This page will contain external links about Mt. Saint Helens, as they become available.

Mount St. Helens

    Mount St. Helens the day before the May 18, 1980, eruption that removed much of the top of the mountain

Mount St. Helens is an active stratovolcano in Skamania County, Washington, in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. It is located 96 miles (154 km) south of Seattle and 53 miles (85 km) northeast of Portland, Oregon. The mountain is part of the Cascade Range and was initially known as Louwala-Clough which means "smoking or fire mountain" in the language of the local native Americans, the Klickitats. It was named for British diplomat Lord St Helens who was a friend of George Vancouver, an explorer who made a survey of the area in the late 18th century. This volcano is well known for its ash explosions and pyroclastic flows.

It is most famous for the catastrophic eruption on May 18, 1980. That eruption was the most deadly and economically destructive volcanic eruption in the history of the United States. Fifty-seven people were killed and 250 homes, 47 bridges, 15 miles (24 km) of railways and 185 miles (300 km) of highway were destroyed. The eruption caused a massive debris avalanche, reducing its summit from 9,677 feet (2,950 m) to 8,364 feet (2,550 m) in elevation and replacing it with a mile-wide (1.5 km-wide) horseshoe-shaped crater (see geology section or 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens for more detail). The debris avalanche from the 1980 eruption was up to 0.7 cubic miles (2.3 km3) in volume, making it the largest in recorded history. However, the scale of it still pales in comparison to far larger debris avalanches that have occurred in the geological past elsewhere on Earth.

Like most other volcanoes in the Cascade Range, St. Helens is a great cone of rubble consisting of lava rock interlayered with ash, pumice and other deposits. Mount St. Helens includes layers of basalt and andesite through which several domes of dacite lava have erupted. The largest of the dacite domes formed the previous summit; another formed Goat Rocks dome on the northern flank. These were destroyed in St. Helens' 1980 eruption.

Mount St. Helens is a part of the Pacific Ring of Fire which includes over 160 active volcanoes.

Geographic setting and description

Location of St. Helens within Washington

Mount St. Helens is 34 miles (55 km) almost due west of Mount Adams, which is in the eastern part of the Cascade Range. These "sister and brother" volcanic mountains are each about 50 miles (80 km) from Mount Rainier, the giant of Cascade volcanoes. Mount Hood, the nearest major volcanic peak in Oregon, is about 60 miles (95 km) southeast of Mount St. Helens.

Mount St. Helens is geologically young compared to the other major Cascade volcanoes. It was formed only within the last 40,000 years, and the pre-1980 summit cone started to grow only about 2200 years ago. The volcano is also known to have been the most active in the Cascades within the last 10,000 years.

Even before its loss of height, Mount St. Helens was not one of the highest peaks in the Cascade Range. Its summit altitude made it only the fifth highest peak in Washington. It stood out prominently, however, from surrounding hills because of the symmetry and the extensive snow and ice-cover of the pre-1980 summit cone, earning it the nickname, "Fujiyama of America" or "Mount Fuji of America". The peak rose more than 5,000 feet (1500 m) above its base, where the lower flanks merge with adjacent ridges. The mountain is about 6 miles (9.5 km) across at its base which is at an altitude of about 4,400 feet (1340 m) on the northeastern side and about 4,000 feet (1220 m) elsewhere. At the pre-eruption timberline (upper limit of trees) the width of the cone was about 4 miles (6.4 km).

A view of St Helens and the nearby area from space

Streams that head on the volcano enter three main river systems — the Toutle River on the north and north-west, the Kalama River on the west, and the Lewis River on the south and east. The streams are fed by abundant rain and snow that dump an average of about 140 inches (3.6 m) of water on Mount St. Helens a year, according to National Weather Service data. The Lewis River is impounded by three dams for hydroelectric power generation. The southern and eastern sides of the volcano drain into an upstream impoundment, the Swift Reservoir, which is directly south of the volcano's peak.

Although Mount St. Helens is in Skamania County, Washington the best access routes to the mountain run through Cowlitz County, Washington on the west. Washington State Route 504, locally known as the Spirit Lake Memorial Highway, connects with the heavily traveled Interstate 5 at Exit 49, about 34 miles (55 km) to the west of the mountain. That major north-south highway skirts the low-lying cities of Castle Rock, Longview and Kelso along the Cowlitz River and passes through Vancouver, Washington-Portland, Oregon, metropolitan area less than 50 miles (80 km) to the southwest. The community nearest the volcano is Cougar, Washington which is in the Lewis River valley about 11 miles (18 km) south-southwest of the peak. Gifford Pinchot National Forest surrounds Mount St. Helens, but some land owned by Washington is in private hands.

Human history

The first recorded sighting of Mount St. Helens by Europeans was by Royal Navy Commander George Vancouver and the officers of HMS Discovery on May 19, 1792, while they were surveying the northern Pacific Ocean coast from 1792 to 1794. Vancouver named the mountain for British diplomat Alleyne Fitzherbert, 1st Baron St Helens on October 20, 1792, as it came into view when the Discovery passed into the mouth of the Columbia River.

Years later, the mountain was visited by its first major eruption after explorers, traders, and missionaries heard reports of an erupting volcano in the area. Much later geologists and historians determined that the eruption took place in 1800 and was the start of the 57 year long Goat Rocks Eruptive Period (see geology section below). Alarmed by the "dry snow", the Nespelim of northeastern Washington spent a great deal of time in prayer and dance instead of collecting food for winter and therefore had a hard winter.

In late 1805 and early 1806 members of the Lewis and Clark Expedition spotted St. Helens from the Columbia River but did not report any eruption in progress or recent evidence of one. They did report the presence of quicksand and clogged channel conditions at the mouth of the Sandy River near Portland, suggesting an eruption by Mount Hood sometime in the previous decades.

The first authenticated eyewitness report of a St. Helens eruption was made in March 1835 by Dr. Meredith Gairdner, then working for the Hudson's Bay Company stationed at Fort Vancouver (the first geologist apparently viewed the volcano 6 years later). He sent an account to the Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, which published his letter in January 1836. James Dwight Dana of Yale University, while sailing with the Charles Wilkes U.S. Exploring Expedition, saw the peak (then quiescent) from off the mouth of the Columbia River in 1841. Another member of the expedition later described "cellular basaltic lavas" at the mountain's base.

In either late fall or early winter 1842 the so-called "Great Eruption" was seen by settlers and missionaries in the area. Large ash clouds were reported for this small volume outburst and mild explosions followed for 15 years. All these eruptions were likely phreatic (steam explosions). The Reverend Josiah Parrish in Champoeg, Oregon witnessed Mount St. Helens in eruption on November 22, 1842. Ash from this eruption may have reached The Dalles, Oregon 48 miles (80 km) southeast of the volcano.

Future California governor Peter H. Burnett in October 1843 recounted a story of a Native American man who badly burned his foot and leg in either lava or hot ash while hunting for deer. The story went that the injured man sought treatment at Fort Vancouver but the contemporary fort commissary steward, Napolean McGilvery, disclaimed knowledge of the incident. British lieutenant Henry J. Warre sketched the eruption in 1845 and two years later Canadian painter Paul Kane created watercolors of the gently smoking mountain. Warre's work showed erupting material from a vent about a third of the way down from the summit on the mountain's west or northwest side (possibly at Goat Rocks), while one of Kane's field sketches shows smoke emanating from about the same location.

On April 17, 1857 the Republican, a Steilacoom, Washington newspaper, reported that "Mount St. Helens, or some other mount to the southward, is seen . . . to be in a state of eruption". The lack of a significant ash layer associated with this event indicates that it was a small eruption, which may have been nothing more than billowing clouds of steam and dust. This was the first reported activity from the volcano since 1854 and the last until 1980.

During the lead-up to the 1980 Mount St. Helens eruption, 84 year old innkeeper Harry Truman, who had lived near the mountain for over 50 years, became nationally famous when he decided not to evacuate before the impending eruption, despite repeated pleas by local authorities. His body was never found after the May 18, 1980 eruption, which left a huge crater open to the north (see geology section below). In total, 57 people were killed or never found. Had the eruption occurred one day later, when loggers would have been at work, rather than on a Sunday, the death toll would almost certainly have been much higher.

U.S. President Jimmy Carter surveyed the damage and stated it looked more desolate than a moonscape. A film crew, led by Seattle filmmaker Otto Seiber, was dropped by helicopter on St. Helens on May 23 to document the destruction. Their compasses, however, spun in circles and they quickly became lost. A second eruption occurred on May 25, but the crew survived and were rescued two days following the second eruption by National Guard helicopter pilots. Their film became a popular and top-selling documentary "The Eruption of Mount St. Helens."

In 1982, President Ronald Reagan and the U.S. Congress established the Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument, a 110,000 acre (445 km2) area around the mountain and within the Gifford Pinchot National Forest.

Following the 1980 eruption, the area was left to gradually return to its natural state preceding the devastation.

Geologic history

According to geological evidence, St. Helens started growth in the Pleistocene 37,600 years ago with dacite and andesite eruptions of pumice and ash. 36,000 years ago a large mudflow cascaded down the volcano (mudflows were very significant forces in all of St. Helens' eruptive cycles). Parts of this ancestral cone were fragmented and transported by glaciers 14,000 to 18,000 years ago during the last ice age. Mt. St. Helens is known to have erupted in four major stages, the present having begun around 2500 BC after 6000 years of dormancy. The four stages were interspersed with very long periods of dormancy or low activity levels lasting for up to a few thousand years. Repeated eruptions of pyroclastic flows, pumice, and ash followed until about 8500 BC when the volcano went dormant for roughly 6000 years. The early eruptive stages of the volcano are known as the "Ape Canyon Stage" (around 40–35,000 years ago), the "Cougar Stage" (ca. 20–18,000 years ago), and the "Swift Creek Stage" (roughly 13–8,000 years ago). The period since about 2500 BC is called the "Spirit Lake Stage".

Smith Creek and Pine Creek Eruptive Periods

Starting around 2500 BC, the Smith Creek Eruptive Period began with eruptions of large amounts of ash and yellowish-brown pumice covered thousands of square miles. An eruption in 1900 BC was the largest known eruption from Mt. St. Helens during the Holocene, judging by the volume of one of the tephra layers from that eruptive period. This eruptive cycle lasted until about 1600 BC and left 18 inch (46 cm) deep deposits of material 50 miles (80 km) distant in what is now Mt. Rainier National Park and trace amounts have been found as far northeast as Banff National Park in Alberta and as far southeast as eastern Oregon. All told there may have been up to 2.5 cubic miles (10 km3) of material ejected in this cycle.

At the beginning of the Pine Creek Eruptive Period, St. Helens came alive again around 1200 BC after 400 years of dormancy. This cycle, which lasted until about 800 BC, is characterized by smaller volume eruptions. Numerous dense nearly red hot pyroclastic flows sped down St. Helens' flanks and came to rest in nearby valleys. A large mudflow partly filled 40 miles (65 km) of the Lewis River valley sometime between 1000 BC to 500 BC.

Castle Creek and Sugar Bowl Eruptive Periods

The next eruptive cycle, the Castle Creek Eruptive Period, began roughly around 400 BC and is characterized by a change in composition of St. Helens' lava, which diversified by adding olivine and basalt to the mix. It was during the Castle Creek Period that the pre-1980 summit cone started to form. Also different was the presence of significant lava flows in addition to the previously much more common fragmented and pulverized lavas and rocks (tephra). Large lava flows of andesite and basalt covered parts of the mountain, including one around the year 100 that traveled all the way into the Lewis and Kalama river valleys. Others, such as Cave Basalt (known for its system of lava tubes), flowed up to 8 to 9 miles (13 to 15 km) from their vents. Also around the 1st century, mudflows moved 30 miles (50 km) down Toutle and Kalama river valleys and may have reached the Columbia River. Another 400 or so years of dormancy ensued.

Sometime around the year 400, the Sugar Bowl Eruptive Period began with small quantities of ash and lava erupted from St. Helens' north flank. This period ended with the emplacement of dacite domes, including Sugar Bowl around the year 800.

Kalama and Goat Rocks Eruptive Periods

The symmetrical appearance of St. Helens prior to the 1980 eruption earned it the nickname Mount Fuji of America. The once familiar shape was finalized by the Kalama and Goat Rocks eruptive periods.

Roughly 700 years of dormancy was broken about the year 1480 when large amounts of pale gray dacite pumice and ash started to erupt in the Kalama eruptive cycle. The eruption in 1480 was several times larger than the May 18, 1980 eruption. In 1482, another large eruption rivaling the 1980 eruption in volume is known to have occurred. At least seven different beds were laid down in the most voluminous eruptive cycle for 3000 years. Ash and pumice piled to a thickness of three feet (1 m) six miles (9.5 km) northeast from the volcano and two inches (5 cm) deep 50 miles (80 km) away in the same direction. Large pyroclastic flows and mudflows subsequently rushed down St. Helens' west flanks and into the Kalama River drainage system. The source for at least some of these debris flows may have come from the explosion of a dacite dome close to or at the summit.

The next phase of this 150 year long cycle saw the eruption of less silica-rich lava in the form of andesitic ash that formed at least eight alternating light and dark-colored layers of ash. After that, blocky andesite lava flowed from St. Helens' summit crater down the volcano's southeast flank. Later, pyroclastic flows raced down over the andesite lava and into the Kalama River valley. This cycle ended with the emplacement of a large dacite dome at the volcano's summit. The several hundred foot high dome filled and overtopped an explosion crater already at the summit. Large parts of the dome's sides broke away and mantled parts of the volcano's cone with talus. Lateral explosions excavated a notch in southeast crater wall. St. Helens reached its greatest height and highly symmetrical form by the time the Kalama eruptive cycle ended on or around 1647. 150 years of quiet returned to the volcano.

The 57 year long Goat Rocks Eruptive Period started in 1800 and is the first cycle for which oral and written records exist. As with the Kalama cycle, the sequence of events started with an explosion of dacite tephra followed by an andesite lava flow and then culminated with the emplacement of a dacite dome. The 1800 eruption probably rivalled the May 18, 1980 eruption in size, although unlike the 1980 eruption, it did not result in massive destruction of the cone. The ash drifted northeast over central and eastern Washington, northern Idaho and western Montana. There were at least a dozen small eruptions between 1831 to 1857 of ash reported as well, including a fairly large one in 1842. The vent apparently was at or near Goat Rocks on the northeast flank.

The 1980 eruption

Mount St. Helens erupted on May 18, 1980, at 8:32 a.m. Pacific Daylight Time

Mount St. Helens woke up on March 20, 1980, with a Richter magnitude 5.1 earthquake. Steam venting started on March 27. By the end of April, the north side of the mountain started to bulge.

With little warning, a second Richter magnitude 5.1 earthquake triggered a massive collapse of the north face of the mountain on May 18. This was the largest known debris avalanche in recorded history. The magma inside of St. Helens burst forth into a large-scale pyroclastic flow which flattened vegetation and buildings in an area of over 230 square miles (600 km2). This eruption was a 5 on the Volcanic Explosivity Index scale.

View of the hillside at the Johnston Ridge Observatory 25 years after the eruption.

For more than nine hours, a vigorous plume of ash erupted, eventually reaching 12 to 15 miles (20 to 25 km) above sea level. The plume moved eastward at an average speed of 60 miles per hour (95 km/h), with ash reaching Idaho by noon.

The collapse of the northern flank of St. Helens mixed with ice, snow, and water to create lahars (volcanic mudflows). The lahars flowed many miles down the Toutle River and Cowlitz River, destroying bridges and lumber camps. A total of 3.9 million cubic yards (3.0 million m3) of material was transported by the lahars.

By around 5:30 p.m. on May 18 the vertical ash column declined in stature and less severe outbursts continued through the night and following several days. In all, St. Helens released an amount of energy equivalent to 27,000 Hiroshima-sized atomic bombs and ejected more than a cubic kilometer of material. The removal of the north side of the mountain reduced St. Helens' height by about 1300 feet (400 m) and left a 1 to 2 mile (1.6 to 3.2 km) wide and 0.5 mile (800 m) deep crater with its north end open in a huge breach. Fifty-seven people were killed along with 1500 elk, 5000 deer, and an estimated 11 million fish. In addition, 200 homes, 47 bridges, and 185 miles (300 km) of highway were destroyed.

Post-1980 activity

Mount St. Helens as seen from the International Space Station in 2002. Lava dome growth profile from 1980-1986.

Between 1980 and 1986, activity continued on St. Helens, with a new lava dome forming in the crater. Numerous small explosions and dome-building eruptions occurred during this time.

Beginning with the winter snows of 1980-1981, a still unnamed horse shoe-shaped glacier began to evolve in the shadow of the crater. As of 2004, it covers about 0.36 square mile (0.93 km2). Until the beginning of the volcanic activity of 2004, it was considered the only glacier in the lower 48 states of the U.S. that is growing.

Between 1989 and 1991, a series of seismic events occurred, sometimes accompanied by small explosions from the dome. Later, in 1995, 1998, and 2001, earthquake swarms were recorded beneath the crater, though without explosive activity.

2004-present activity

Mount St. Helens became active again in autumn 2004, indicated initially by hundreds and then thousands of localized earthquakes, and followed by several significant emissions of steam and ash.

A steam plume rises from the mountain in December 2004 'Whaleback' feature on February 22, 2005.

Magma reached the surface of the volcano around October 11, 2004, resulting in the building of a new lava dome on the existing dome's south side.

Included in the new dome was a feature dubbed the 'whaleback' (named such due to its close resemblance to the back of a whale), which was a long shaft of solidified magma being exuded by pressure of magma underneath it. This interesting feature was very hot but fragile. The edges of it began crumbling rapidly, forming loose material around the new dome. Currently, the whaleback is still growing but crumbling nearly as rapidly as it is growing.

On February 1, 2005, the new lava dome on Mount Saint Helens measured 7,642 feet (2,329 m) in elevation. This brought its elevation to 1,363 feet (415 m) above the 1980 crater floor, approximately 2,000 feet (610 meters) above the surface of the crater glacier, and 721 feet (220 meters) below the highest point of the volcano. The 'whaleback' feature measured approximately 1,550 feet (472 m) in length and 500 feet (152 m) in width. The diameter of the new dome was about 1,700 feet (518 m) at this time and it then contained about 50 million cubic yards (38.5 million m3) of material. The total amount of glacier lost by this date was estimated to be between 5 and 10 percent, but the flow of water out from the crater had changed by almost nothing as the porous nature of the floor of the crater caused the water to be absorbed like a giant sponge.

Mount St. Helens had major activity again on March 8, 2005 when a 36,000-foot plume of steam and ash emerged, which was visible from Seattle, Washington and rained ash on Yakima, Washington. This activity was not considered a large eruption, merely a minor release of pressure consistent with the nature of ongoing dome building. The release was accompanied by a 2.5 earthquake.

As of May 5, 2005, the highest point on the new dome was 7,675 feet (2339 m), 688 feet (210 m) below the highest point of the volcano. Growth of the new dome continues steadily and has not abated, and small earthquakes continue to be observed every few minutes. The 'whaleback' feature is disintegrating steadily but continues to be extruded as solidified lava pushes upward from underneath it. If the growth of the new dome continues at its current pace, the new dome could replace the amount of material lost in the 1980 eruption (estimated at 3.7 billion cubic yards or 2.85 km3) within the next 40-50 years.

The Mount St. Helens VolcanoCam [1] located at Johnston Ridge is able to view the new dome especially at night when the glow of new magma is visible via the camera's infrared capabilities. While geologists warn that an eruption similar to the May 1980 eruption is still possible, the chances are low.

On July 2, 2005, the tip of the whaleback feature broke off, causing a rockfall that sent ash and dust several hundred meters into the air. [2]


This page about Mt. Saint Helens includes information from a Wikipedia article.
Additional articles about Mt. Saint Helens
News stories about Mt. Saint Helens
External links for Mt. Saint Helens
Videos for Mt. Saint Helens
Wikis about Mt. Saint Helens
Discussion Groups about Mt. Saint Helens
Blogs about Mt. Saint Helens
Images of Mt. Saint Helens

[2]. Volume 2 is in the making. On July 2, 2005, the tip of the whaleback feature broke off, causing a rockfall that sent ash and dust several hundred meters into the air. Volume 2 also has music composed and played by Incubus, Hoobastank and Breaking Benjamin:. While geologists warn that an eruption similar to the May 1980 eruption is still possible, the chances are low. Two soundtracks, both composed by Martin O'Donnell, have been released based on the Halo game series. Helens VolcanoCam [1] located at Johnston Ridge is able to view the new dome especially at night when the glow of new magma is visible via the camera's infrared capabilities. There should, according to previously established canon, not be a SPARTAN-458.

The Mount St. Since they were sequentially numbered, all SPARTAN-II soldiers should have numbers ranging from 001 to 150. If the growth of the new dome continues at its current pace, the new dome could replace the amount of material lost in the 1980 eruption (estimated at 3.7 billion cubic yards or 2.85 km3) within the next 40-50 years. Of those, only about 35 completed the augmentation process to become fully-capable SPARTANS (the rest died or were crippled by the side effects). The 'whaleback' feature is disintegrating steadily but continues to be extruded as solidified lava pushes upward from underneath it. It should be noted that the Halo novels state that 150 children were selected for the SPARTAN-II program, and that only 75 were brought in because of room and funding issues. Growth of the new dome continues steadily and has not abated, and small earthquakes continue to be observed every few minutes. For the time being Nicole-458 is trapped in the 21st century; guarding Nassau Station's secrets with all but lethal force (she realizes killing someone in the past could have dire consequences), waiting for the "bubble" to collapse and hopefully returning her to the year 2552.

As of May 5, 2005, the highest point on the new dome was 7,675 feet (2339 m), 688 feet (210 m) below the highest point of the volcano. The anomaly intersected Nassau Station; creating a semi-stable "bubble" in the space/time continuum on its way back to the 21st Century. The release was accompanied by a 2.5 earthquake. SPARTAN-458's unit was preparing for a classified mission on Nassau Station when the ONI stealth ship Apocalypso (see I Love Bees) tumbled into real-space – being carried along in the wake of a freak slipspace anomaly. This activity was not considered a large eruption, merely a minor release of pressure consistent with the nature of ongoing dome building. The SPARTAN-II program was the UNSC's highly successful military project to augment and hone perfect soldiers. Helens had major activity again on March 8, 2005 when a 36,000-foot plume of steam and ash emerged, which was visible from Seattle, Washington and rained ash on Yakima, Washington. At six years of age she was abducted by the Office of Naval Intelligence and conscripted into the SPARTAN-II program.

Mount St. Nicole was born in the year 2531 in the city of New Legaspi on Mars. The total amount of glacier lost by this date was estimated to be between 5 and 10 percent, but the flow of water out from the crater had changed by almost nothing as the porous nature of the floor of the crater caused the water to be absorbed like a giant sponge. This is the result of a collaborative effort between Bungie and Tecmo's Team Ninja. The diameter of the new dome was about 1,700 feet (518 m) at this time and it then contained about 50 million cubic yards (38.5 million m3) of material. A female SPARTAN character, SPARTAN-458 (Nicole), appears in the fighting game Dead or Alive 4 as an unlockable character, along with a Halo-themed environment as an unlockable stage. The 'whaleback' feature measured approximately 1,550 feet (472 m) in length and 500 feet (152 m) in width. This is due to the reason that Halo manages to appeal to both casual and hardcore gamers, and broke sales records, making gaming more mainstream entertainment.

This brought its elevation to 1,363 feet (415 m) above the 1980 crater floor, approximately 2,000 feet (610 meters) above the surface of the crater glacier, and 721 feet (220 meters) below the highest point of the volcano. Recently, the creators of Halo were listed in Time's 100 most influential figures of the past year. On February 1, 2005, the new lava dome on Mount Saint Helens measured 7,642 feet (2,329 m) in elevation. Other machinima have been created, ranging from the like minded Fire Team Charlie to the sharply contrasting The Codex, a more serious series. Currently, the whaleback is still growing but crumbling nearly as rapidly as it is growing. Not Halo canon, the series is largely comical in nature and can be found at RedvsBlue.com. The edges of it began crumbling rapidly, forming loose material around the new dome. Red vs Blue chronicles the Civil war that supposedly ensues between differing human factions in the time between the two Bungie games, specifically the story of the men and a woman (Tex), a robotic female tank with impeccable manners(Shiela), a Spanish robotic head(Lopez), and a load of religious maniacs who worship 'The Flag' posted at both armies' outposts at Blood Gulch, a dried creek bed in the middle of nowhere.

This interesting feature was very hot but fragile. Virtually all of the footage of the series is taken from Halo and Halo 2 gameplay. Included in the new dome was a feature dubbed the 'whaleback' (named such due to its close resemblance to the back of a whale), which was a long shaft of solidified magma being exuded by pressure of magma underneath it. Red vs Blue, a production of Rooster Teeth, is a machinima series based on the Halo universe. Magma reached the surface of the volcano around October 11, 2004, resulting in the building of a new lava dome on the existing dome's south side. The URL was discovered when it was briefly flashed on an official Halo 2 trailer. Helens became active again in autumn 2004, indicated initially by hundreds and then thousands of localized earthquakes, and followed by several significant emissions of steam and ash. The game was centred on a website at ilovebees.com, and was created by 4orty2wo Entertainment, commissioned by Microsoft and endorsed by Bungie.

Mount St. The Haunted Apiary (aka I Love Bees) was an alternate reality game used to promote the release of Halo 2. Later, in 1995, 1998, and 2001, earthquake swarms were recorded beneath the crater, though without explosive activity. Additionally, fanfiction.net hosts a selection of Halo-inspired fiction whose numbers, as of December 2005, had just crept over 1000. Between 1989 and 1991, a series of seismic events occurred, sometimes accompanied by small explosions from the dome. Fanfiction authors like Mr_Clark, Scorptank, soulguard, sir_brilliant and, AxE, garner no small amount of prestige as some of the more famous writers of the Halo community. that is growing. Indeed, there are several works of fan fiction that run to the length of a novel or more, and are well-known among the Halo community.

Until the beginning of the volcanic activity of 2004, it was considered the only glacier in the lower 48 states of the U.S. The sites bungie.net and halo.bungie.orgboth host collections of Halo fan fiction. As of 2004, it covers about 0.36 square mile (0.93 km2). A large body of fan fiction based on the Halo series has been written, covering both the past and future of the setting. Beginning with the winter snows of 1980-1981, a still unnamed horse shoe-shaped glacier began to evolve in the shadow of the crater. They are expected to be released sometime in 2006/early 2007. Numerous small explosions and dome-building eruptions occurred during this time. Bungie has confirmed that at least two novels are in development, one by Eric Nylund, the other by an unknown author.

Helens, with a new lava dome forming in the crater. Many fans had hoped more Spartans would appear in Halo 2, but this did not eventuate in the final release of the game, most likely due to balancing issues. Between 1980 and 1986, activity continued on St. There are a number of differences between the novels and the games, most notably that there are no Spartans besides the Master Chief in the games, whereas by the end of the novel series at least 4 additional Spartans are shown to survive. In addition, 200 homes, 47 bridges, and 185 miles (300 km) of highway were destroyed. Dietz. Fifty-seven people were killed along with 1500 elk, 5000 deer, and an estimated 11 million fish. Both the Fall of Reach and First Strike were written by Eric Nylund, while The Flood was written by William C.

Helens' height by about 1300 feet (400 m) and left a 1 to 2 mile (1.6 to 3.2 km) wide and 0.5 mile (800 m) deep crater with its north end open in a huge breach. The Flood is a novelization of Halo: Combat Evolved, while First Strike describes events that take place between Halo: Combat Evolved and Halo 2. The removal of the north side of the mountain reduced St. The Fall of Reach leads up to Halo: Combat Evolved, and describes how the Spartans came into being. Helens released an amount of energy equivalent to 27,000 Hiroshima-sized atomic bombs and ejected more than a cubic kilometer of material. Three licensed novels based on the Halo series have been published: Halo: The Fall of Reach, Halo: The Flood, and Halo: First Strike. In all, St. Chief's genetic, chemical, and otherwise unnatural enhancements do qualify him for "cyborg" status- at least loosely.

on May 18 the vertical ash column declined in stature and less severe outbursts continued through the night and following several days. Candidates for the SPARTAN-II program were chosen for natural genetic superiority, and thus were naturally taller, stronger, smarter, and faster than most humans even before augmentation. By around 5:30 p.m. Despite this, he would certainly not be average by any Human measure. A total of 3.9 million cubic yards (3.0 million m3) of material was transported by the lahars. Master Chief is entirely Human in appearance, as his armor is in no way permanently attached. The lahars flowed many miles down the Toutle River and Cowlitz River, destroying bridges and lumber camps. Bungie's own statements identify Master Chief as being a cyborg (down to dialogue from the Covenant Grunts), in addition to comparisons between Master Chief and the military cyborgs from Bungie's earlier game series Marathon.

Helens mixed with ice, snow, and water to create lahars (volcanic mudflows). The SPARTANs were originally created to bolster the UNSC's own defenses against piracy and other jacks as part of the upgrades necessary to don the MJOLNIR armor, in addition to other measures. The collapse of the northern flank of St. He was taken from his home world Eridanus II as a child and brought up in the military's Spartan II program on the planet Reach (Epsilon Eridani) (resulting in his other designation, Spartan-117) to be a super soldier. The plume moved eastward at an average speed of 60 miles per hour (95 km/h), with ash reaching Idaho by noon. Master Chief is also known as "The Demon" to the Covenant. For more than nine hours, a vigorous plume of ash erupted, eventually reaching 12 to 15 miles (20 to 25 km) above sea level. In the Halo universe, Master Chief and the entire SPARTAN project are under the command of the United Nations Space Command Navy.

This eruption was a 5 on the Volcanic Explosivity Index scale. This rank roughly corresponds to the modern rank Master Chief Petty Officer of the United States Navy in the 21st century. Helens burst forth into a large-scale pyroclastic flow which flattened vegetation and buildings in an area of over 230 square miles (600 km2). His birth name was effectively erased, and so he is known by his rank of Master Chief or Spartan-117. The magma inside of St. Master Chief's true name is John, and his surname has never been revealed. This was the largest known debris avalanche in recorded history. Halo uses a number of common plot devices, although often they are not immediately apparent.

With little warning, a second Richter magnitude 5.1 earthquake triggered a massive collapse of the north face of the mountain on May 18. Starhammer, written by Christopher Rowley, details the story of a genetically altered man who escapes slavery by a race of blue overlords, and finds an ancient weapon that was created by an ancient race to destroy a parasitic alien life form than may have been a partial basis for the Flood. By the end of April, the north side of the mountain started to bulge. Ringworld, written by Larry Niven is a likely source of inspiration, with the first introduction of self-sustaining giant ring structures into science fiction literature. Steam venting started on March 27. From reading Ender's Game, one would notice a plethora of other small similarities, from the fleets, down to the alien species. Helens woke up on March 20, 1980, with a Richter magnitude 5.1 earthquake. Johnson as "Buggers, heading over the rooftops!" There are numerous other references and links, such as the Spartan program, which closely mirrors the super soldier program from the novel.

Mount St. The Drones that appear in Halo 2 resemble the "Buggers" from Ender's Game, as in the third level they are referred to by Sgt. The vent apparently was at or near Goat Rocks on the northeast flank. Halo seems to be inspired by a number of other science fiction books, particularly Ender's Game. There were at least a dozen small eruptions between 1831 to 1857 of ash reported as well, including a fairly large one in 1842. Furthering this theory is the fact that the Covenant resemble in no small measure the Idiran race, religious zealots bent on eradicating The Culture, which they regard as heretical. The ash drifted northeast over central and eastern Washington, northern Idaho and western Montana. These smaller structures have the advantage of not needing additional machinery to generate a day/night cycle.

The 1800 eruption probably rivalled the May 18, 1980 eruption in size, although unlike the 1980 eruption, it did not result in massive destruction of the cone. Banks, as they are ring-shaped megastructures that orbit stars or gas giants, rather than rotate around them. As with the Kalama cycle, the sequence of events started with an explosion of dacite tephra followed by an andesite lava flow and then culminated with the emplacement of a dacite dome. Alternatively, it's possible (or even likely) that "Halo" was inspired by the Orbitals featuring in The Culture novels by Iain M. The 57 year long Goat Rocks Eruptive Period started in 1800 and is the first cycle for which oral and written records exist. Some of these names include:. 150 years of quiet returned to the volcano. It is probable that Halo took names from world history and mythology to aptly name objects and important characters in the Halo universe.

Helens reached its greatest height and highly symmetrical form by the time the Kalama eruptive cycle ended on or around 1647. In both Halo and Known Space, humans develop space travel on their own and later encounter a hostile and technologically superior alien civilization. St. This idea has been copied numerous times in science fiction, although normally on a larger scale than in Halo. Lateral explosions excavated a notch in southeast crater wall. Ringworld is a megastructure 95 million miles in radius that resembles the Halo installations, albeit on an enormously large scale. Large parts of the dome's sides broke away and mantled parts of the volcano's cone with talus. A film adaptation of the game, with Peter Jackson and wife Fran Walsh as executive producers, is expected to be released in 2007 (see Gamespot.com press release).

The several hundred foot high dome filled and overtopped an explosion crater already at the summit. Both characters even use the line "They're not paying us by the hour, marines!" Also in the realm of movie quotes enemies will sometimes use the line "its only a flesh wound". This cycle ended with the emplacement of a large dacite dome at the volcano's summit. Finally, Halo's Sergeant Johnson is very strongly based on Aliens's Sergeant Apone - both are very enthusiastic, black, cigar-smoking squad leaders. Later, pyroclastic flows raced down over the andesite lava and into the Kalama River valley. The colonial marines' dropship resembles a Pelican and the Pelican pilot Foe Hammer is based on the dropship pilot from Aliens. Helens' summit crater down the volcano's southeast flank. Also, there are numerous similarities between the marines of Halo and those of Aliens.

After that, blocky andesite lava flowed from St. The Flood Spores share a similar purpose with the Face Huggers in the Alien film series. The next phase of this 150 year long cycle saw the eruption of less silica-rich lava in the form of andesitic ash that formed at least eight alternating light and dark-colored layers of ash. The shape of the Elites' heads is similar in shape to the creatures in the Alien filmseries and have mouth parts similar to the Predators'. The source for at least some of these debris flows may have come from the explosion of a dacite dome close to or at the summit. There are notices near the Pillar of Autumn's bridge looking for a cat named Jonesy (the name of Sigourney Weaver's cat in the Alien film series). Helens' west flanks and into the Kalama River drainage system. For instance, the Active Camouflage power-up is very similar to the type of camouflage used by the alien Predator in the Predator film series.

Large pyroclastic flows and mudflows subsequently rushed down St. Some film parallels in the games have been pointed out by various people. Ash and pumice piled to a thickness of three feet (1 m) six miles (9.5 km) northeast from the volcano and two inches (5 cm) deep 50 miles (80 km) away in the same direction. On Bungie's own Marathon page, there is a Q&A which states, "Is Marathon the prequel to Halo? [...] No, Marathon is a separate story, with wholly different characters, story and gameplay." [1]. At least seven different beds were laid down in the most voluminous eruptive cycle for 3000 years. However, due to technology differences (the lack of transporter technology in Halo, for one), this is impossible. In 1482, another large eruption rivaling the 1980 eruption in volume is known to have occurred. According to both the Halo video games and books, the events in Halo coincide with the events in Marathon.

The eruption in 1480 was several times larger than the May 18, 1980 eruption. These large similarities led to early speculation that Halo took place in the same universe as Marathon, only with different time frames - however, this was later proved highly unlikely. Roughly 700 years of dormancy was broken about the year 1480 when large amounts of pale gray dacite pumice and ash started to erupt in the Kalama eruptive cycle. There are two multiplayer gaming options, a version of king of the hill and a game called Oddball (called "Kill the Man with the Ball" in Marathon), which are present in Marathon's multiplayer mode. This period ended with the emplacement of dacite domes, including Sugar Bowl around the year 800. Also, both games use uniform color to differentiate between different ranks of aliens (and crew members), with higher ranks being stronger and harder to kill. Helens' north flank. A type of alien that was modeled for Halo 2 but later cut is nearly identical to the Drinniol from Marathon.

Sometime around the year 400, the Sugar Bowl Eruptive Period began with small quantities of ash and lava erupted from St. The Hunters from Halo, though much larger, also clearly share design elements with the Hunters from Marathon. Another 400 or so years of dormancy ensued. Hunters appear in both games filling the same roles. Also around the 1st century, mudflows moved 30 miles (50 km) down Toutle and Kalama river valleys and may have reached the Columbia River. The Elites from Halo are somewhat similar (in their appearance, not their role) to Marathon's Pfhor. Others, such as Cave Basalt (known for its system of lava tubes), flowed up to 8 to 9 miles (13 to 15 km) from their vents. Upon close inspection, crew members of the Pillar of the Autumn have the Marathon symbol on their uniforms, and the symbol is even embedded in the Halo logo itself.

Large lava flows of andesite and basalt covered parts of the mountain, including one around the year 100 that traveled all the way into the Lewis and Kalama river valleys. These include the concept of MJOLNIR "cyborgs," the supersoldier main character, the weapons, artificial intelligences, and even some of the alien creatures. Also different was the presence of significant lava flows in addition to the previously much more common fragmented and pulverized lavas and rocks (tephra). A number of weapons and plot devices seem to borrow from ideas seen in the Marathon series of first person shooters made by Bungie in the early to mid-1990s (see List of weapons in the Halo universe). It was during the Castle Creek Period that the pre-1980 summit cone started to form. No comment has been made about these possible influences by the developer and these ideas are only speculation. Helens' lava, which diversified by adding olivine and basalt to the mix. These include StarCraft, the Alien and Predator movies, the Marathon series, and Larry Niven's Known Space universe.

The next eruptive cycle, the Castle Creek Eruptive Period, began roughly around 400 BC and is characterized by a change in composition of St. Some fans believe Halo and Halo 2 were influenced by a number of other games and pop culture references, partially based on the game series own references to some of these pop culture icons. A large mudflow partly filled 40 miles (65 km) of the Lewis River valley sometime between 1000 BC to 500 BC. Since the posting of the script, the message board has been closed down. Helens' flanks and came to rest in nearby valleys. Bungie said in this news article that the script was in fact fake. Numerous dense nearly red hot pyroclastic flows sped down St. On October 4, 2005, ivanjrn, a user at www.richeswillrust.com deployed a fake script for Halo 3.

This cycle, which lasted until about 800 BC, is characterized by smaller volume eruptions. The pre-order page has since been taken down, but other retailers have followed suit. Helens came alive again around 1200 BC after 400 years of dormancy. Soon after the Xbox 360 was unveiled in May 2005, EB Games and FYE started taking pre-orders for "Halo 3", despite having no official word from Bungie on whether they would make another Halo game. At the beginning of the Pine Creek Eruptive Period, St. Wideload Games has been suggested by fans as a potential such outside developer, reasoning that the third Marathon game was developed by a company which was, like Wideload, founded by former Bungie employees. All told there may have been up to 2.5 cubic miles (10 km3) of material ejected in this cycle. This view could explain Bungie's reluctancy to speak on their next project, as if they have indeed handed Halo 3 to a third party, the two announcements (of Bungie's next project and of Halo 3) would likely be made concurrently.

Rainier National Park and trace amounts have been found as far northeast as Banff National Park in Alberta and as far southeast as eastern Oregon. An alternative possibility is that, following the precedent of Marathon Infinity, either an outside agency or a contractor to Bungie is developing the content of Halo 3 and using the existing engine, or possibly porting the engine to the Xbox 360. This eruptive cycle lasted until about 1600 BC and left 18 inch (46 cm) deep deposits of material 50 miles (80 km) distant in what is now Mt. An article in Game Informer in November 2005 reports that: "Halo developer Bungie is so paranoid about the storyline for Halo 3 leaking out that two different storylines are being worked on so that even the company's employees are in the dark as to the plot of the game.". Helens during the Holocene, judging by the volume of one of the tephra layers from that eruptive period. Bungie has also recently stated that Sapien and Guerilla, custom-made programming tools used to build Halo and Halo 2, are being worked on. St. Though no official statements have been made regarding what that next game is, most believe it is indeed Halo 3, and that Bungie is just being coy about the project in typical Bungie fashion.

An eruption in 1900 BC was the largest known eruption from Mt. Bungie has recently made regular references to "our next project" in their website's weekly news updates. Starting around 2500 BC, the Smith Creek Eruptive Period began with eruptions of large amounts of ash and yellowish-brown pumice covered thousands of square miles. However, the studio is known for being highly secretive and even occasionally misleading regarding development of their games. The period since about 2500 BC is called the "Spirit Lake Stage". Bungie has not denied that another Halo game is in progress, but they have not officially announced the game. 20–18,000 years ago), and the "Swift Creek Stage" (roughly 13–8,000 years ago). We'll work with the Bungie guys and let people know [when they have something to announce]".

The early eruptive stages of the volcano are known as the "Ape Canyon Stage" (around 40–35,000 years ago), the "Cougar Stage" (ca. With all respect to Bill, I don't run Bungie's studio, and neither does he. Repeated eruptions of pyroclastic flows, pumice, and ash followed until about 8500 BC when the volcano went dormant for roughly 6000 years. When asked shortly afterwards however, Microsoft senior vice president Robbie Bach was less definite, saying: "We haven't announced anything on what Bungie is doing or where we're going with the future of the 'Halo' franchise.. The four stages were interspersed with very long periods of dormancy or low activity levels lasting for up to a few thousand years. "It's perfect," Gates said, "The day Sony launches [the new PlayStation], and they walk right into Halo 3."(Time.com article, registration required; relevant quotes on Gamespot.com). Helens is known to have erupted in four major stages, the present having begun around 2500 BC after 6000 years of dormancy. Bill Gates, Microsoft's chairman, stated in a May 2005 Time Magazine interview that Halo 3 would be released in the "second wave" of Xbox 360 titles in 2006, as close to the PlayStation 3's launch as possible, to divert sales.

St. Steve Ballmer, the CEO of Microsoft, was quoted as saying that Halo 3 was in development alongside Halo 2; however, this quote was recognized as a slip of the tongue and debunked before the release of Halo 2. Mt. Sources from inside both Microsoft and Bungie have made contradictory claims regarding whether Halo 3 is currently in development. Parts of this ancestral cone were fragmented and transported by glaciers 14,000 to 18,000 years ago during the last ice age. It is speculated that Halo will become a trilogy, after which Bungie may be done with the series. Helens' eruptive cycles). The cliffhanger ending of Halo 2, as well as the success of the Halo franchise, makes a sequel extremely likely.

36,000 years ago a large mudflow cascaded down the volcano (mudflows were very significant forces in all of St. With the move to Windows Vista, Halo 2 for PC can be expect to have improved graphics, and to take full advantage of the modding community due to the afforementioned map editing tools. Helens started growth in the Pleistocene 37,600 years ago with dacite and andesite eruptions of pumice and ash. Bungie has also commented that Halo 2's gameplay balance is finely tuned, making such additions as new weapons or vehicles less likely, although new maps are certainly expected. According to geological evidence, St. Halo 2 PC will have some new features, potentially including some sort of map-editing software like the Halo Editing Kit, released by Gearbox Software for use with Halo Custom Edition. Following the 1980 eruption, the area was left to gradually return to its natural state preceding the devastation. The game will only be compatible with Microsoft's upcoming Windows Vista, a move that is likely intended to entice users to upgrade to the new Operating System.

Helens National Volcanic Monument, a 110,000 acre (445 km2) area around the mountain and within the Gifford Pinchot National Forest. Announced on 9th Feb 2006, Halo 2 is coming to pc later in the year. Congress established the Mount St. Arguments are mainly directed at the multiplayer aspect of the two games, with emphasis placed on Halo 2's greatly simplified learning curve and controversial matchmaking modes. In 1982, President Ronald Reagan and the U.S. There is heated debate over whether the game is superior to its predecessor. Helens.". Halo 2 is much more ambitious than its predecessor.

Their film became a popular and top-selling documentary "The Eruption of Mount St. The cliffhanger ending suggests that another sequel is in the works. A second eruption occurred on May 25, but the crew survived and were rescued two days following the second eruption by National Guard helicopter pilots. The Halo universe expands as well, with new worlds and characters being introduced, as well a deeper look at the culture and society of Covenant. Their compasses, however, spun in circles and they quickly became lost. The aborted countdown in response triggers a fail-safe protocol that allows remote firing of all the other ring-worlds from one place: The Ark. Helens on May 23 to document the destruction. In the end, the second Halo is almost fired, but the Arbiter and human Commander Miranda Keyes, with the help of Sergeant Johnson, are able to prevent this occurrence.

A film crew, led by Seattle filmmaker Otto Seiber, was dropped by helicopter on St. Meanwhile, the Covenant slides into civil war and a disgraced Elite commander known as the Arbiter is introduced to the series as a second playable character. President Jimmy Carter surveyed the damage and stated it looked more desolate than a moonscape. In Halo 2, Master Chief battles the Covenant on Earth and later continues the fight on a second Halo: Delta Halo. U.S. No ports to other platforms have been announced so far. Had the eruption occurred one day later, when loggers would have been at work, rather than on a Sunday, the death toll would almost certainly have been much higher. It also has Bungie.net integration and rankings and tracking of every online match, pushing the envelope of online console gaming further.

In total, 57 people were killed or never found. It has an advanced graphics engine that utilizes normal mapping and bloom effects, helping to make it one of the best looking games on the Xbox. His body was never found after the May 18, 1980 eruption, which left a huge crater open to the north (see geology section below). The sequel features new game mechanics such as dual wielding, new vehicles and weapons, better AI, the ability to hijack vehicles, and Internet-based multiplayer via Xbox Live. Helens eruption, 84 year old innkeeper Harry Truman, who had lived near the mountain for over 50 years, became nationally famous when he decided not to evacuate before the impending eruption, despite repeated pleas by local authorities. It was recently announced that a port for Windows Vista operating system is currently in development. During the lead-up to the 1980 Mount St. Halo 2 was released for the Xbox on November 9, 2004, generating a $125 million dollar entertainment record on its premiere day.

This was the first reported activity from the volcano since 1854 and the last until 1980. During an online match, players with the same user-created map can play together on it. The lack of a significant ash layer associated with this event indicates that it was a small eruption, which may have been nothing more than billowing clouds of steam and dust. This version does not have the option to play in campaign mode. to be in a state of eruption". Halo: Custom Edition (commonly known as Halo CE) is a free stand-alone expansion for Halo: Combat Evolved (for the PC) that has the ability to load and play user-created content and maps. Helens, or some other mount to the southward, is seen . . . Halo ends with the Master Chief and Cortana destroying the Halo and escaping in a Longsword fighter.

On April 17, 1857 the Republican, a Steilacoom, Washington newspaper, reported that "Mount St. After learning that the ring is a weapon that would destroy all sentient life in the galaxy if activated, Master Chief embarks on a mission to destroy it. Warre's work showed erupting material from a vent about a third of the way down from the summit on the mountain's west or northwest side (possibly at Goat Rocks), while one of Kane's field sketches shows smoke emanating from about the same location. Stranded with the rest of the crew of the human ship Pillar of Autumn, including the AI Cortana, he fights against The Covenant (an alien alliance waging a 'holy war' of sorts against humanity) while attempting to uncover the ring's secrets, which include the sinister parasitic lifeforms known as The Flood. Warre sketched the eruption in 1845 and two years later Canadian painter Paul Kane created watercolors of the gently smoking mountain. The story deals with the adventures of the protagonist, referred to in the game only as "Master Chief". British lieutenant Henry J. It was later ported to both Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X operating systems.

The story went that the injured man sought treatment at Fort Vancouver but the contemporary fort commissary steward, Napolean McGilvery, disclaimed knowledge of the incident. The game was released on November 15, 2001. Burnett in October 1843 recounted a story of a Native American man who badly burned his foot and leg in either lava or hot ash while hunting for deer. Halo was then converted for development for the Xbox game console. Future California governor Peter H. However, during its many years of development, it changed into a third person shooter and then to a first person shooter. Ash from this eruption may have reached The Dalles, Oregon 48 miles (80 km) southeast of the volcano. When Halo began development, it was a real time strategy game that would have been released on Apple and Windows PCs.

Helens in eruption on November 22, 1842. Halo was the most popular application for the Xbox console up until the release of its more ambitious sequel, Halo 2. The Reverend Josiah Parrish in Champoeg, Oregon witnessed Mount St. . All these eruptions were likely phreatic (steam explosions). The Halo series is a popular series of video games developed by Bungie Studios and published by Microsoft. Large ash clouds were reported for this small volume outburst and mild explosions followed for 15 years. 2 : Original Soundtrack (Unreleased).

In either late fall or early winter 1842 the so-called "Great Eruption" was seen by settlers and missionaries in the area. Halo 2, Vol. Another member of the expedition later described "cellular basaltic lavas" at the mountain's base. 1 : Original Soundtrack. Exploring Expedition, saw the peak (then quiescent) from off the mouth of the Columbia River in 1841. Halo 2, Vol. James Dwight Dana of Yale University, while sailing with the Charles Wilkes U.S. Halo Original Soundtrack.

He sent an account to the Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, which published his letter in January 1836. Halo 2 Hacks: Tips & Tools for Finishing the Fight by Stephen Cawood. Meredith Gairdner, then working for the Hudson's Bay Company stationed at Fort Vancouver (the first geologist apparently viewed the volcano 6 years later). Secrets Of Halo 2 by Greg Orlando, Russell Garbutt. Helens eruption was made in March 1835 by Dr. Trautmann. The first authenticated eyewitness report of a St. The Art of Halo by Eric S.

They did report the presence of quicksand and clogged channel conditions at the mouth of the Sandy River near Portland, suggesting an eruption by Mount Hood sometime in the previous decades. The Unauthorized Halo 2 Battle Guide: Advanced Combat Techniques by Stephen Cawood. Helens from the Columbia River but did not report any eruption in progress or recent evidence of one. Halo 2: The Official Game Guide by Piggyback Interactive. In late 1805 and early 1806 members of the Lewis and Clark Expedition spotted St. Halo 2

    . Alarmed by the "dry snow", the Nespelim of northeastern Washington spent a great deal of time in prayer and dance instead of collecting food for winter and therefore had a hard winter. The Black Art of Halo Mods by Stephen Cawood.

    Much later geologists and historians determined that the eruption took place in 1800 and was the start of the 57 year long Goat Rocks Eruptive Period (see geology section below). Halo: Combat Evolved: Sybex Official Strategies & Secrets by Doug Radcliffe. Years later, the mountain was visited by its first major eruption after explorers, traders, and missionaries heard reports of an erupting volcano in the area. Halo: Prima's Official Strategy Guide by Mario De Govia, Brandon Smith, Damien Waples, Prima Development. Vancouver named the mountain for British diplomat Alleyne Fitzherbert, 1st Baron St Helens on October 20, 1792, as it came into view when the Discovery passed into the mouth of the Columbia River. Halo (Xbox and PC)

      . Helens by Europeans was by Royal Navy Commander George Vancouver and the officers of HMS Discovery on May 19, 1792, while they were surveying the northern Pacific Ocean coast from 1792 to 1794. This plot device also drives the plot involving the Flood and the true purpose of the ring-worlds.

      The first recorded sighting of Mount St. The only way to defeat an enemy is to blow up the world (or Halo, in this case). Helens, but some land owned by Washington is in private hands. The main character is saved by someone who later betrays him. Gifford Pinchot National Forest surrounds Mount St. People searching for valuable objects instead release something evil. The community nearest the volcano is Cougar, Washington which is in the Lewis River valley about 11 miles (18 km) south-southwest of the peak. The main character has few lines and is accompanied by a technically adept sidekick.

      That major north-south highway skirts the low-lying cities of Castle Rock, Longview and Kelso along the Cowlitz River and passes through Vancouver, Washington-Portland, Oregon, metropolitan area less than 50 miles (80 km) to the southwest. SPARTAN, an Ancient Greek warrior society. Washington State Route 504, locally known as the Spirit Lake Memorial Highway, connects with the heavily traveled Interstate 5 at Exit 49, about 34 miles (55 km) to the west of the mountain. MJOLNIR, the ultimate weapon to slay challengers to Æsir supremacy. Helens is in Skamania County, Washington the best access routes to the mountain run through Cowlitz County, Washington on the west. Tartarus, a deity and a place in the greek mythological underworld. Although Mount St. Beowulf, a hero in the Anglo-Saxon poem "Beowulf".

      The southern and eastern sides of the volcano drain into an upstream impoundment, the Swift Reservoir, which is directly south of the volcano's peak. Cortana, derived from a sword used by Edward the Confessor. The Lewis River is impounded by three dams for hydroelectric power generation. The Opening cutscene for Halo 3 may take place thousands of years before the events of Halo: Combat Evolved. Helens a year, according to National Weather Service data. Location of "The Ark" will very likely be revealed. The streams are fed by abundant rain and snow that dump an average of about 140 inches (3.6 m) of water on Mount St. Secrets behind the origin of the Gravemind are revealed.

      Streams that head on the volcano enter three main river systems — the Toutle River on the north and north-west, the Kalama River on the west, and the Lewis River on the south and east. Prophets, Brutes, Jackals, and Drones) will reach its zenith. At the pre-eruption timberline (upper limit of trees) the width of the cone was about 4 miles (6.4 km). The civil war between the two Covenant factions (Hunters, Elites, and Grunts vs. The mountain is about 6 miles (9.5 km) across at its base which is at an altitude of about 4,400 feet (1340 m) on the northeastern side and about 4,000 feet (1220 m) elsewhere. The Master Chief deactivates halo from the Ark and the Arbiter may destroy the Gravemind, ending the Flood threat. The peak rose more than 5,000 feet (1500 m) above its base, where the lower flanks merge with adjacent ridges. The outcome of Earth's biggest battle will be revealed as the Master Chief arrives hidden in Truth's ship to see Earth near the brink of defeat.

      It stood out prominently, however, from surrounding hills because of the symmetry and the extensive snow and ice-cover of the pre-1980 summit cone, earning it the nickname, "Fujiyama of America" or "Mount Fuji of America". This will show either Gravemind's side in the war, or another hint at Cortana's rampancy. Its summit altitude made it only the fifth highest peak in Washington. Cortana has talks with the Gravemind. Helens was not one of the highest peaks in the Cascade Range. Johnson, Commander Miranda Keyes, and the Arbiter escape from Delta Halo. Even before its loss of height, Mount St. Sgt.

      The volcano is also known to have been the most active in the Cascades within the last 10,000 years. In early storyboards, Master Chief and a character called "Dervish" (an early name for the Arbiter) were to both be present at the Ark. It was formed only within the last 40,000 years, and the pre-1980 summit cone started to grow only about 2200 years ago. The Master Chief and Truth may face off in "The Ark". Helens is geologically young compared to the other major Cascade volcanoes. Mount St.

      Helens. Mount Hood, the nearest major volcanic peak in Oregon, is about 60 miles (95 km) southeast of Mount St. These "sister and brother" volcanic mountains are each about 50 miles (80 km) from Mount Rainier, the giant of Cascade volcanoes. Helens is 34 miles (55 km) almost due west of Mount Adams, which is in the eastern part of the Cascade Range.

      Mount St. . Helens is a part of the Pacific Ring of Fire which includes over 160 active volcanoes. Mount St.

      Helens' 1980 eruption. These were destroyed in St. The largest of the dacite domes formed the previous summit; another formed Goat Rocks dome on the northern flank. Helens includes layers of basalt and andesite through which several domes of dacite lava have erupted.

      Mount St. Helens is a great cone of rubble consisting of lava rock interlayered with ash, pumice and other deposits. Like most other volcanoes in the Cascade Range, St. However, the scale of it still pales in comparison to far larger debris avalanches that have occurred in the geological past elsewhere on Earth.

      The debris avalanche from the 1980 eruption was up to 0.7 cubic miles (2.3 km3) in volume, making it the largest in recorded history. Helens for more detail). The eruption caused a massive debris avalanche, reducing its summit from 9,677 feet (2,950 m) to 8,364 feet (2,550 m) in elevation and replacing it with a mile-wide (1.5 km-wide) horseshoe-shaped crater (see geology section or 1980 eruption of Mount St. Fifty-seven people were killed and 250 homes, 47 bridges, 15 miles (24 km) of railways and 185 miles (300 km) of highway were destroyed.

      That eruption was the most deadly and economically destructive volcanic eruption in the history of the United States. It is most famous for the catastrophic eruption on May 18, 1980. This volcano is well known for its ash explosions and pyroclastic flows. It was named for British diplomat Lord St Helens who was a friend of George Vancouver, an explorer who made a survey of the area in the late 18th century.

      The mountain is part of the Cascade Range and was initially known as Louwala-Clough which means "smoking or fire mountain" in the language of the local native Americans, the Klickitats. It is located 96 miles (154 km) south of Seattle and 53 miles (85 km) northeast of Portland, Oregon. Helens is an active stratovolcano in Skamania County, Washington, in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. Mount St.