Napster

This has also been extended to Friendster, a site which vaguely recalls Napster's community-building features.^{[10] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napster#endnote_blogster), [11] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napster#endnote_sxsw)}. Illinois is also home to 49 colleges in the Illinois community college system. The suffix "-ster" has become a popular component of the brand names of many internet products, suggesting a peer-to-peer model, such as Grokster, Aimster (later Madster), Blubster. Notable Illinois institutions of higher education include Loyola University Chicago, Northwestern University, University of Chicago and the several branches of the University of Illinois. In the 2003 remake of The Italian Job, a flashback depicts Shawn Fanning stealing the program from a computer expert played by Seth Green while the latter is napping, depicting a humorous folk etymology of the name. While many students enter the military or join the workforce directly from high school, students have the option of applying to colleges and universities in Illinois. In a very real sense, Shawn Fanning can be called the man who opened a Pandora's Box. In some cases, elementary, middle and junior high schools of a single district feed into high schools in another district.

An emerging and cryptographically strong third generation of P2P protocols will likely be nearly impossible to interdict. District territories are often complex in structure. The ever-widening availability of broadband has made file sharing even more prevalent, since with increasing download speeds mean the distribution of entire movies and other large files is possible. Education is compulsory from kindergarten through the twelfth grade in Illinois, commonly but not exclusively divided into three tiers of primary and secondary education: elementary school, middle school or junior high school and high school. Grokster, decision currently pending). Opponents to the proposal argue that local communities would lose control over what their children would learn in public schools and the means by which those public schools operate. Designed as decentralized networks, these have been much more challenging for copyright owners to pursue in the courts (see MGM vs. The structure would mimic the system employed by the Hawaii State Department of Education, which has no local school districts.

Unofficial Napster servers proliferated, aided by a program known as "Napigator", and a second generation of P2P protocols (including FastTrack and Gnutella) were quickly developed. However, direct control of the new department would fall under the state governor's jurisdiction. In the meantime, the peer-to-peer filesharing (or P2P) trend Napster started soon resumed, with new programs and networks picking up the torch. In 2002, the Office of the Governor proposed the creation of a monolithic statewide department of education to replace the ISBE. The years between Napster's demise and the emergence of the iTunes Music Store as the first popular pay-service were squandered as the five major labels bickered amongst themselves, launching the user-unfriendly, restrictive, and mutually incompatible subscription services Pressplay and MusicNet.^{[9] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napster#endnote_musicnetpressplay)}. There is current debate as to the role of the ISBE and whether or not its autonomous relationship with the governor and the state legislature is appropriate. Although the central servers used by Napster made it a convenient legal target, the record industry failed to capitalize on the power vacuum left in its wake. The ISBE also makes recommendations to state leaders concerning education spending and policies.

As of 2005, this new service has met with moderate success. Local municipalities and their respective school districts operate individual public schools but the ISBE audits performance of public schools with an annual school report card. which used them to rebrand the Pressplay music service as Napster 2.0. The Illinois State Board of Education or ISBE, autonomous of the governor and the state legislature, administers public education in the state. After a 2.4 million dollar offer by the Private Media Group, an "adult entertainment company",^{[8] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napster#endnote_porn)} Napster's brand and logos were acquired at bankruptcy auction by the company Roxio, Inc. See complete listing here... In the absence of any other force that could account for this success Menta declared this was proof that Napster was a promotional power. The three largest Protestant denominations in Illinois are: Baptist (15% of total state population), Lutheran (8%), Methodist (8%).

The record beat out the CDs of some of the most heavily marketed artists of the time including Madonna and Eminem. The religious affiliations of the people of Illinois are:. Kid A not only broke the top 20, it captured the number one spot on the charts in its debut week. Roman Catholics (who are predominant in and around Chicago) account for one-third of the population. The record industry braced for the worst, but then came the big surprise. Unlike the other Midwestern states, Illinois is not overwhelmingly Protestant--only about half of the people profess that faith. By the time of the record's release Kid A had been downloaded by millions of people worldwide. Females made up approximately 51% of the population.

As Richard Menta of MP3 Newswire described,^{[7] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napster#endnote_kida)} it was a perfect vehicle to test this theory as the effect of Napster was isolated from other elements that could be credited for driving sales. 7.1% of Illinois' population were reported as under 5, 26.1% under 18, and 12.1% were 65 or older. Furthermore, it was an experimental album that received little promotion and almost no radio airplay. The top 5 ancestry groups in Illinois are German (19.6%), African American (15.1%), Irish (12.2%), Mexican (9.2%), Polish (7.5%). Unlike Madonna, Radiohead never hit the top 20 in the US. Racially, the state is:. Proof may have come in April 2000 when tracks from Radiohead's album Kid A found their way to Napster three months before the CD's release. The rest of the population lives in the smaller cities and on the farms that dot the state's gently rolling plains.

With all the accusations that Napster was destroying the record industry there were those who felt just the opposite, that file trading on Napster actually stimulated, rather than hurt, sales. More than half of the population of Illinois lives in and around Chicago, the leading industrial and transportation center in the region. bankruptcy laws.^{[6] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napster#endnote_blocked)} Most of the Napster staff were laid off, and the website changed to display "Napster was here". At the northern edge of the state on Lake Michigan lies Chicago, the nation's third largest city. On September 3, 2002, an American bankruptcy judge blocked the sale to Bertelsmann and forced Napster to liquidate its assets according to Chapter 7 of the U.S. Census Bureau, as of 2003, the population of Illinois was 12,653,544. Pursuant to terms of that agreement, on June 3 Napster filed for Chapter 11 protection under United States bankruptcy laws. According to the U.S.

On May 17, 2002, Napster announced that its assets would be acquired by German media firm Bertelsmann AG for $8 million. Its industrial outputs are machinery, food processing, electrical equipment, chemical products, publishing, fabricated metal products, transportation equipment, petroleum and coal. Napster 3.0 was, according to many former Napster employees, ready to deploy, but it had significant trouble obtaining licenses to distribute major-label music. Illinois' agricultural outputs are corn, soybeans, hogs, cattle, dairy products and wheat. A prototype solution was tested in the spring of 2002: the Napster 3.0 Alpha, using audio fingerprinting technology licensed from Relatable. The per capita income was $32,965. In order to pay those fees, Napster attempted to convert their free service to a subscription system. The 2003 total gross state product for Illinois was $499 billion, placing it 5^th in the nation.

Napster agreed to pay music creators and copyright owners a $26 million settlement for past, unauthorized uses of music, as well as an advance against future licensing royalties of $10 million. In extreme northwestern Illinois the Driftless Area, a region of unglaciated and therefore comparatively higher and more rugged topography, occupies a small part of the state. After a failed appeal to the Ninth Circuit Court, an injunction was issued on March 5, 2001 ordering Napster to prevent the trading of copyrighted music on its network.^{[5] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napster#endnote_injunction)} In July 2001, Napster shut down its entire network in order to comply with the injunction. On September 24, 2001, the case was partially settled. Both figures are as of 2004. Similarly, many supporters of Napster were concerned about the media's constant use of the word "site" to describe the service, a word which seems to imply that Napster was distributing files itself rather than facilitating their exchange. while Cook County is the largest county in terms of population, at 5,327,777. Many argued that any attempt to shut down Napster would simply lead to people using a different medium to exchange files over the Internet. McLean County, is the largest county in terms of land area, at 1,184 sq mi.

These users viewed Napster as a simple search engine. This division comprises the area generally along and south of Interstate 70. To them, it seemed that file sharing was inevitable on the Internet, and it was not Napster's fault that people used the service to share copyrighted files. The combination of coal mining and industrialization, especially in the region around Saint Louis, Missouri, has caused the region to lean Democratic politically. At the time, the lawsuit puzzled Napster users and supporters. The third division is Southern Illinois, or Little Egypt, distinguished from the other two by its warmer climate, different mix of crops (including some cotton farming in the past), more rugged unglaciated topography, coal mining, and proximity to the juncture of the Mississippi River and Ohio River. Later that year, Madonna became irate when one of her singles leaked out on to the web and Napster prior to its commercial release, causing widespread media coverage.^{[3] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napster#endnote_madonna)} Napster use peaked with 26.4 million users worldwide in February 2001.^{[4] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napster#endnote_peak)}. This region's largely rural character helps to sustain a heavily Republican voting pattern and widespread antipathy toward Chicago.

The lawsuit was a failure, but 300,000 Napster users were banned from the service for sharing Metallica mp3s. Major cities include famously average Peoria, Springfield (the state capital), and Champaign-Urbana (home of the University of Illinois). The band responded in 2000 by filing a lawsuit against the Napster service. Agriculture, particularly corn and soybeans, figures prominently. This eventually led to the song being played on several radio stations across America. Known as the Land of Lincoln, it is characterized by small towns and mid-sized cities. Heavy metal band Metallica discovered that a demo of their song "I Disappear" had been circulating across the Napster network. Southward and westward, the second major division is Central Illinois, an area of rolling hills and flat prairie.

Soon millions of users, many of them college students, flocked to it. While this tendency has historically been balanced by Republican voters in the suburbs, Democrats have significantly increased their suburban support in the past decade. Napster's facilitation of illegal activity raised the ire of several major recording companies, who almost immediately — in December 1999 — filed a lawsuit against the popular service,^{[1] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napster#endnote_amrecords)} already called a "a huge grassroots effort" by MP3 Newswire.^{[2] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napster#endnote_grassroots)} The service would only get bigger as the trial, meant to shut down Napster, also gave it a great deal of publicity. The city of Chicago is heavily Democratic. With the files obtained through Napster, people frequently made their own compilation albums on recordable CDs for free, without paying any royalties to the artist/composer or the estate of the artist/composer. This region is cosmopolitan, densely populated, industrialized, and settled by a variety of ethnic groups. Napster also enabled people to obtain older songs, copies of music they had already paid for in another format, unreleased recordings, and songs from concert bootleg recordings. This region includes a few counties in Indiana and Wisconsin and streches across much of the Northern Illinois toward the Iowa border, generally along and north of Interstate 80.

People praised Napster because it enabled them to obtain hit songs without having to buy an entire album (or indeed, pay at all). The first is Chicagoland, including the city of Chicago, its suburbs, and the adjoining exurban area into which the metropolis is expanding. Many people said that albums contained only one or two good songs, along with many low-quality "filler" songs. Illinois has three major geographical divisions. At the time Napster was released, there was a general perception that the quality of new albums had decreased. Illinois also borders Michigan, but only via a water boundary in Lake Michigan. The result was a system whose popularity generated a large selection of music to download. and borders on Lake Michigan. Surrounding states are Wisconsin to the north, Iowa and Missouri to the west, Kentucky to the south, and Indiana to the east.

Although there were already media which facilitated the sharing of files across the Internet, such as IRC, Hotline, and USENET, Napster specialized exclusively in music in the form of MP3 files and presented a friendly user-interface. It is in the north-central U.S. This is very similar to how instant messaging systems work. See List of Illinois counties. It was the first of the massively popular peer-to-peer file sharing systems, although it was not fully peer-to-peer since it used central servers to maintain lists of connected systems and the files they provided, while actual transactions were conducted directly between machines. The judiciary is comprised of the state supreme court, which oversees the lower appelate courts and circuit courts. The final documents gave Shawn 30% control of the company, with the rest going to his uncle. Legislative functions are given to the Illinois General Assembly, comprised of the 118-member Illinois State House of Representatives and the 59-member Illinois State Senate.

John Fanning of Hull, Massachusetts, who is Shawn's uncle, helped him incorporate the company. The executive branch is led by the Governor of Illinois. Fanning wanted an easier method of finding music than by searching IRC or Lycos. As codified in the state constitution, there are three branches of government: executive, legislative and judicial. Shawn Fanning first released the original Napster in the fall of 1999. The state government of Illinois is modeled after the federal government with adaptations originating from traditions cultivated during the state's frontier era. The service was named Napster after Fanning's nickname. Seventeen cavalry regiments were also mustered, as well as two light artillery regiments.

Its technology allowed music fans to easily share MP3 format song files with each other, thus leading to the music industry's accusations of massive copyright violations. Although the original service was shut down by court order, it paved the way for decentralized P2P file-sharing programs, which have been much harder to control. Beginning with President Lincoln's first call for troops and continuing throughout the war, Illinois mustered 150 infantry regiments (see Illinois in the Civil War), which were numbered from the 7th IL to the 156th IL. Napster was the first widely-used peer-to-peer music sharing service, and it made a major impact on how people, especially college students, used the Internet. During the Civil War, over 250,000 Illinois men served in the Union Army, more than any other northern state except New York, Pennsylvania and Ohio. Napster is an online music service which was originally a file sharing service created by Shawn Fanning. By 1857, Chicago was Illinois' largest city (see History of Chicago). March 16, 2004. Chicago gained prominence as a canal port after 1848, and as a rail hub soon afterward.

Austin, TX. Illinois is known as the "Land of Lincoln" because it is here that the 16th President spent his formative years. SXSW Interactive Keynote Speech (http://blog.fastcompany.com/archives/2004/03/16/what_the_heck_is_social_networking.html#more). South by Southwest Festival. With the 1832 Black Hawk War, the last native tribes were driven out of northern Illinois. ^  Abrams, Jonathan. settlement began in the south part of the state and quickly spread northward, driving out the native residents. ^  Grimmelmann, James: "Blogster (http://www.laboratorium.net/archives/Blogster.html)", The Laboratorium, (July 18, 2003). Early U.S.

Ice Magazine, (179). state. MusicNet, PressPlay Fall Short (http://www.icemagazine.com/digital/dd_179.shtm). In 1818, Illinois became the 21st U.S. (February 2002). The Illinois Territory was created on February 3, 1809. ^  Dube, Ric. The Illinois-Wabash Company was an early claimant to much of Illinois.

^  "Porn company offers to buy Napster (http://news.com.com/2100-1023-957784.html?tag=fd_top)", CNET News.com, (September 12, 2002). The area was ceded to the new United States in 1783 and became part of the Northwest Territory. ^  Menta, Richard: "Did Napster Take Radiohead's New Album to Number 1? (http://www.mp3newswire.net/stories/2000/radiohead.html)", MP3 Newswire, (October 28, 2000). As a result of their exploration, Illinois was part of the French empire until 1763, when it passed to the British. ^  Evangelista, Benny: "Napster runs out of lives – judge rules against sale (http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2002/09/04/BU138263.DTL)", San Francisco Chronicle, (September 4, 2002). and Louis Joliet explored the Illinois River in 1673. 2002). French explorers Jacques Marquette,S.J.

3d 1091 (9th Cir. The Ilini were replaced in Illinois by the Potawatomi, Miami, Sauk, and other tribes. 5, 2001), aff’d, 284 F. The Illini suffered in the seventeenth century as Iroquois expansion forced them to compete with several tribes for land. Mar. The Illiniwek gave Illinois its name. LEXIS 2186 (N.D. Cal. The next major power in the region was the Illiniwek Confederation, a political alliance among several tribes.

^  2001 US Dist. That civilization vanished circa 1400-1500 for unknown reasons. Press Release. Cahokia, the urban center of the pre-Columbian Mississippian culture, was located near present-day Collinsville, Illinois. Global Napster Usage Plummets, But New File-Sharing Alternatives Gaining Ground (http://www.comscore.com/press/release.asp?id=249). The USS Illinois was named in honor of this state. ^  Jupiter Media Metrix (July 20, 2001). postal abbreviation for the state is IL.

^  Borland, John: "Unreleased Madonna Single Slips On To Net (http://news.com.com/2100-1023-241341.html?legacy=cnet)", CNET News.com, (June 1, 2000). The U.S. ^  Menta, Richard: "RIAA Sues Music Startup Napster for $20 Billion (http://www.mp3newswire.net/stories/napster.html)", MP3 Newswire, (December 9, 1999). Most of the state's population resides in Chicago and its suburbs. 2001). The capital of Illinois is Springfield while its largest city is Chicago, along the waterfront of Lake Michigan. 2000), aff'd in part, rev'd in part, 239 F.3d 1004 (9th Cir. The word Illiniwek means simply "the people".

Cal. Its name was given by the state's French explorers after the indigenous Illiniwek people, a consortium of Algonquin tribes that thrived in the area. 2d 896 (N.D. Illinois (pronounced [ˌɪləˈnɔɪ] or occasionally [ˌɪləˈnɔɪz]) constitutes the 21st state of the United States, located in the former Northwest Territory. Supp. State tree: White oak (Quercus alba). v. Napster, Inc., 114 F. State snack: Popcorn.

^  A & M Records, Inc. State song: "Illinois". State slogan: "Land of Lincoln". State prairie grass: Big Bluestem (Andropogon gerardii). State motto: "State sovereignty, national union".