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Ford Model A

The Model A was the designation of two cars made by Ford Motor Company, one in 1903 and one beginning in 1927. The name usually refers to the latter model.

1903 Model A

The original Model A, also called the Fordmobile, was the first car produced by Ford beginning production in 1903. Dr. Ernst Pfenning of Chicago, Illinois became the first owner of a Model A on July 23, 1903. 1750 cars were made from 1903-1905.

The car came as a two-seater runabout or four-seater tonneau model with an option to add a top. The horizontal-mounted flat-2, situated at the amidships of the car, produced 8 hp (6 kW). A 3-speed planetary transmission was fitted, a Ford signature later seen on the Ford Model T. The car weighed 1240 lb (562 kg) and could reach a top speed of 45 mph (72 km/h). It had a 72 inch (1.8 m) wheelbase and sold for a base price of $750. Options included a rear seat for $100, a rubber roof for $30 or a leather roof for $50.

The company had spent almost its entire $28,000 initial investment funds with only $223.65 left in its bank account when the first Model A was sold. The success of this car model generated a profit for the Ford Motor Company, Henry Ford's first successful business.

1927 Model A

Lineup of Ford Model As Ford Model A Fordor GAZ-A photographed outside the GAZ plant in 1951.

The second Model A was the second major success for the Ford Motor Co. First produced Oct. 20, 1927 but not sold until December 2, it replaced the venerable Model T, which had been produced for 18 years. The Model A was available in four standard colors, but not black.

Prices ranged from $385 for a roadster to $570 for the top-of-the-line Fordor. The engine was an L-head 4-cylinder with a displacement of 200.5 cubic inch (3.3 L). Typical fuel consumption was between 40 and 50 mpg (US) (9 and 12 L/100 km) using a Zenith one barrel carburetor, with a top speed of around 65 mph (104 km/h). It had a 103.5 inch (2.6 m) wheelbase with a gear ratio of 3.77:1. The transmission was a 3 speed sliding gear unit with 1 speed reverse. The Model A had 4-wheel mechanical brakes.

The Model A came in a wide variety of styles: Coupe (Standard and Deluxe), Business Coupe, Sport Coupe, Roadster Coupe (Standard and Deluxe), Convertible Cabriolet, Convertible Sedan, Phaeton (Standard and Deluxe), Tudor (Standard and Deluxe), Town Car, Fordor (2-window) (Standard and Deluxe), Fordor (3-window) (Standard and Deluxe), Victoria, Station Wagon, Taxicab, Truck, and Commercial.

Final production ended on August 31, 1931, with 4,320,446 Model A's made in all styles. It was replaced by an updated model called the Ford Model B.

The Russian company GAZ, which started as a cooperation between Ford and the Soviet Union, made a licensed version of the Model A.

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. Models offered include:. The Russian company GAZ, which started as a cooperation between Ford and the Soviet Union, made a licensed version of the Model A. Nikon use the term Speedlight for their flash guns. It was replaced by an updated model called the Ford Model B.
. Final production ended on August 31, 1931, with 4,320,446 Model A's made in all styles.
.

The Model A came in a wide variety of styles: Coupe (Standard and Deluxe), Business Coupe, Sport Coupe, Roadster Coupe (Standard and Deluxe), Convertible Cabriolet, Convertible Sedan, Phaeton (Standard and Deluxe), Tudor (Standard and Deluxe), Town Car, Fordor (2-window) (Standard and Deluxe), Fordor (3-window) (Standard and Deluxe), Victoria, Station Wagon, Taxicab, Truck, and Commercial. Some common designations are listed below with the descriptions of each. The Model A had 4-wheel mechanical brakes. These help consumers know what features the lens has. The transmission was a 3 speed sliding gear unit with 1 speed reverse. Nikon Lenses have designated acronyms used in their names (for example, the lens AF-S 18-70 mm f/3.5-4.5G DX ED IF). It had a 103.5 inch (2.6 m) wheelbase with a gear ratio of 3.77:1. The "DSCN" prefix for image files stands for "Digital Still Camera - Nikon.".

Typical fuel consumption was between 40 and 50 mpg (US) (9 and 12 L/100 km) using a Zenith one barrel carburetor, with a top speed of around 65 mph (104 km/h). Nikon's raw image format format is named NEF, for Nikon Electric File. Prices ranged from $385 for a roadster to $570 for the top-of-the-line Fordor. The engine was an L-head 4-cylinder with a displacement of 200.5 cubic inch (3.3 L).
. The Model A was available in four standard colors, but not black. [3]. 20, 1927 but not sold until December 2, it replaced the venerable Model T, which had been produced for 18 years. They will continue to produce the low-end FM10 and the high-end F6, and announced a commitment to service all of the film cameras for a period of ten years after production ceases.

First produced Oct. In January 2006 Nikon announced [2] that they will stop the production of all but two models of their film cameras, focusing their efforts to the digital camera market. The second Model A was the second major success for the Ford Motor Co. The companies held by Nikon form the Nikon Group. The success of this car model generated a profit for the Ford Motor Company, Henry Ford's first successful business. (As of September 2004). The company had spent almost its entire $28,000 initial investment funds with only $223.65 left in its bank account when the first Model A was sold. Nikon is listed in the Tokyo Stock Exchange under number 7731.

Options included a rear seat for $100, a rubber roof for $30 or a leather roof for $50. . It had a 72 inch (1.8 m) wheelbase and sold for a base price of $750. [1]. The car weighed 1240 lb (562 kg) and could reach a top speed of 45 mph (72 km/h). In January 2006, Nikon announced that it would stop making most of its film camera models and focus on digital models. A 3-speed planetary transmission was fitted, a Ford signature later seen on the Ford Model T. The facility now includes corporate offices, a fully equipped training center, and extensive applications, technology, service, sales and marketing departments.

The horizontal-mounted flat-2, situated at the amidships of the car, produced 8 hp (6 kW). In 1990, NPI opened its current Belmont, California headquarters. The car came as a two-seater runabout or four-seater tonneau model with an option to add a top. Fueled by a rapidly growing customer base, the company quickly expanded. 1750 cars were made from 1903-1905. was established in the United States to sell and service Nikon stepper equipment. Ernst Pfenning of Chicago, Illinois became the first owner of a Model A on July 23, 1903. In 1982, Nikon Precision Inc.

Dr. Since then, Nikon has introduced over 50 models of stepper/scanners for the production of semiconductors and liquid crystal displays. The original Model A, also called the Fordmobile, was the first car produced by Ford beginning production in 1903. By 1980, the first stepper, the NSR-1010G, was produced in Japan. The name usually refers to the latter model. After the war it reverted to its civilian product range with a single factory and 1400 employees. The Model A was the designation of two cars made by Ford Motor Company, one in 1903 and one beginning in 1927. During World War II the company grew to 19 factories and 23,000 employees, supplying items such as binoculars, lenses, bomb sights and periscopes to the Japanese military.

Over the next 60 years this growing company became a leading manufacturer of optical lenses and precision equipment used in cameras, binoculars, microscopes and inspection equipment. Nikon Corporation was established in 1917 when two leading optical manufacturers merged to form a comprehensive, fully integrated optical company known as Nippon Kogaku K.K. Nikon's main competitors include Canon, Konica Minolta, Leica, Pentax, and Olympus. Nikon has helped lead the transition to digital photography with both the Coolpix line of consumer and prosumer cameras as well as system cameras like the Nikon D100, the more recent Nikon D70, D70s and the D50, and professional DSLRs including the D1 and D2 series (see below).

Among its famous products are Nikkor camera lenses (notably those designed for the company's own F-mount SLR cameras), Nikonos underwater cameras, the Nikon F-series of professional 135 film SLR cameras, and the Nikon D-series digital SLRs. The name Nikon, which dates from 1946, is a merging of Nippon Kōgaku ("Japan Optical") and an imitation of Zeiss Ikon. Nikon is one of the Mitsubishi companies. As of 2002, it has about 14,000 employees.

It was founded in 1917 as Nihon (Nippon) Kōgaku Kōgyō (日本光學工業株式會社); the company was renamed Nikon Corporation (株式会社ニコン), after its cameras, in 1988. Its products include cameras, binoculars, microscopes, measurement instruments, and the steppers used in the photolithography steps of semiconductor fabrication. Nikon Corporation (Nikon, Nikon Corp.) TYO: 7731 is a Japanese company specializing in optics and imaging. Nikon mailing list.

Photosapien Photography Forum. Nikonians - see also Nikonian. Fansites and forums:

    . Photography in Malaysia - Nikon Pictorial History.

    Nikon Field Guide and Nikon Flash Guide support at bythom.com. Nikon Historical Society. Yahoo! - Nikon Corporation Company Profile. Nikon Digital Camera Resources - Custom tone curves.

    Data:

      . NIKON NEWS - Magazine on Nikon products and photography published by Nikon Switzerland in German and French. - Semiconductor Photolithography USA website. Nikon Precision Inc.

      USA website. Nikon Corp. website. Nikon Corp.

      Official websites:

        . SB-16A. SB-16B, and. SB-27,.

        SB-23,. SB-22s,. SB-24,. SB-29s,.

        SB-30,. SB-50DX,. SB-80DX,. R1C1 Wireless Close Up Speedlight Flash System (2 SB-R200s, SU-800, and accessories),.

        R1 Wireless Close Up Speedlight Flash System (2 SB-R200s and accessories) ,. SB-R200 (remote flash),. SU-800 (slave trigger),. SB-600,.

        SB-800,. Lens for Plaubel Makina medium-format camera. Lenses for Bronica medium-format cameras. Screwmount lenses for Leica rangefinder cameras.

        Lenses for Nikon S-series rangefinder cameras. 85mm f/2.8D PC Micro Nikkor. 70-180 mm f/4.5-5.6 ED AF-D Micro. 200 mm f/4D ED-IF AF Micro.

        105 mm f/2.8D AF Micro. 60 mm f/2.8D AF Micro. 18-200 mm f/3.5-5.6G ED AF-S VR DX. 55-200 mm f/4-5.6G ED AF-S DX.

        18-55 mm f/3.5-5.6G ED AF-S DX. 18-70 mm f3.5-4.5G ED-IF AF-S DX. 17-55 mm f/2.8G ED-IF AF-S DX. 12-24 mm f/4G ED-IF AF-S DX.

        10.5 mm f/2.8G ED AF DX. 200-400 mm f/4G ED-IF AF-S VR. 80-400 mm f/4.5-5.6D ED AF VR. 80-200 mm f/2.8D ED AF.

        70-200 mm f/2.8G ED-IF AF-S VR. 35-70 mm f/2.8D AF. 28-70 mm f/2.8D ED-IF AF-S. 17-35 mm f/2.8 ED-IF AF-S.

        70-300 mm f/4.5-5.6G AF. 70-300 mm f/4.5-5.6D ED AF. 28-200 mm f/3.5-5.6G ED-IF AF. 28-105 mm f/3.5-4.5D AF.

        28-100 mm f/3.5-5.6G AF. 28-80 mm f/3.3-5.6G AF. 24-120 mm f/3.5-5.6G ED-IF AF-S VR. 24-85 mm f/3.5-4.5G ED-IF AF-S.

        24-85 mm f/2.8-4D IF AF. 18-200 mm f/3.5-5.6 G ED-IF AF-S VR DX. 18-35 mm f/3.5-4.5D ED-IF AF. 600 mm f/4D ED-IF AF-S II.

        500 mm f/4D ED-IF AF-S II. 400 mm f/2.8D ED-IF AF-S II. 300 mm f/4D ED-IF AF-S. 300 mm f/2.8D ED-IF AF-S II.

        300 mm f/2.8G ED-IF AF-S VR. 200 mm f/2G ED-IF AF-S VR. 180 mm f/2.8D ED-IF AF. 135 mm f/2D AF DC.

        105 mm f/2D AF DC. 85 mm f/1.8D AF. 85 mm f/1.4D AF. 50 mm f/1.8D AF.

        50 mm f/1.4D AF. 35 mm f/2D AF. 28 mm f/2.8D AF. 28 mm f/1.4D AF.

        24 mm f/2.8D AF. 20mm f/2.8D AF. 18 mm f/2.8D AF. 16 mm f/2.8D AF Fisheye.

        14 mm f/2.8D ED AF. Generally used to refer to manual focus lenses, however all Nikon autofocus lenses with aperture rings are also AI-S. AI-S added a tab to the back of the lens which affected metering on certain older cameras. The lens has a notch on the aperture ring that allows the camera to sense the current aperture.

        AI/AI-S - Auto (aperture) Indexing. DC - Indicates that the lens has controls for adjusting the shape and effect of the out-of-focus elements, also known as bokeh. [6]. These lenses are all auto focus zoom lenses and are not compatible with other bodies.

        IX - Lenses optimised for use with the Pronea Advanced Photo System SLR. These include the shift-only 28mm and 35mm PC nikkors, and the tilt/shift 85mm f/2.8D PC Micro Nikkor. Lens has the ability to shift and/or tilt the lens to correct perspective and adjust depth of field. PC - Perspective Control.

        Micro - Indicates that the lens is capable of macro photography - subjects which appear as large or larger than they are at the film plane, not necessarily at close distances, such as with the 200mm Micro-Nikkor. It has the same characteristics with the D lens. Since the body needs to control the lens aperture, these type lenses only work with automatic bodies. G - Indicated after the f-number, and tells that the lens does not have an aperture ring, but instead that aperture value is controlled by the body.

        The lens carries the information of the distance between the camera and the subject. It means that the lens is capable using of Nikon's RGB Matrix Metering. Indicated after the f-stop number. D - Distance/Dimension.

        Equivalent to Canon's IS (Image Stabilizer) and Minolta's AS (Anti-shake, although this is embedded into the body of the camera). Some VR lenses also support panning shot mode, detecting the horizontal movement of the lens and minimizing the vertical vibration. Uses special VR lens unit to reduce camera shake evident in photographs. VR - Vibration Reduction.

        Although use with 35mm cameras is generally not advised, some DX Nikkor lenses can actually cover the full 35mm frame at some focal length settings. A circular image is produced if used with a 35mm camera. DX - Lens designed for Nikon's DX format sensors; the image circle is reduced in size by 1.5× to fit the smaller sensor in Nikon's digital SLRs. Focussing moves only internal lenses, meaning that the lens does not change in length during focussing.

        IF - Internal Focus. More recently, Super ED glass has been introduced. Reduces chromatic aberration. ED - Extra-low Dispersion glass.

        Replaced with AF-S starting in 1996. Used only in long telephoto lenses (300mm f/2.8 thru 600mm f/4.0) starting in 1992. AF-I - Autofocus- Internal Coreless DC motor. First introduced in 1996.

        Uses SWM, Silent Wave Motor, to focus quietly and faster; similar to Canon's USM, Ultrasonic Motor technology. AF-S - Autofocus-Silent. AF - Autofocus. Nikon D2Hs.

        Nikon D2X. Nikon D2H. Nikon D70s. Nikon D70.

        Nikon D50. Nikon D200. Nikon D100. Nikon D1X.

        Nikon D1H. Nikon D1. Nikon Coolpix series. Nikonos line of underwater cameras.

        Nikon S3M (1960). Nikon S4 (1959). Nikon S3 (1958). Nikon SP (1957).

        Nikon S2 (1954). Nikon S (1951). Nikon M (1949). Nikon I (1948).

        Nikon Pronea 600i also known as the Pronea 6i (1996) [5]. Nikon Pronea S (1997) [4]. Nikon F6. Nikon F5.

        Nikon F4. Nikon F100. as the N80). Nikon F80 (known in the U.S.

        as the N75). Nikon F75 (known in the U.S. as the N65). Nikon F65 (known in the U.S.

        as the N55). Nikon F55 (known in the U.S. as the N90s). Nikon F90x (known in the U.S.

        as the N90). Nikon F90 (known in the U.S. as the N8008s). Nikon F801S (known in the U.S.

        as the N8008). Nikon F801 (known in the U.S. as the N6006). Nikon F601 (known in the U.S.

        Nikon F501 (known in North America as the N2020). as the N5005). Nikon F401X (known in the U.S. as the N4004s).

        Nikon F401S (known in theU.S. as the N4004). Nikon F401 (known in the U.S. as the N70).

        Nikon F70 (known in the U.S. as the N60). Nikon F60 (known in the U.S. as the N50).

        Nikon F50 (known in the U.S. Nikon F301 (known in North America as the N2000). Nikon EM. Nikon EL2.

        Nikkorex series. Nikkormat series (known in Japan as Nikomat). Nikon F3 series. Nikon F2 series.

        Nikon F series (known in Germany as Nikkor). Nikon FM2. Nikon FM. Nikon FG20.

        Nikon FG. Nikon FE2. Nikon FE. Nikon FA.

        Nikon FE10. Nikon FM10. Nikon FM3A. JP Morgan Chase Oppenheimer Funds (1.7%).

        (1.8%). The Joyo Bank, Ltd. Nippon Life Insurance Company (2.4%). The Mitsubishi Trust and Banking Corporation (2.5%).

        State Street Bank and Trust Company (2.7 %). (2.7%). Tokio Marine & Nichido Fire Insurance Co., Ltd. Japan Trustee Services Bank, Ltd.(2.9%).

        (3.3%). The Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi, Ltd. Meiji Yasuda Life Insurance Company (5.6%). (8.5%).

        The Master Trust Bank of Japan, Ltd.