Napster

This has also been extended to Friendster, a site which vaguely recalls Napster's community-building features.^{[10] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napster#endnote_blogster), [11] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napster#endnote_sxsw)}. There are 24 Indiana state parks, nine man-made reservoirs and hundreds of lakes in the state. The suffix "-ster" has become a popular component of the brand names of many internet products, suggesting a peer-to-peer model, such as Grokster, Aimster (later Madster), Blubster. Many other astronauts, including Neil Armstrong and Gene Cernan, were graduates of Purdue University in West Lafayette ([1] (http://www2.indystar.com/library/factfiles/history/space_program/hoosier_astronauts.html)). Neil Armstrong's Purdue class ring may be the only such object that has ever traveled to the moon and back. In the 2003 remake of The Italian Job, a flashback depicts Shawn Fanning stealing the program from a computer expert played by Seth Green while the latter is napping, depicting a humorous folk etymology of the name. Indiana is the home state of a disproportionately large number of Astronauts, including such notables as "Gus" Grissom, and Frank Borman. In a very real sense, Shawn Fanning can be called the man who opened a Pandora's Box. Counties would remain under their current time zones, but the bill also asks the federal Department of Transportation, which has jurisdiction over time zones, to reconsider whether more counties should switch to the Central zone.

An emerging and cryptographically strong third generation of P2P protocols will likely be nearly impossible to interdict. On April 28, 2005, the state legislature voted 51-46 for the entire state to observe daylight saving time starting April, 2006. The ever-widening availability of broadband has made file sharing even more prevalent, since with increasing download speeds mean the distribution of entire movies and other large files is possible. More recently, support has begun to grow for returning Indiana to the Central time zone with Central time zone DST, but this has not been popular enough to implement. Grokster, decision currently pending). In the past several years, there have been attempts to place the entirety of Indiana in the Eastern time zone, with Eastern DST, but these have proved impossible to implement. Designed as decentralized networks, these have been much more challenging for copyright owners to pursue in the courts (see MGM vs. Eventually, a long-fought battle in the Indiana state legislature led to the current compromise.

Unofficial Napster servers proliferated, aided by a program known as "Napigator", and a second generation of P2P protocols (including FastTrack and Gnutella) were quickly developed. However, many parts of the state stayed on Central DST the entire year. In the meantime, the peer-to-peer filesharing (or P2P) trend Napster started soon resumed, with new programs and networks picking up the torch. When DST was formally adopted, Indiana was in the Central time zone. The years between Napster's demise and the emergence of the iTunes Music Store as the first popular pay-service were squandered as the five major labels bickered amongst themselves, launching the user-unfriendly, restrictive, and mutually incompatible subscription services Pressplay and MusicNet.^{[9] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napster#endnote_musicnetpressplay)}. The history of this unique arrangement is fairly convoluted. Although the central servers used by Napster made it a convenient legal target, the record industry failed to capitalize on the power vacuum left in its wake. Several counties in the northwestern corner of Indiana, near Chicago, and several counties in the southwestern corner of Indiana are in the Central time zone and remain subject to daylight saving time.

As of 2005, this new service has met with moderate success. The area that is within the Eastern time zone is legally exempt from daylight saving time; some counties within this area, particularly Floyd, Clark, and Harrison counties near Louisville, Kentucky, and Ohio and Dearborn counties near Cincinnati, Ohio, observe daylight saving time unofficially and illegally by local custom. which used them to rebrand the Pressplay music service as Napster 2.0. Most of Indiana has historically exempted itself from the observation of daylight saving time (DST). After a 2.4 million dollar offer by the Private Media Group, an "adult entertainment company",^{[8] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napster#endnote_porn)} Napster's brand and logos were acquired at bankruptcy auction by the company Roxio, Inc. The three largest Protestant denominations in Indiana are: Baptist (17% of the total state population), Methodist (10%), Lutheran (5%). In the absence of any other force that could account for this success Menta declared this was proof that Napster was a promotional power. Indiana's percentage composition by religious affiliation is as follows:.

The record beat out the CDs of some of the most heavily marketed artists of the time including Madonna and Eminem. Indiana is home to a significant proportion of Mennonite and Amish Christians. Kid A not only broke the top 20, it captured the number one spot on the charts in its debut week. The Catholic presence is perhaps better known than its size would imply due to the existence of the University of Notre Dame in the state. The record industry braced for the worst, but then came the big surprise. Religiously, Indiana is predominantly Protestant, although there is also a moderate-sized Roman Catholic population. By the time of the record's release Kid A had been downloaded by millions of people worldwide. The five largest ancestries in the state are: German (22.7%), American (12%), Irish (10.8%), English (8.9%), African American (8.4%).

As Richard Menta of MP3 Newswire described,^{[7] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napster#endnote_kida)} it was a perfect vehicle to test this theory as the effect of Napster was isolated from other elements that could be credited for driving sales. Racially, the state is:. Furthermore, it was an experimental album that received little promotion and almost no radio airplay. Its largest city and capital is Indianapolis, where the nation's most famous auto race, the Indianapolis 500, is held each year. Unlike Madonna, Radiohead never hit the top 20 in the US. Indiana is a state of mostly small towns and midsize cities. Proof may have come in April 2000 when tracks from Radiohead's album Kid A found their way to Napster three months before the CD's release. As of 2003, the population of Indiana was 6,195,643.

With all the accusations that Napster was destroying the record industry there were those who felt just the opposite, that file trading on Napster actually stimulated, rather than hurt, sales. Like most Great Lakes states Indiana has small to medium operating petroleum fields; the principal location of these today is in extreme southwest Indiana in an area somewhat confusingly called the " Illinois Field"". bankruptcy laws.^{[6] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napster#endnote_blocked)} Most of the Napster staff were laid off, and the website changed to display "Napster was here". One of the many public buildings faced with this stone is The Pentagon, and after the attack of September 11, 2001, a special effort was made by the mining industry of Indiana to replace those damaged walls with as nearly identical type and cut of material as the original facing. There are also large coal mines in the southern portion of the state. On September 3, 2002, an American bankruptcy judge blocked the sale to Bertelsmann and forced Napster to liquidate its assets according to Chapter 7 of the U.S. In mining Indiana is probably best known for its decorative limestone fron the southern, hilly portion of the state. Pursuant to terms of that agreement, on June 3 Napster filed for Chapter 11 protection under United States bankruptcy laws. ( Source for basic manufacturing facts in the above two paragraphs is generally McCoy and McNamara, "Manufacturers in Indiana", Purdue University Center for Rural Development, Research Paper 19, July 1998 ).

On May 17, 2002, Napster announced that its assets would be acquired by German media firm Bertelsmann AG for $8 million. In other words, firms often see in Indiana a chance to obtain higher than average skills at lower than average wages for those skills, which often makes location in the state desirable. Napster 3.0 was, according to many former Napster employees, ready to deploy, but it had significant trouble obtaining licenses to distribute major-label music. This makes it possible for firms to offer, and labor accept, somewhat lower wages for these skills than would normally be paid. A prototype solution was tested in the spring of 2002: the Napster 3.0 Alpha, using audio fingerprinting technology licensed from Relatable. Second, Indiana's labor force is located primarily in medium-sized and smaller cities rather than in very large and expensive metropolises. In order to pay those fees, Napster attempted to convert their free service to a subscription system. First, much of the heavy manufacturing, such as industrial machinery and steel, requires highly skilled labor, and firms are often willing to locate where hard-to-train skills already exist.

Napster agreed to pay music creators and copyright owners a $26 million settlement for past, unauthorized uses of music, as well as an advance against future licensing royalties of $10 million. The explanation appears to be certain factors in the labor market. After a failed appeal to the Ninth Circuit Court, an injunction was issued on March 5, 2001 ordering Napster to prevent the trading of copyrighted music on its network.^{[5] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napster#endnote_injunction)} In July 2001, Napster shut down its entire network in order to comply with the injunction. On September 24, 2001, the case was partially settled. However, Indiana has been much less hit by declines in traditional Rust Belt manufactures than many of its neighbors. Similarly, many supporters of Napster were concerned about the media's constant use of the word "site" to describe the service, a word which seems to imply that Napster was distributing files itself rather than facilitating their exchange. Like most interior states, Indiana is poorly located with respect to emerging coastal markets and new overseas sources of raw materials for manufacturing. Many argued that any attempt to shut down Napster would simply lead to people using a different medium to exchange files over the Internet. Surprisingly, in view of the large agricultural sector, comparatively little food processing occurs in the state.

These users viewed Napster as a simple search engine. In addition, Indiana has the international headquarters of the Eli Lilly and the US headquarters of the Roche pharmaceutical companies. To them, it seemed that file sharing was inevitable on the Internet, and it was not Napster's fault that people used the service to share copyrighted files. Indiana's other manufactures include electrical equipment, transportation equipment, chemical products, rubber, petroleum and coal products, and factory machinery. At the time, the lawsuit puzzled Napster users and supporters. The Calumet region of northwest Indiana is the largest steel producing area in the USA, and this activity also requires that very large amounts of electric power be generated. Later that year, Madonna became irate when one of her singles leaked out on to the web and Napster prior to its commercial release, causing widespread media coverage.^{[3] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napster#endnote_madonna)} Napster use peaked with 26.4 million users worldwide in February 2001.^{[4] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napster#endnote_peak)}. In the state industry tends to be concentrated in its northern half.

The lawsuit was a failure, but 300,000 Napster users were banned from the service for sharing Metallica mp3s. A high percentage of Indiana's GDP comes from manufacturing, and much of this activity is heavy manufacturing. The band responded in 2000 by filing a lawsuit against the Napster service. Many isolated parcels of woodland remain, and much of the southern, hilly portion is heavily forested ( a condition which supports a local furniture-making sector in that part of the state). This eventually led to the song being played on several radio stations across America. It should be remembered that while the state is in the Corn Belt, the original land was not prairie and had to be cleared of deciduous trees. Heavy metal band Metallica discovered that a demo of their song "I Disappear" had been circulating across the Napster network. Specialty crops include melons ( southern Wabash Valley), tomatoes (concentrated in central Indiana), grapes, and mint ( Source: USDA crop profiles).

Soon millions of users, many of them college students, flocked to it. The state's nearness to large urban centers, such as Chicago also assures that much dairying, egg production, and specialty horticulture occur. Napster's facilitation of illegal activity raised the ire of several major recording companies, who almost immediately — in December 1999 — filed a lawsuit against the popular service,^{[1] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napster#endnote_amrecords)} already called a "a huge grassroots effort" by MP3 Newswire.^{[2] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napster#endnote_grassroots)} The service would only get bigger as the trial, meant to shut down Napster, also gave it a great deal of publicity. Soybeans are also a major cash crop. With the files obtained through Napster, people frequently made their own compilation albums on recordable CDs for free, without paying any royalties to the artist/composer or the estate of the artist/composer. Indiana is located well within the Corn Belt, and the state's agricultural methods and principal farm outputs reflect this: a feedlot-style system raising corn, to fatten hogs and cattle. Napster also enabled people to obtain older songs, copies of music they had already paid for in another format, unreleased recordings, and songs from concert bootleg recordings. Indiana's Per Capita Income was $28,783 as of 2003.

People praised Napster because it enabled them to obtain hit songs without having to buy an entire album (or indeed, pay at all). The total gross state product in 2003 was $214 billion. Many people said that albums contained only one or two good songs, along with many low-quality "filler" songs. See also: List of Indiana counties, Watersheds of Indiana. At the time Napster was released, there was a general perception that the quality of new albums had decreased. The 475 mile long Wabash River bisects the state from northeast to southwest and has given Indiana two themesongs, the state song On the Banks of the Wabash as well as The Wabash Cannonball. The result was a system whose popularity generated a large selection of music to download. Indiana is one of the Great Lakes states.

Although there were already media which facilitated the sharing of files across the Internet, such as IRC, Hotline, and USENET, Napster specialized exclusively in music in the form of MP3 files and presented a friendly user-interface. Indiana is bounded on the north by Lake Michigan and the state of Michigan, on the east by Ohio, on the south by Kentucky with which it shares the Ohio River as a border, and on the west by Illinois. This is very similar to how instant messaging systems work. See: List of Indiana Governors, Indiana General Assembly. It was the first of the massively popular peer-to-peer file sharing systems, although it was not fully peer-to-peer since it used central servers to maintain lists of connected systems and the files they provided, while actual transactions were conducted directly between machines. Lugar (Republican). The final documents gave Shawn 30% control of the company, with the rest going to his uncle. Evans "Evan" Bayh III (Democrat) and Richard G.

John Fanning of Hull, Massachusetts, who is Shawn's uncle, helped him incorporate the company. senators are B. Fanning wanted an easier method of finding music than by searching IRC or Lycos. The state's U.S. Shawn Fanning first released the original Napster in the fall of 1999. The current governor of Indiana is Mitch Daniels, whose campaign slogan was "My Man Mitch," elected on November 2, 2004. The service was named Napster after Fanning's nickname. The area was claimed for New France in the 17th century, handed over to the Kingdom of Great Britain as part of the settlement at the end of the French and Indian War, given to the United States after the American Revolution, soon after which it became part of the Northwest Territory, then the Indiana Territory, and joined the Union in 1816 as the 19th state.

Its technology allowed music fans to easily share MP3 format song files with each other, thus leading to the music industry's accusations of massive copyright violations. Although the original service was shut down by court order, it paved the way for decentralized P2P file-sharing programs, which have been much harder to control. The specific Native American tribes that inhabited this territory at that time were primarily the Miami and the Shawnee. Napster was the first widely-used peer-to-peer music sharing service, and it made a major impact on how people, especially college students, used the Internet. 100-400CE). It was part of the Mississippian culture from roughly 1000CE up to the conventional end of Mississippian dating ("contact with Europeans"). Napster is an online music service which was originally a file sharing service created by Shawn Fanning. The area of Indiana has been settled since before the development of the Hopewell culture (ca. March 16, 2004. USS Indiana was named in honor of this state.

Austin, TX. A resident of Indiana is called a Hoosier and it is also the mascot for Indiana University, located in Bloomington, in southern Indiana. SXSW Interactive Keynote Speech (http://blog.fastcompany.com/archives/2004/03/16/what_the_heck_is_social_networking.html#more). South by Southwest Festival. postal abbreviation for the state is IN. ^  Abrams, Jonathan. The U.S. ^  Grimmelmann, James: "Blogster (http://www.laboratorium.net/archives/Blogster.html)", The Laboratorium, (July 18, 2003). Its capital is Indianapolis.

Ice Magazine, (179). Indiana, meaning the "Land of the Indians", is a state of the United States. MusicNet, PressPlay Fall Short (http://www.icemagazine.com/digital/dd_179.shtm). State tree: Tulip tree. (February 2002). State stone: Salem limestone. ^  Dube, Ric. State river: Wabash.

^  "Porn company offers to buy Napster (http://news.com.com/2100-1023-957784.html?tag=fd_top)", CNET News.com, (September 12, 2002). State poem: Indiana (http://www.in.gov/sic/about/emblems/state_poem.html), by Arthur Franklin Mapes. ^  Menta, Richard: "Did Napster Take Radiohead's New Album to Number 1? (http://www.mp3newswire.net/stories/2000/radiohead.html)", MP3 Newswire, (October 28, 2000). State motto: "The Crossroads of America". ^  Evangelista, Benny: "Napster runs out of lives – judge rules against sale (http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2002/09/04/BU138263.DTL)", San Francisco Chronicle, (September 4, 2002). State flower: Peony. 2002). State bird: Cardinal.

3d 1091 (9th Cir. Non-Religious – 8%. 5, 2001), aff’d, 284 F. Other Religions – 1%. Mar. Other Christian – 1%. LEXIS 2186 (N.D. Cal. Roman Catholic – 20%.

^  2001 US Dist. Protestant – 67%. Press Release. 1.2% Mixed race. Global Napster Usage Plummets, But New File-Sharing Alternatives Gaining Ground (http://www.comscore.com/press/release.asp?id=249). 0.3% American Indian. ^  Jupiter Media Metrix (July 20, 2001). 1% Asian.

^  Borland, John: "Unreleased Madonna Single Slips On To Net (http://news.com.com/2100-1023-241341.html?legacy=cnet)", CNET News.com, (June 1, 2000). 3.5% Hispanic. ^  Menta, Richard: "RIAA Sues Music Startup Napster for $20 Billion (http://www.mp3newswire.net/stories/napster.html)", MP3 Newswire, (December 9, 1999). 8.4% Black. 2001). 85.8% White. 2000), aff'd in part, rev'd in part, 239 F.3d 1004 (9th Cir.

Cal. 2d 896 (N.D. Supp. v. Napster, Inc., 114 F.

^  A & M Records, Inc.