day of the year as his paternal grandfather, and from childhood was the leader of the five Rockefeller brothers, John, Nelson, Laurance, Winthrop, and David. He graduated from Dartmouth College in 1930, where he was a member of the Psi Upsilon fraternity and the Casque & Gauntlet Society.

Political career

Rockefeller worked for a time in several family-run businesses and philanthropies before entering public service. He became an Assistant Secretary of State during World War II, where he ran the propaganda operation for Central and South America. After the war he headed the International Development Advisory Board, part of Truman's Point Four Program.

The election of fellow-Republican Dwight Eisenhower to the presidency saw Rockefeller appointed first as chair of the President's Advisory Committee on Government Organization and later as an undersecretary in the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.

Gov. Rockefeller meets with President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1968

Governor of New York

Rockefeller left federal service in 1956 to concentrate on New York state politics, where he served in various capacities before being elected governor (winning with a plurality of over 600,000 in a year mostly dominated by state Democrats).

He served as governor of New York from 1959 to 1973 (elected to four terms, he served three and a half). As governor of New York, he successfully secured the passage of extremely strict laws against the possession and/or sale of drugs; these laws — which became known as the "Rockefeller drug laws" — took effect in 1973 and are still on the books, and rank among the toughest in the United States: The mere possession of four ounces or more of such drugs as heroin and cocaine — or the sale of two ounces or more of the same substances — carries the same penalties as those imposed for second-degree murder. Despite this, he was still considered one of the leaders of the moderate wing of the Republican Party of the United States, and is hailed as an example of one of the chief figures of the "1960s and 1970s Republican" movement. Compared to other Republicans, Rockefeller was a liberal, and Republicans who hold views similar to his are often referred to as "Rockefeller Republicans".

Rockefeller engaged in massive building endeavors that left a profound mark on New York State. He was the driving force in turning the State University of New York into the largest system of public higher education in the United States. He also created many major highways (such as the Long Island, the Southern Tier, the Adirondack, and Interstate 81) which vastly improved road transportation in New York State. To create more low-income housing, Rockefeller created the unprecedented-in-its-power New York State Urban Development Corporation (UDC), which could override local zoning, condemn property, and create creative financing schemes to carry out desired development. (UDC is now called the Empire State Development Corporation, which forms a unit, along with the formerly independent Job Development Authority, of Empire State Development.)

Rockefeller's massive construction programs (not just the aforementioned, but others such as the US$2 billion Albany South Mall (later renamed the Nelson A. Rockefeller Empire State Plaza) project—the most expensive project that had ever been undertaken by any US state government), his generous pension programs for many public workers in the state (firefighers, many police officers, sanitation workers, and corrections officers), and highest-in-the-nation minimum wage that he was able to push through the legislature (or carry out through some existing public-benefit authority such as the UDC) greatly drove up costs and debt in the state. Public-benefit authorities (some 230 of them, like UDC, were brought into existence by Rockefeller) were often used to issue bonds in order to avoid the requirement of a vote of the people for the issuance of a bond; such authority-issued bonds bore higher interest than if they had been issued directly by the state. The state budget went from US$2.04 billion in 1959-60 (Rockefeller's first year in office) to US$8.8 billion in 1973-74 (at the end of Rockefeller's time in office). This occurred on top of a state economy that was in significant decline.

Rockefeller also reformed the governance of New York City's transportation system. He created the New York Metropolitan Transportation Authority in 1965, which merged the New York City subway system with the publicly-owned Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority and the Long Island Rail Road and Metro North Railroad, which were purchased by the state from private owners. In taking over control of the Triborough authority, Rockefeller overcame Robert Moses, who controlled several of New York state's public infrastructure authorities. Under the New York MTA, toll revenue collected from the bridges and tunnels, which had previously been used to build more bridges, tunnels, and highways, were shifted to support public transport operations.

Presidential campaigns

Rockefeller's dream was the presidency; he spent millions in attempts in 1960, 1964, and 1968. His bid in 1960 was ended early when then-Vice President Richard Nixon surged ahead in the polls; after quitting the campaign Rockefeller backed Nixon enthusiastically, and concentrated his efforts on introducing more moderate stances into Nixon's platform.

Rockefeller was considered the front-runner for the 1964 campaign against the more conservative Barry Goldwater of Arizona (Nixon had declined to run after losing to Pat Brown in the 1962 California gubernatorial election). However, Rockefeller's divorce and quick remarriage to a woman (who had until then been married to someone else) twenty years his junior turned many people off. After polls predicted Rockefeller would win the California primary, he lost by a slim margin and dropped out of the race, endorsing Goldwater (but more hesitantly than he had previously supported Nixon). Rockefeller lost again to Nixon in 1968.

Rockefeller left office as governor in 1973 in what was rumored at the time to be a move toward a fourth bid for the presidency; however this never materialized. Some analysts speculated that his appointment to the vice presidency by Gerald Ford was calculated to forestall a Rockefeller presidential campaign in 1976.

Vice President of the United States

Vice President Rockefeller shows his feelings towards a group of hecklers during a speech in 1976

Following the resignation of President Richard Nixon, successor Gerald Ford nominated Rockefeller to serve as the 41st Vice President of the United States. Currently, Rockefeller is the last governor to have served as Vice President.

Rockefeller underwent a lengthy series of Congressional hearings but ultimately was confirmed, beginning his service on December 19, 1974. He became the 2nd Vice President to be appointed to the position under the 25th Amendment — the first being Ford himself. Less than a year later however, (on November 3, 1975), he notified President Ford that he would not seek election to the Vice Presidency in 1976, saying that he "didn't come down (to Washington) to get caught up in party squabbles which only make it more difficult for the President in a very difficult time..."

Perhaps the most memorable moment of Rockefeller's Vice Presidency occurred during a public speech at Broome County Airport in Binghamton, New York. A group of hippies started to heckle him, which obviously irritated him, causing him to retaliate by giving the group the finger, in a widely circulated photo.

Senator Robert Dole, who would be the Republican nominee to succeed Rockefeller in the 1976 election, was on hand at the speech. When questioned by an ABC reporter as to why he didn't join in with Rockefeller, Dole replied "I have trouble with my right arm," reminding them of his injury in World War II.

Received the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1977.

Art collector

Rockefeller was a great collector of modern art. He continued his mother's work at the Museum of Modern Art and turned the basement of his Kykuit mansion into a first-class museum. While he was overseeing construction of the State University of New York system, he agreed with his lifelong friend Roy Neuberger to build a museum on the campus of SUNY Purchase College. The Neuberger Museum, designed by Philip Johnson, hosted several paintings collected by Neuberger and helped popularize several artists. His 1933 decision to purchase and then destroy Diego Rivera's mural at Rockefeller Center, which included a portrait of Lenin, is still controversial.

Death

On January 26, 1979 Rockefeller suffered a heart attack and died. It is officially recorded that this occurred during sexual intercourse with his mistress and staff member Megan Marshak. However there is a good deal of rumour and speculation about all the details of what happened; see the Megan Marshak article for a full discussion of this.

Family wealth

The Rockefeller family is one of the most famous blue-blooded clans in America. As of 2004, Forbes estimates that the family fortune could be as much as $9 billion. Nelson Rockefeller was worth approximately $1 billion at the time of his death.

Depiction in Film

A young Nelson Rockefeller was depicted in the 1999 period film Cradle Will Rock (played by John Cusack). Rockefeller's command to destroy Diego Rivera's controversial mural Man at the Crossroads is one of the films major climactic events.

Edward Norton also played a young Nelson Rockefeller in 2002 film Frida.


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Edward Norton also played a young Nelson Rockefeller in 2002 film Frida. Bayer was named one of the 100 Best Companies for Working Mothers in 2004 by Working Mothers magazine. Rockefeller's command to destroy Diego Rivera's controversial mural Man at the Crossroads is one of the films major climactic events. beekeepers has also filed a civil suit against Bayer CropScience for alleged losses. A young Nelson Rockefeller was depicted in the 1999 period film Cradle Will Rock (played by John Cusack). A consortium of U.S. Nelson Rockefeller was worth approximately $1 billion at the time of his death. France has since issued a provisional ban on the use of Gaucho for corn seed treatment pending further action.

As of 2004, Forbes estimates that the family fortune could be as much as $9 billion. Bayer AG is involved in an ongoing controversy with French and Nova Scotian beekeepers over claimed pesticide kills of honeybees from its seed treatment insecticide Gaucho. The Rockefeller family is one of the most famous blue-blooded clans in America. In addition to conventional agrochemical business it is involved in genetic engineering of food. However there is a good deal of rumour and speculation about all the details of what happened; see the Megan Marshak article for a full discussion of this. The company is now one of the world's leading innovative crop science companies in the areas of crop protection, non-agricultural pest control, seeds and plant biotechnology. It is officially recorded that this occurred during sexual intercourse with his mistress and staff member Megan Marshak. In 2002 Bayer AG acquired Aventis CropScience and formed Bayer CropScience.

On January 26, 1979 Rockefeller suffered a heart attack and died. They have discovered, among others:. His 1933 decision to purchase and then destroy Diego Rivera's mural at Rockefeller Center, which included a portrait of Lenin, is still controversial. In 1994, Bayer AG purchased Sterling Winthrop's over the counter drug business, in order to reacquire the rest of the trademark rights to Bayer and the Bayer cross. The Neuberger Museum, designed by Philip Johnson, hosted several paintings collected by Neuberger and helped popularize several artists. In 1978, Bayer AG purchased Miles Laboratories and its subsidiaries Miles Canada and Cutter Laboratories (along with a product line including Alka-Seltzer, Flintstones Vitamins and One-A-Day Vitamins, and Cutter insect repellent) in order to reacquire trademark rights to Bayer aspirin. While he was overseeing construction of the State University of New York system, he agreed with his lifelong friend Roy Neuberger to build a museum on the campus of SUNY Purchase College. In the United States and Canada, Bayer's assets were acquired by Sterling Drugs, a predecessor of Sterling Winthrop Inc., and the trademarked Bayer aspirin was produced by Miles Laboratories.

He continued his mother's work at the Museum of Modern Art and turned the basement of his Kykuit mansion into a first-class museum. After World War I, Bayer AG was penalized by having the rights to its name and trademarks taken away in the United States, Canada, and several other countries. Rockefeller was a great collector of modern art. When the Allies split IG Farben after World War II for involvement in several Nazi war crimes, Bayer reappeared as an individual business. Received the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1977. Bayer became part of IG Farben, a conglomerate of German chemical industries that emerged during World War I. When questioned by an ABC reporter as to why he didn't join in with Rockefeller, Dole replied "I have trouble with my right arm," reminding them of his injury in World War II. In 1904, Bayer introduced the Bayer cross as its corporate logo, consisting of the horizontal word "BAYER" crossed with the vertical word "BAYER", both words sharing the "Y".

Senator Robert Dole, who would be the Republican nominee to succeed Rockefeller in the 1976 election, was on hand at the speech. However in some other countries, such as Canada, it is still a registered trademark. A group of hippies started to heckle him, which obviously irritated him, causing him to retaliate by giving the group the finger, in a widely circulated photo. It is now widely used there for all brands of the drug. Perhaps the most memorable moment of Rockefeller's Vice Presidency occurred during a public speech at Broome County Airport in Binghamton, New York. By 1899, Bayer's trademark Aspirin was registered worldwide for Bayer's brand of acetylsalicylic acid, but through the widespread use to describe all brands of the compound, and Bayer's failure to protect its trademark, the word "aspirin" lost its trademark status in the United States. Less than a year later however, (on November 3, 1975), he notified President Ford that he would not seek election to the Vice Presidency in 1976, saying that he "didn't come down (to Washington) to get caught up in party squabbles which only make it more difficult for the President in a very difficult time...". Bayer's first major product was acetylsalicylic acid, a modification of salicylic acid or salicin, a folk remedy found in the bark of the willow.

He became the 2nd Vice President to be appointed to the position under the 25th Amendment — the first being Ford himself. Bayer AG was founded in Germany in 1863 by Friedrich Bayer and his partner, Johann Friedrich Weskott. Rockefeller underwent a lengthy series of Congressional hearings but ultimately was confirmed, beginning his service on December 19, 1974.
Bayer AG shares are listed on XETRA in Germany, LSE in the United Kingdom and on NYSE in the United States. Currently, Rockefeller is the last governor to have served as Vice President. This change took place on July 1, 2004, with LANXESS to be listed on the stock exchange by the beginning of 2005. Following the resignation of President Richard Nixon, successor Gerald Ford nominated Rockefeller to serve as the 41st Vice President of the United States. Starck and Wolff Walsrode) have been combined with certain components of the polymers segment to form the new company LANXESS.

Some analysts speculated that his appointment to the vice presidency by Gerald Ford was calculated to forestall a Rockefeller presidential campaign in 1976. Following Bayer's successful reorganization, its chemicals activities (with the exception of H.C. Rockefeller left office as governor in 1973 in what was rumored at the time to be a move toward a fourth bid for the presidency; however this never materialized. panel of experts. Rockefeller lost again to Nixon in 1968. The allegations were also proved by an U.N. After polls predicted Rockefeller would win the California primary, he lost by a slim margin and dropped out of the race, endorsing Goldwater (but more hesitantly than he had previously supported Nixon). Austrian journalist Klaus Werner proved in his Black Book on Brand Companies, that the Bayer subsidiary H.C.Starck financed the civil war in the Democratic Republic of Congo by trading illegally with the mineral coltan.

However, Rockefeller's divorce and quick remarriage to a woman (who had until then been married to someone else) twenty years his junior turned many people off. OHG. Rockefeller was considered the front-runner for the 1964 campaign against the more conservative Barry Goldwater of Arizona (Nixon had declined to run after losing to Pat Brown in the 1962 California gubernatorial election). These companies are: Bayer CropScience AG; Bayer HealthCare AG; Bayer Material Science AG and Bayer Chemicals AG and the three service companies Bayer Technology Services GmbH, Bayer Business Services GmbH and Bayer Industry Services GmbH & Co. His bid in 1960 was ended early when then-Vice President Richard Nixon surged ahead in the polls; after quitting the campaign Rockefeller backed Nixon enthusiastically, and concentrated his efforts on introducing more moderate stances into Nixon's platform. The groups core businesses were transformed into limited companies, each controlled by Bayer AG. Rockefeller's dream was the presidency; he spent millions in attempts in 1960, 1964, and 1968. In order to separate operational and strategic management Bayer AG was reorganized into a holding company in December 2003.

Under the New York MTA, toll revenue collected from the bridges and tunnels, which had previously been used to build more bridges, tunnels, and highways, were shifted to support public transport operations. . In taking over control of the Triborough authority, Rockefeller overcame Robert Moses, who controlled several of New York state's public infrastructure authorities. It is well-known for its original brand of aspirin. He created the New York Metropolitan Transportation Authority in 1965, which merged the New York City subway system with the publicly-owned Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority and the Long Island Rail Road and Metro North Railroad, which were purchased by the state from private owners. It is headquartered in Leverkusen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Rockefeller also reformed the governance of New York City's transportation system. Bayer AG (German pronunciation "BYE-er", in US usually pronounced "BAY-er") (TYO: 4863) is a German chemical and pharmaceutical company founded in 1863.

This occurred on top of a state economy that was in significant decline. Ciprofloxacin — an antibiotic. The state budget went from US$2.04 billion in 1959-60 (Rockefeller's first year in office) to US$8.8 billion in 1973-74 (at the end of Rockefeller's time in office). Tabun — a nerve gas. Public-benefit authorities (some 230 of them, like UDC, were brought into existence by Rockefeller) were often used to issue bonds in order to avoid the requirement of a vote of the people for the issuance of a bond; such authority-issued bonds bore higher interest than if they had been issued directly by the state. Mustard gas — a blistering chemical weapon. Rockefeller Empire State Plaza) project—the most expensive project that had ever been undertaken by any US state government), his generous pension programs for many public workers in the state (firefighers, many police officers, sanitation workers, and corrections officers), and highest-in-the-nation minimum wage that he was able to push through the legislature (or carry out through some existing public-benefit authority such as the UDC) greatly drove up costs and debt in the state. Heroin was, until Bayer let it lapse, a Bayer trademark.

Rockefeller's massive construction programs (not just the aforementioned, but others such as the US$2 billion Albany South Mall (later renamed the Nelson A. Heroin (diamorphine) — an addictive drug, originally sold as a treatment for cough, and arguably the most successful illegal drug ever. (UDC is now called the Empire State Development Corporation, which forms a unit, along with the formerly independent Job Development Authority, of Empire State Development.). Aspirin — a pain reliever, arguably the most successful drug ever. To create more low-income housing, Rockefeller created the unprecedented-in-its-power New York State Urban Development Corporation (UDC), which could override local zoning, condemn property, and create creative financing schemes to carry out desired development. He also created many major highways (such as the Long Island, the Southern Tier, the Adirondack, and Interstate 81) which vastly improved road transportation in New York State.

He was the driving force in turning the State University of New York into the largest system of public higher education in the United States. Rockefeller engaged in massive building endeavors that left a profound mark on New York State. Compared to other Republicans, Rockefeller was a liberal, and Republicans who hold views similar to his are often referred to as "Rockefeller Republicans". Despite this, he was still considered one of the leaders of the moderate wing of the Republican Party of the United States, and is hailed as an example of one of the chief figures of the "1960s and 1970s Republican" movement.

As governor of New York, he successfully secured the passage of extremely strict laws against the possession and/or sale of drugs; these laws — which became known as the "Rockefeller drug laws" — took effect in 1973 and are still on the books, and rank among the toughest in the United States: The mere possession of four ounces or more of such drugs as heroin and cocaine — or the sale of two ounces or more of the same substances — carries the same penalties as those imposed for second-degree murder. He served as governor of New York from 1959 to 1973 (elected to four terms, he served three and a half). Rockefeller left federal service in 1956 to concentrate on New York state politics, where he served in various capacities before being elected governor (winning with a plurality of over 600,000 in a year mostly dominated by state Democrats). The election of fellow-Republican Dwight Eisenhower to the presidency saw Rockefeller appointed first as chair of the President's Advisory Committee on Government Organization and later as an undersecretary in the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.

After the war he headed the International Development Advisory Board, part of Truman's Point Four Program. He became an Assistant Secretary of State during World War II, where he ran the propaganda operation for Central and South America. Rockefeller worked for a time in several family-run businesses and philanthropies before entering public service. He graduated from Dartmouth College in 1930, where he was a member of the Psi Upsilon fraternity and the Casque & Gauntlet Society.

Nelson Rockefeller was born on the same day of the year as his paternal grandfather, and from childhood was the leader of the five Rockefeller brothers, John, Nelson, Laurance, Winthrop, and David. He was also the brother of Governor Winthrop Rockefeller of Arkansas and the uncle of Governor and Senator John Davison Rockefeller, IV of West Virginia. Aldrich of Rhode Island, for whom he was named. Rockefeller and Senator Nelson W.

and the grandson of oil tycoon John D. Rockefeller, Jr. A member of the prominent Rockefeller family, he was the son of John D. "Rocky," as he was called, was born in Bar Harbor, Maine.

. Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller (July 8, 1908 – January 26, 1979) was a Governor of New York and the 41st Vice President of the United States of America from December 19, 1974 to January 20, 1977.