Napster

This has also been extended to Friendster, a site which vaguely recalls Napster's community-building features.^{[10] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napster#endnote_blogster), [11] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napster#endnote_sxsw)}. For more on the universities and colleges in Kansas, see the complete list. The suffix "-ster" has become a popular component of the brand names of many internet products, suggesting a peer-to-peer model, such as Grokster, Aimster (later Madster), Blubster. The composition of FHSU's enrollment includes 35% non-resident students and 44% off-campus enrollments. PSU also has almost a quarter of enrollment from non-residents. In the 2003 remake of The Italian Job, a flashback depicts Shawn Fanning stealing the program from a computer expert played by Seth Green while the latter is napping, depicting a humorous folk etymology of the name. FHSU has the fastest growing enrollment in Kansas with most of it coming from non-resident and off-campus enrollment. In a very real sense, Shawn Fanning can be called the man who opened a Pandora's Box. Fort Hays State University (FHSU), Pittsburg State University (PSU), and Emporia State University (ESU) are smaller public universities with total enrollments of 8500, 6537, and 6194, respectively.

An emerging and cryptographically strong third generation of P2P protocols will likely be nearly impossible to interdict. Wichita State University (WSU) ranks third largest with 14,298 students; about 12% were non-resident students. The ever-widening availability of broadband has made file sharing even more prevalent, since with increasing download speeds mean the distribution of entire movies and other large files is possible. About 19% were non-resident students. Grokster, decision currently pending). Kansas State University (KSU) has the second largest enrollment, with 23,151 students at its Manhattan and Salina campuses and Veterinary Medical Center. Designed as decentralized networks, these have been much more challenging for copyright owners to pursue in the courts (see MGM vs. About 31% were non-resident students.

Unofficial Napster servers proliferated, aided by a program known as "Napigator", and a second generation of P2P protocols (including FastTrack and Gnutella) were quickly developed. The total university enrollment, which includes KU Medical Center, was 29,590. In the meantime, the peer-to-peer filesharing (or P2P) trend Napster started soon resumed, with new programs and networks picking up the torch. Among the state-funded universities, the University of Kansas (KU) is the largest in terms of enrollment, with 26,980 at its Lawrence campus, KU Edwards Campus in Overland Park, and Public Management Center (formerly the Capitol Complex) in Topeka. The years between Napster's demise and the emergence of the iTunes Music Store as the first popular pay-service were squandered as the five major labels bickered amongst themselves, launching the user-unfriendly, restrictive, and mutually incompatible subscription services Pressplay and MusicNet.^{[9] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napster#endnote_musicnetpressplay)}. In Fall 2004 the state’s six public universities reported a combined enrollment of 88,270 students, of which almost a quarter were non-resident students and a tenth were off-campus enrollments. Although the central servers used by Napster made it a convenient legal target, the record industry failed to capitalize on the power vacuum left in its wake. It also authorizes numerous private and out-of-state institutions to operate in the state.

As of 2005, this new service has met with moderate success. The Kansas Board of Regents governs or supervises thirty-seven public institutions. which used them to rebrand the Pressplay music service as Napster 2.0. Main article: Education in Kansas. After a 2.4 million dollar offer by the Private Media Group, an "adult entertainment company",^{[8] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napster#endnote_porn)} Napster's brand and logos were acquired at bankruptcy auction by the company Roxio, Inc. See also: List of cities in Kansas. In the absence of any other force that could account for this success Menta declared this was proof that Napster was a promotional power. "Rural flight" as it is called has led to offers of free land and tax breaks as enticements to newcomers.

The record beat out the CDs of some of the most heavily marketed artists of the time including Madonna and Eminem. Between 1996 and 2004 almost half a million people, nearly half with college degrees, left the six states. Kid A not only broke the top 20, it captured the number one spot on the charts in its debut week. 89% of the total number of cities in those states have fewer than 3000 people; hundreds have fewer than than 1000. The record industry braced for the worst, but then came the big surprise. Kansas, as well as five other Mid-West states (Nebraska, Oklahoma, North and South Dakota and Iowa), is feeling the brunt of falling populations. By the time of the record's release Kid A had been downloaded by millions of people worldwide. The industrial outputs are transportation equipment, commercial and private aircraft, food processing, publishing, chemical products, machinery, apparel, petroleum and mining.

As Richard Menta of MP3 Newswire described,^{[7] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napster#endnote_kida)} it was a perfect vehicle to test this theory as the effect of Napster was isolated from other elements that could be credited for driving sales. The agricultural outputs of the state are cattle, wheat, sorghum, soybeans, hogs and corn. Furthermore, it was an experimental album that received little promotion and almost no radio airplay. Its per-capita income was $29,438. Unlike Madonna, Radiohead never hit the top 20 in the US. The 2003 total gross state product of Kansas was $93 billion. Proof may have come in April 2000 when tracks from Radiohead's album Kid A found their way to Napster three months before the CD's release. See also: KDOT road condition information (http://www.kanroad.org).

With all the accusations that Napster was destroying the record industry there were those who felt just the opposite, that file trading on Napster actually stimulated, rather than hurt, sales. In January 2004, the Kansas Department of Transportation (KDOT) announced the new Kansas 511 traveler information service.[3] (http://www.ksdot.org/offtransinfo/News04/511_Release.htm) By calling 511, callers will get access to information about road conditions, construction, closures, detours and weather conditions for the state highway system. Weather and road condition information is updated every 15 minutes. bankruptcy laws.^{[6] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napster#endnote_blocked)} Most of the Napster staff were laid off, and the website changed to display "Napster was here". Other bypasses are I-235 around Wichita and I-470 around Topeka. On September 3, 2002, an American bankruptcy judge blocked the sale to Bertelsmann and forced Napster to liquidate its assets according to Chapter 7 of the U.S. I-435 and I-635 serve a dual purpose as connections between the major routes and bypasses around the Kansas City metropolitan area. Pursuant to terms of that agreement, on June 3 Napster filed for Chapter 11 protection under United States bankruptcy laws. I-335 and portions of I-35 and I-70 make up the Kansas Turnpike.

On May 17, 2002, Napster announced that its assets would be acquired by German media firm Bertelsmann AG for $8 million. I-335, a northeast/southwest route, connects I-70 at Topeka to I-35 at Emporia. Napster 3.0 was, according to many former Napster employees, ready to deploy, but it had significant trouble obtaining licenses to distribute major-label music. I-135, a north/south route, connects I-70 at Salina to I-35 at Wichita. A prototype solution was tested in the spring of 2002: the Napster 3.0 Alpha, using audio fingerprinting technology licensed from Relatable. Spur routes serve as connections between the two major routes. In order to pay those fees, Napster attempted to convert their free service to a subscription system. I-35 is a major north/south route connecting to Des Moines, Iowa, in the north and Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, in the south. Cities along this route (from north to south) include Kansas City (and its suburbs), Ottawa, Emporia, El Dorado and Wichita.

Napster agreed to pay music creators and copyright owners a $26 million settlement for past, unauthorized uses of music, as well as an advance against future licensing royalties of $10 million. Cities along this route (from east to west) include Kansas City, Lawrence, Topeka, Junction City, Salina, Hays, and Colby. After a failed appeal to the Ninth Circuit Court, an injunction was issued on March 5, 2001 ordering Napster to prevent the trading of copyrighted music on its network.^{[5] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napster#endnote_injunction)} In July 2001, Napster shut down its entire network in order to comply with the injunction. On September 24, 2001, the case was partially settled. Louis, Missouri, in the east and Denver, Colorado, in the west. Similarly, many supporters of Napster were concerned about the media's constant use of the word "site" to describe the service, a word which seems to imply that Napster was distributing files itself rather than facilitating their exchange. I-70 is a major east/west route connecting to St. Many argued that any attempt to shut down Napster would simply lead to people using a different medium to exchange files over the Internet. The state is served by two interstate highways with six spur routes.

These users viewed Napster as a simple search engine. Other important rivers are the Saline and Solomon, tributaries of the Smoky Hill River; the Big Blue, Delaware, and Wakarusa, which flow into the Kansas River; and the Marais des Cygnes, a tributary of the Missouri River. To them, it seemed that file sharing was inevitable on the Internet, and it was not Napster's fault that people used the service to share copyrighted files. It forms, with its tributaries, the Little Arkansas, Walnut, Cow Creek, Cimarron, Verdigris (which is the lowest point in Kansas at 680 feet), and the Neosho, the southern drainage system of the state. At the time, the lawsuit puzzled Napster users and supporters. The Arkansas River, rising in Colorado, flows with a tortuous course, for nearly 500 miles, across three-fourths of the state. Later that year, Madonna became irate when one of her singles leaked out on to the web and Napster prior to its commercial release, causing widespread media coverage.^{[3] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napster#endnote_madonna)} Napster use peaked with 26.4 million users worldwide in February 2001.^{[4] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napster#endnote_peak)}. The Kansas River, formed by the junction of the Smoky Hill and Republican rivers, joins the Missouri at Kansas City, after a course of 150 miles across the state.

The lawsuit was a failure, but 300,000 Napster users were banned from the service for sharing Metallica mp3s. The Missouri River forms nearly 75 miles of the state's northeastern boundary. The band responded in 2000 by filing a lawsuit against the Napster service. (Mount Sunflower is the highest point.) The rivers flow through bottomlands, varying from ¼ to 6 miles in width, and bounded by bluffs, rising 50 to 300 feet. This eventually led to the song being played on several radio stations across America. Its altitude above the sea ranges from 750 feet at the mouth of the Kansas River to 4000 feet on the western border. Heavy metal band Metallica discovered that a demo of their song "I Disappear" had been circulating across the Napster network. The state, lying in the great central plain of the United States, has a generally flat or undulating surface.

Soon millions of users, many of them college students, flocked to it. Kansas is one of the six states located on the Frontier Strip. Napster's facilitation of illegal activity raised the ire of several major recording companies, who almost immediately — in December 1999 — filed a lawsuit against the popular service,^{[1] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napster#endnote_amrecords)} already called a "a huge grassroots effort" by MP3 Newswire.^{[2] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napster#endnote_grassroots)} The service would only get bigger as the trial, meant to shut down Napster, also gave it a great deal of publicity. The state is divided up into 105 counties with 628 cities. With the files obtained through Napster, people frequently made their own compilation albums on recordable CDs for free, without paying any royalties to the artist/composer or the estate of the artist/composer. The geographic center of the 48 contiguous states is located in Smith County near Lebanon, Kansas, and the geographic center of Kansas is located in Barton County. Napster also enabled people to obtain older songs, copies of music they had already paid for in another format, unreleased recordings, and songs from concert bootleg recordings. This spot is used as the central reference point for all maps produced by the government.

People praised Napster because it enabled them to obtain hit songs without having to buy an entire album (or indeed, pay at all). It is located equidistant from the Pacific and the Atlantic Ocean. The geographic center of North America is located in Osborne County. Many people said that albums contained only one or two good songs, along with many low-quality "filler" songs. Kansas is bordered by Nebraska on the north, Missouri on the east, Oklahoma on the south, and Colorado on the west. At the time Napster was released, there was a general perception that the quality of new albums had decreased. See also: List of Governors of Kansas; U.S. Congressional Delegations from Kansas. The result was a system whose popularity generated a large selection of music to download. In 2005 voters accepted a constitutional amendment to ban same-sex marriage, and the Kansas State Board of Education resumed hearings to determine if evolution should once again be removed from state science standards.

Although there were already media which facilitated the sharing of files across the Internet, such as IRC, Hotline, and USENET, Napster specialized exclusively in music in the form of MP3 files and presented a friendly user-interface. The decade brought new restrictions on abortion, the defeat of prominent Democrats, including Dan Glickman, and the Kansas State Board of Education's infamous 1999 decision to eliminate the theory of evolution from the state teaching standards, a decision that was later reversed. This is very similar to how instant messaging systems work. Since the early 1990s, Kansas has grown more socially conservative. It was the first of the massively popular peer-to-peer file sharing systems, although it was not fully peer-to-peer since it used central servers to maintain lists of connected systems and the files they provided, while actual transactions were conducted directly between machines. Board of Education of Topeka banned racially segregated schools throughout the U.S. The final documents gave Shawn 30% control of the company, with the rest going to his uncle. Brown vs.

Cal. It is also home to Apollo 13, an SR-71 Blackbird, and many other space artifacts. 2d 896 (N.D. The museum features the largest collection of artifacts from the Russian Space Program outside of Moscow. Supp. The Kansas Cosmosphere and Space Center, located in Hutchinson, Kansas is affiliated with the Smithsonian Institute. v. Napster, Inc., 114 F. The Horace Greeley museum is located in Tribune, Kansas.

^  A & M Records, Inc. The National Agriculture Center and Hall of Fame is located in Bonner Springs, Kansas. The National Teachers Hall of Fame is located in Emporia, Kansas. The Wizard of Oz Museum in Liberal, Kansas features Dorothy's House, a recreation of the farm house featured in the film The Wizard of Oz. The Boot Hill Museum in Dodge City, Kansas features Old West memorabilia and history.