This page will contain wikis about Milk, as they become available.

Milk

A glass of cow's milk

Milk most often means the nutrient fluid produced by the mammary glands of female mammals. The female ability to produce milk is one of the defining characteristics of mammals and provides the primary source of nutrition for newborns before they are able to digest more diverse foods. It is also processed into dairy products such as cream, butter, yoghurt, ice-cream, gelato, cheese, casein, whey protein, lactose, condensed milk, powdered milk, and many other food-additive and industrial products.

It can also be used to mean:

  • The white juice and the processed meat of the coconut in more-or-less liquid form, used especially in Thai, Indian (Kerala), and Polynesian cuisine.
  • A non-animal substitute such as soy milk, rice milk, and almond milk.
  • Crop milk, the regurgitated substance pigeons feed their young.

Human milk is fed to infants through breastfeeding, either directly or by the female expressing her milk to be saved and fed later. The early lactation milk is known as colostrum, and carries the mother's antibodies to the baby. It can reduce the risk of many diseases in both mother and baby.

Composition and nutrition

The composition of milk differs widely between species. Factors such as the type of protein; the proportion of protein, fat, and sugar; the levels of various vitamins and minerals; and the size of the butterfat globules and the strength of the curd are among those than can vary.[1] For example:

  • Human milk contains, on average, 1.1% protein, 4.2% fat, 7.0% lactose (a sugar), and supplies 72 kcal of energy per 100 grams.
  • Cow's milk contains, on average, 3.4% protein, 3.6% fat, and 4.6% lactose, and supplies 66 kcal of energy per 100 grams.

Lactose in milk is digested with the help of the enzyme lactase. In humans, production of lactase can decline in adulthood, leading to an inability to digest milk; this is known as lactose intolerance. Some human populations (most notably Europeans) retain the ability to digest lactose into adulthood.

Cow's milk

In the Western world, cow's milk is extracted on an industrial scale for human consumption and industrial uses. It is the most commonly consumed form of milk. Dairy farming has become such a large business that in many countries the process is highly automated, with farmers using machines that attach directly to the teats of the cow's udder to speed milking, and breeds of cattle, such as Holstein, specially bred for increased milk production.

Commercial processing of milk

a cow-milking machine in action

In North America a dairy facility processes milk and products obtained from milk (dairy products), such as cream, butter, and cheese. Most dairies are local companies, as opposed to large or nationwide companies found in the southern hemisphere.

Upon standing, fresh milk has a tendency to separate into a high-fat cream layer on top of a larger, skim-milk layer. The cream is often sold as a separate product with its own uses. In the United States, a blended mixture of half cream and half milk is often sold in smaller quantities and is called half-and-half. Half-and-half is used for creaming coffee and similar uses.

Milk produced for commercial consumption usually undergoes several processes. Pasteurization kills many harmful microorganisms by heating the milk for a short time and then cooling it for storage and transportation. Pasteurized milk is still perishable and must be stored cold by both suppliers and consumers. Dairies print expiration dates on each container, after which stores will remove any unsold milk from their shelves. In many countries it is illegal to sell milk that is not pasteurized.

A complementary process for commercial milk is homogenization. This mechanically reduces the size of the fat globules, so that they will not separate out into a cream layer.

Milk, sold commercially in countries where the cattle (and often the people) live indoors, commonly has vitamin D added to it to make up for lack of exposure to UVB radiation. Milk often has flavoring added to it for better taste or as a means of improving sales. Chocolate-flavored milk has been sold for many years, followed recently by other flavors of milk and cream.

South Australia has the highest consumption of flavoured milk per person, where Farmers Union Iced Coffee outsells Coca-Cola, a success shared only by Inca Kola in Peru and Irn-Bru in Scotland.

Those preferring raw milk argue that the pasteurization process also kills beneficial microorganisms and important nutritional constituents. The resulting pasteurized product is said to contribute to its own indigestability, be less nutritious, and turn rancid (as opposed to sour) with age. Raw Milk Versus Pasteurized Milk

Nutritional benefits

A serving (1 cup or 250 ml) of 2%-fat milk contains 285 mg of calcium, which represents 22% to 29% of the daily recommended intake (DRI) of calcium for an adult, depending on the age, 8 grams of protein, and a number of other nutrients (either naturally or through fortification):

  • Vitamins D and K - essential for bone health
  • Iodine - a mineral essential for thyroid function
  • Vitamin B12 and Riboflavin - necessary for cardiovascular health and energy production
  • Biotin and Pantothenic Acid - B vitamins important for energy production
  • Vitamin A - critical for immune function
  • Potassium and Magnesium - for cardiovascular health
  • Selenium - cancer-preventive trace mineral
  • Thiamine - B-vitamin important for cognitive function, especially memory
  • Conjugated linoleic acid - beneficial fatty acid that inhibits several types of cancer in mice, has been shown to kill human skin cancer, colorectal cancer and breast cancer cells in in vitro studies, and may help lower cholesterol and prevent atherosclerosis; only available in milk from grass-fed cows

Studies show possible links between low-fat milk consumption and reduced risk of arterial hypertension, coronary heart disease, and obesity. Overweight individuals who drink milk may benefit from decreased risk of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. [2]

Nutritional side-effects

Overconsumption of Cow's milk is argued to be unhealthy primarily due to its fat and cholesterol content. The following studies are used to support this position:

  • Some milk is rich in saturated fat, which studies have linked to increased risk of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. Low-fat and non-fat forms of milk may mitigate any such risk.
  • Up to 70% of humans have an incomplete ability to digest milk, lactose intolerance. For those individuals, milk may induce symptoms such as cramping, bloating, gas, and diarrhoea. Certain ethnic groups may be more susceptible to these effects.
  • Critics dispute the claim that drinking large amounts of milk can reduce the risk of bone fractures, especially in the elderly. Studies have failed to associate high calcium intakes with lower risk of hip and forearm fractures in men[3] or women[4].
  • Critics of milk claim that plant-based sources of calcium are preferable, on the grounds that animal proteins in milk causes leaching or excretion of calcium from bones.[5] Such critics refute the claim that milk prevents osteoporosis and make the counterclaim that milk, in fact, contributes to that disease.
  • A study published in June 2005 suggests that consumption of milk by 9- to 14-year-old children is associated with weight gain, although the researchers identify that excessive calorie intake is the cause rather than dairy specific factors. Researchers were surprised by their conclusion that weight gain was associated with dietary calcium and low-fat or skim milk, but not dairy fat.[6]
  • A February 2005 study found a positive association between acne and the consumption of whole milk, skim milk, and other dairy products in high-school-age women.[7].
  • Two studies show a correlation between high galactose consumption, and high rates of ovarian cancer. [8][9]
  • A study suggests a correlation between high calcium intake and prostate cancer.[10]. There is no evidence that any such problem is specific to milk. A review published by the World Cancer Research Fund and the American Institute for Cancer Research states that at least 11 human population studies have linked dairy product consumption and prostate cancer.

Also there has been some controversy over whether or not humans, or any other mammals, are designed to consume milk after infancy. This article, published by PETA, highlights some of the debate. http://www.notmilk.com/kradjian.html

Distribution

Glass milk bottles used for home delivery service A brick of French UHT milk

Because of the perishable nature of milk, expeditious distribution is desirable. In many countries milk used to be delivered to households daily, but economic pressure has made milk delivery much less popular, and in many areas daily delivery is no longer avialable. People buy it chilled at grocery or convenience stores or similar retail outlets. Prior to the widespread use of plastics, milk was often distributed to consumers in glass bottles, and before that in bulk that was ladled into the customer's container. In the UK, milk can be delivered daily by a milkman who travels his local milk round (route) using a battery-powered milk float, although this is becoming less popular as a result of supermarkets selling milk at cheaper prices. In New Zealand, milk is no longer distributed in glass bottles.

In the United States bottles were replaced with milk cartons, tall boxes with a square cross-section and a peaked top that can folded outward upon opening to form a spout. Now milk is increasingly sold in plastic bottles. First the gallon and half-gallon sizes were sold in plastic jugs while the smaller sizes were sold in milk cartons. Recently milk has been sold in smaller resealable bottles made to fit in automobile cup holders.

The half-pint milk carton is the traditional unit as a component of school lunches. In the US, pictures of missing children were printed on the larger milk cartons as a public service until it was determined that this was disturbing to children.

Milk preserved by the UHT process is sold in boxes often called a "brick" that lack the peak of the traditional milk carton. Milk preserved in this fashion does not need to be refrigerated before opening and has a longer shelf life than milk in ordinary packaging.

Glass milk containers are rare these days. Most people purchase milk in plastic jugs or bags or in waxed-paper cartons. Ultraviolet light from fluorescent lighting can destroy some of the proteins in milk so many companies that once distributed milk in transparent or highly translucent containers are now using thicker materials that block the harmful rays. Many people feel that such "UV protected" milk tastes better.

Milk comes in a variety of containers with local variants:

  • United States: Commonly sold in gallon, half-gallon and quart containers (U.S. customary units) of rigid plastic or, occasionally for sizes less than a gallon, waxed cardboard. The US single-serving size is usually the half-pint (about 240 ml).
  • Canada: A 1 1/3 litre plastic bag (sold as 4 litres in 3 bags) is the most common, while 2 litre, 1 litre, 500 millilitre, and 250 millilitre cartons are also available. 4 litre plastic jugs are also available.
  • Parts of Europe: Sizes of 500 millilitres, 1 litre (the most common), 2 litres and 3 litres are commonplace.
  • United Kingdom: Most stores stock the equivalents of old Imperial sizes: 568 ml (1 pint), 1.136 l (2 pints), 2.273 l (4 pints) or, rarely, a combination including both metric and imperial sizes).
  • Australia and New Zealand: Distributed in a variety of sizes, most commonly in Tetra Paks for up to 1 litres, and plastic screw-top bottles beyond that. Most UHT-milk is packed in 1 litre paper containers with a sealed plastic spout.
  • South Africa: Commonly sold in 1 litre bags. The bag is then placed in a plastic jug and the corner cut off before the milk is poured.

Condensed milk is distributed in metal cans, 250 and 125 ml paper containers and 100 and 200 ml squeeze tubes, and powdered milk (skim and whole) is distributed in boxes or bags.

Varieties and brands

Cow's milk is generally available in several varieties. In some countries these are:

  • Full cream (or "whole" in North America, about 3.25% fat)
  • Semi-skimmed ("reduced fat" or "low fat", about 1.5-1.8% fat)
  • Skimmed (about 0.1% fat)

Milk in the U.S. and Canada is sold as:

  • Whole varieties
  • 2 % (reduced fat)
  • 1 % (low fat)
  • 1/2 % (very low fat)
  • Skim (no fat)

Note: In Canada "whole" milk refers to unhomogenized milk. "Homogenized" milk (or "Homo milk" in short) refers to milk which is 3.25% butterfat. Generally all store-bought milk in Canada has been homogenized, yet the term is also used as a name to describe butterfat content for a specific variety of milk. Modern commercial dairy processing techniques involve first removing all of the butterfat, and then adding back the appropriate amount depending on which product is being produced on that particular line.

In Britain, it is possible to get Channel Island milk, which is 5.5% fat.

In the United States, skim milk is also known as "fat free" milk, due to USDA regulations stating that any food with less than 1/2 gram of fat per serving can be labeled "fat free".

Full cream, or whole milk, has the full milk fat content (about 3-4% if Friesian- or Holstein-breed are the source). For skimmed or semi-skimmed milk, all of the fat content is removed and then some (in the case of semi-skimmed milk) is returned. The best-selling variety of milk is semi-skimmed; in some countries full-cream (whole) milk is generally seen as less healthy and skimmed milk is often thought to lack taste. Whole milk is recommended to provide sufficient fat for developing toddlers who have graduated from breast milk or infant formula.

Other milk animals

In addition to cows, the following animals provide milk for dairy products:

  • Sheep
  • Goats
  • Horses
  • Donkeys
  • Camels (including the South American camelids)
  • Yaks
  • Water buffalo
  • Reindeer

In Russia and Sweden, small moose dairies also exist. Donkey and horse milk have the lowest fat content, while the milk of seals contains more than 50% fat. [11]

Curdling

When raw milk is left standing for a while, it turns sour. This is the result of fermentation: lactic acid bacteria turning the milk sugar into lactic acid. This fermentation process is exploited in the production of various dairy products such as cheese and yogurt. There are four noted periods of milk decay:

  • Rancid (also called "on the turn". Milk is still consumable at this stage)
  • Curdling (separation of curd and whey will occur but may still be consumable)
  • Coagulation (beyond use. A period of aromatic decay sets in accompanied by mould)
  • Dry (beyond use. The milk has dehydrated and become hard and chalky)

Pasteurized cow's milk, on the other hand, spoils in a way that makes it unsuitable for consumption, causing it to assume an unpleasant odor and pose a high danger of food poisoning if ingested. The naturally-occurring lactic acid bacteria in raw milk, under suitable conditions, quickly produce large amounts of lactic acid. The ensuing acidity in turn prevents other germs from growing, or slows their growth significantly. Through pasteurization, however, these lactic acid bacteria are mostly destroyed, which means that other germs can grow unfettered and thus cause decomposition.

In order to prevent spoilage, milk can be kept refrigerated and stored between 1 and 4 degrees Celsius. Most milk is pasteurized by heating briefly and then refrigerated to allow transport from factory farms to local markets. The spoilage of milk can be forestalled by using ultra-high temperature (UHT) treatment; milk so treated can be stored unrefrigerated for several months until opened. Sterilized milk, which is heated for a much longer period of time, will last even longer, but also lose more nutrients and assume a still different taste. Condensed milk, made by removing most of the water, can be stored for many months, unrefrigerated. The most durable form of milk is milk powder which is produced from milk by removing almost all water.

Why milk expands on heating

Milk does not actually reach boiling point faster than water. The reason behind the quick expansion of milk on heating is due to its chemical composition. Proteins have the ability of coating bubbles and stabilizing foams; milk is an emulsion of very small fat droplets coated by casein.

At and below room temperature, droplets are arranged in a way that protects them from coalescing. On heating, this subtle architecture is destroyed: milk reaches a temperature (below boiling point of water) in which protein molecules are irreversibly changed in their spatial arrangement (denatured). Casein, together with other components, thereby forms a tough film which surrounds the water vapour bubbles of boiling milk, preventing them from breaking. This has the effect that the milk is transformed into a relatively stable foam, which occupies a much larger volume than the original liquid.

References

[12] Introduction to Dairy Science,Guelph


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[12] Introduction to Dairy Science,Guelph. But the N64 guaranteed the second place in the market, easily outselling the Sega Saturn (10 million). This has the effect that the milk is transformed into a relatively stable foam, which occupies a much larger volume than the original liquid. With 32 million Nintendo 64 units sold worldwide [2], Nintendo was unsuccessful in recapturing the preceding SNES's market share and the fifth generation was taken over by the PlayStation which had sold over 100 million units worldwide. Casein, together with other components, thereby forms a tough film which surrounds the water vapour bubbles of boiling milk, preventing them from breaking. Backup/development units:. On heating, this subtle architecture is destroyed: milk reaches a temperature (below boiling point of water) in which protein molecules are irreversibly changed in their spatial arrangement (denatured). If the chip did not match the game's boot code, the game would not run.

At and below room temperature, droplets are arranged in a way that protects them from coalescing. To discourage playing of copied games by piggybacking a real cartridge, Nintendo produced five different versions of the chip. Proteins have the ability of coating bubbles and stabilizing foams; milk is an emulsion of very small fat droplets coated by casein. Unlike previous versions, the N64 lockout chip contains a seed value which is used to calculate a checksum of the game's boot code. The reason behind the quick expansion of milk on heating is due to its chemical composition. Each Nintendo 64 cartridge contains a so-called lockout chip to prevent manufacturers from creating unauthorized copies of the games. Milk does not actually reach boiling point faster than water. Naboo enjoyed an impressive draw distance and large amounts of snow and rain even with the high resolution, thanks to their efforts.

The most durable form of milk is milk powder which is produced from milk by removing almost all water. Then for Naboo they took what they learned from Rogue and pushed the machine even farther to make the game run at 640x480, and implement enhancements for both particles and the landscape engine. Condensed milk, made by removing most of the water, can be stored for many months, unrefrigerated. In Rogue Squadron the team tweaked the microcode for a landscape engine to create the alien worlds. Sterilized milk, which is heated for a much longer period of time, will last even longer, but also lose more nutrients and assume a still different taste. Factor 5 also showed ingenuity with their Star Wars games, Rogue Squadron and Battle for Naboo, where their team again used custom microcode. The spoilage of milk can be forestalled by using ultra-high temperature (UHT) treatment; milk so treated can be stored unrefrigerated for several months until opened. In the end, the game was more feature filled than the PC version (quite a feat) and was one of the most advanced games for Nintendo 64.

Most milk is pasteurized by heating briefly and then refrigerated to allow transport from factory farms to local markets. Factor 5's microcode allowed almost unlimited realtime lighting, and significantly boosted the polygon count. In order to prevent spoilage, milk can be kept refrigerated and stored between 1 and 4 degrees Celsius. They wrote microcode for realtime lighting, because the SGI code was poor for this task, and they wanted to have more lighting than even the PC version had used. Through pasteurization, however, these lactic acid bacteria are mostly destroyed, which means that other germs can grow unfettered and thus cause decomposition. They took advantage of the cartridge as a texture streaming source to squeeze as much detail into each environment, and work around RAM limitations. The ensuing acidity in turn prevents other germs from growing, or slows their growth significantly. The tool would analyze each texture and try to choose the best texture format to work with the machine and look as good as possible.

The naturally-occurring lactic acid bacteria in raw milk, under suitable conditions, quickly produce large amounts of lactic acid. To work around the 4KB texture cache the programmers came up with custom texture formats and tools to help the artists make the best possible textures. Pasteurized cow's milk, on the other hand, spoils in a way that makes it unsuitable for consumption, causing it to assume an unpleasant odor and pose a high danger of food poisoning if ingested. For starters, the Z-buffer could not be used because it alone used up a huge amount of the console's texture fillrate. There are four noted periods of milk decay:. The machine was taxed to the limit running at 640x480 though, so they absolutely needed to scrape every last bit of performance they could out of N64. This fermentation process is exploited in the production of various dairy products such as cheese and yogurt. In this game the Factor 5 team decided they wanted the game to run in high resolution mode (640x480) because of how much they liked the crispness it added.

This is the result of fermentation: lactic acid bacteria turning the milk sugar into lactic acid. One of the best examples of rewritten µcode on N64 was with Factor 5's Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine. When raw milk is left standing for a while, it turns sour. It was, however, far more difficult to program for and to reach peak performance/quality. [11]. Still, with these drawbacks to the hardware, the machine was architecturally superior in nearly every way to the PlayStation. Donkey and horse milk have the lowest fat content, while the milk of seals contains more than 50% fat. There was no memory prefetch or read under write functionality either.

In Russia and Sweden, small moose dairies also exist. The R4300 CPU was the worst off component because it had to go through the RCP to access main memory, and could not use DMA (the RCP could) to do so, so its RAM access performance was quite poor. In addition to cows, the following animals provide milk for dairy products:. Game developers also said that the N64's memory controller setup was fairly poor, and this magnified the situation somewhat. Whole milk is recommended to provide sufficient fat for developing toddlers who have graduated from breast milk or infant formula. A high latency memory subsystem creates delays in how fast the processors can get the data they need, and how fast they can alter this data. The best-selling variety of milk is semi-skimmed; in some countries full-cream (whole) milk is generally seen as less healthy and skimmed milk is often thought to lack taste. The RDRAM was incredibly high latency memory (640 ns read) and this mostly cancelled out its high bandwidth advantage.

For skimmed or semi-skimmed milk, all of the fat content is removed and then some (in the case of semi-skimmed milk) is returned. The unified memory subsystem of Nintendo 64 was another critical weakness for the machine. Full cream, or whole milk, has the full milk fat content (about 3-4% if Friesian- or Holstein-breed are the source). This game also used custom microcode to improve the RSP's capabilities. In the United States, skim milk is also known as "fat free" milk, due to USDA regulations stating that any food with less than 1/2 gram of fat per serving can be labeled "fat free". In fact, World Driver Championship was one of the most polygon-loaded N64 games and frequently would push past Sony Playstation's typical in-game polygon counts. In Britain, it is possible to get Channel Island milk, which is 5.5% fat. Most Nintendo 64 games were actually fillrate limited, not geometry limited, which is ironic considering the great concern for N64's low ~100,000 polygon per second rating during its time.

Modern commercial dairy processing techniques involve first removing all of the butterfat, and then adding back the appropriate amount depending on which product is being produced on that particular line. Z-Buffering significantly crippled the RDP's fillrate so managing the Z-depth of objects, so things would appear in the right order and not on top of each other, was put on the programmer instead of the hardware to get maximum speed. Generally all store-bought milk in Canada has been homogenized, yet the term is also used as a name to describe butterfat content for a specific variety of milk. There were other challenges for developers to work around. "Homogenized" milk (or "Homo milk" in short) refers to milk which is 3.25% butterfat. Conker's Bad Fur Day is possibly the best example of this ingenuity. Note: In Canada "whole" milk refers to unhomogenized milk. Creative developers towards the end of N64's lifetime managed to use tricks such as multi-layered texturing and heavily clamped small texture pieces to simulate larger textures.

and Canada is sold as:. To put this in perspective, this cache could be quickly filled with even small textures (a 64x64 4-bit/pixel texture is 2KB and a 128x64 4-bit/pixel texture is 4KB). Milk in the U.S. To make matters worse, because of how the renderer was designed, if mip mapping was used the texture cache was effectively halved to 2KB. In some countries these are:. This was the primary cause of N64's blurry texturing, secondary to the blurring caused by the trilinear filtering and limited ROM storage. Cow's milk is generally available in several varieties. This made it extremely difficult to load large textures into the rendering engine, especially textures with high color depth.

Condensed milk is distributed in metal cans, 250 and 125 ml paper containers and 100 and 200 ml squeeze tubes, and powdered milk (skim and whole) is distributed in boxes or bags. One major flaw was the limited texture cache of 4KB. Milk comes in a variety of containers with local variants:. The Nintendo 64 had some glaring weaknesses that were caused by a combination of oversight on the part of the hardware designers, limitations on 3D technology of the time, and manufacturing capabilities. Many people feel that such "UV protected" milk tastes better. Two of the SGI microcodes. Ultraviolet light from fluorescent lighting can destroy some of the proteins in milk so many companies that once distributed milk in transparent or highly translucent containers are now using thicker materials that block the harmful rays. Factor 5, Boss Game Studios, and Rare).

Most people purchase milk in plastic jugs or bags or in waxed-paper cartons. Several companies were able to create custom microcode programs that ran their software far better than SGI's generic software (i.e. Glass milk containers are rare these days. Some developers noted that the default SGI microcode ("Fast3D") was actually quite poorly profiled for use in games (it was too accurate), and performance suffered as a result. Milk preserved in this fashion does not need to be refrigerated before opening and has a longer shelf life than milk in ordinary packaging. As a result, it was extremely easy to make mistakes that would be very hard to track down; mistakes that could cause seemingly random bugs or glitches. Milk preserved by the UHT process is sold in boxes often called a "brick" that lack the peak of the traditional milk carton. Programming RSP microcode was said to be quite difficult because the N64 µcode tools were very basic, with no debugger, and poor documentation.

In the US, pictures of missing children were printed on the larger milk cartons as a public service until it was determined that this was disturbing to children. However, Nintendo was quite unwilling to share the microcode tools with developers until the end of N64's lifecycle when they shared this information with a select number of companies. The half-pint milk carton is the traditional unit as a component of school lunches. By altering the microcode run on the device it can perform different operations, create new effects, be better tuned for speed or quality, among other possibilities. Recently milk has been sold in smaller resealable bottles made to fit in automobile cup holders. The RSP is completely programmable, through microcode (µcode). First the gallon and half-gallon sizes were sold in plastic jugs while the smaller sizes were sold in milk cartons. This created a fascinating system that was quite flexible and moldable to the game's needs, but it also assumed the programmer would be able to properly profile the code to optimize usage of each part of the machine.

Now milk is increasingly sold in plastic bottles. Workload on N64 could be arranged almost in any way the programmer saw fit. In the United States bottles were replaced with milk cartons, tall boxes with a square cross-section and a peaked top that can folded outward upon opening to form a spout. It was relatively common to do audio on the main CPU to increase the graphics performance. In New Zealand, milk is no longer distributed in glass bottles. Nintendo 64 was one of the few consoles without a dedicated audio chip so these tasks fell on the RSP and/or CPU. In the UK, milk can be delivered daily by a milkman who travels his local milk round (route) using a battery-powered milk float, although this is becoming less popular as a result of supermarkets selling milk at cheaper prices. In a typical N64 game the RSP would do transforms, lighting, clipping, triangle setup, and some of the audio decoding.

Prior to the widespread use of plastics, milk was often distributed to consumers in glass bottles, and before that in bulk that was ladled into the customer's container. The RSP was the transform portion of the RCP, although it was really just a DSP, similar to a MIPS R4000 core, designed to work with 8-bit integer vector operations. People buy it chilled at grocery or convenience stores or similar retail outlets. The RDP component basically just read a FIFO buffer and rasterized polygons. In many countries milk used to be delivered to households daily, but economic pressure has made milk delivery much less popular, and in many areas daily delivery is no longer avialable. The CPU was primarily used for game logic, such as input management, some audio, and AI, while the RCP did everything else. Because of the perishable nature of milk, expeditious distribution is desirable. The Nintendo Revolution uses "12cm discs" for storage, which are just encrypted DVDs, thus making it the first Nintendo console to use a standardized storage format.

http://www.notmilk.com/kradjian.html. In 2001, the Nintendo 64 was replaced by the disc-based Nintendo GameCube, although even with this system they refused to use mainstream CD/DVD technology, opting for the DVD-based but incompatible GameCube Optical Disc. This article, published by PETA, highlights some of the debate. The N64 also secured its share of the mature audience thanks to GoldenEye 007, Resident Evil 2, Shadow Man, Doom 64 and Quake II. Also there has been some controversy over whether or not humans, or any other mammals, are designed to consume milk after infancy. Much of this success was credited to Nintendo's strong first-party franchises, such as Mario and Zelda, which had strong name brand appeal yet appeared exclusively on Nintendo platforms. The following studies are used to support this position:. N64 took second place for its generation of consoles while the PlayStation finished first, with 40% and 51% of the market respectively.

Overconsumption of Cow's milk is argued to be unhealthy primarily due to its fat and cholesterol content. Despite the controversies, the N64 still managed to support many popular games, giving it a long life run. [2]. While most PlayStation games rarely exceeded $50, N64 titles could reach $80. Overweight individuals who drink milk may benefit from decreased risk of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Publishers had to pass these higher expenses to the consumer so N64 games tended to sell for slightly higher prices than PlayStation games did. Studies show possible links between low-fat milk consumption and reduced risk of arterial hypertension, coronary heart disease, and obesity. The cost of producing an N64 cartridge was far higher than producing a CD: one gaming magazine at the time cited average costs of twenty-five dollars per cartridge, versus 10 cents per CD.

A serving (1 cup or 250 ml) of 2%-fat milk contains 285 mg of calcium, which represents 22% to 29% of the daily recommended intake (DRI) of calcium for an adult, depending on the age, 8 grams of protein, and a number of other nutrients (either naturally or through fortification):. This incident provided a highly-publicized denunciation of Nintendo's cartridge-based system which caused negative publicity for Nintendo. Raw Milk Versus Pasteurized Milk. Despite the fact that all six previous Final Fantasy games had been published on Nintendo systems, the series' producer, Squaresoft, chose to release Final Fantasy VII on the Sony PlayStation. The resulting pasteurized product is said to contribute to its own indigestability, be less nutritious, and turn rancid (as opposed to sour) with age. disc debate came to an infamous climax during the release of Final Fantasy VII. Those preferring raw milk argue that the pasteurization process also kills beneficial microorganisms and important nutritional constituents. The cartridge vs.

South Australia has the highest consumption of flavoured milk per person, where Farmers Union Iced Coffee outsells Coca-Cola, a success shared only by Inca Kola in Peru and Irn-Bru in Scotland. As a result many game developers which had traditionally supported Nintendo game consoles were now developing games for the competition because of the higher profit margins found on CD based platforms. Chocolate-flavored milk has been sold for many years, followed recently by other flavors of milk and cream. These discs are much cheaper to manufacture and distribute, resulting in lower costs to third party game publishers. Milk often has flavoring added to it for better taste or as a means of improving sales. At that time, competing systems from Sony and Sega (the PlayStation and Saturn, respectively) were using CD-ROM discs to store their games. Milk, sold commercially in countries where the cattle (and often the people) live indoors, commonly has vitamin D added to it to make up for lack of exposure to UVB radiation. Later cartridges such as Resident Evil 2 featured more ROM space, which demonstrated that N64 was capable of detailed in-game graphics when the media permitted, but this performance came late in the console war and at a high price.

This mechanically reduces the size of the fat globules, so that they will not separate out into a cream layer. While N64 games generally had higher polygon counts, the limited storage size of ROM carts limited the amount of available textures, resulting in games which had a plain and flat-shaded look. A complementary process for commercial milk is homogenization. Graphically, benefits of the Nintendo cartridge system were mixed. In many countries it is illegal to sell milk that is not pasteurized. Nintendo later approached the Dutch electronics giant Philips to develop a Super NES CD-ROM drive, but that deal also went nowhere. Dairies print expiration dates on each container, after which stores will remove any unsold milk from their shelves. Nintendo sued Sony over the PlayStation name, although they later settled.

Pasteurized milk is still perishable and must be stored cold by both suppliers and consumers. Sony reportedly kept the name for their later 32-bit system to spite Nintendo. Pasteurization kills many harmful microorganisms by heating the milk for a short time and then cooling it for storage and transportation. In addition to the CD-ROM add on, Sony would release a combination Super NES/CD-ROM system in one unit, which would have been called the PlayStation. Milk produced for commercial consumption usually undergoes several processes. Nintendo later backed out of the contract due to Sony's insistence that they would receive all licensing revenue for games released on CD-ROM. Half-and-half is used for creaming coffee and similar uses. While Nintendo chose the cartridge format for the N64, the company originally signed a contract with Sony in 1988 to develop a CD-ROM drive add-on for the SNES.

In the United States, a blended mixture of half cream and half milk is often sold in smaller quantities and is called half-and-half. Nintendo's choice had several advantages:. The cream is often sold as a separate product with its own uses. The Nintendo 64 was the last mainstream home video game console to use ROM cartridges to store its games. Upon standing, fresh milk has a tendency to separate into a high-fat cream layer on top of a larger, skim-milk layer. In G4's recent 'Top 10 Games Consoles' feature, the Nintendo 64 was voted number one against other consoles. Most dairies are local companies, as opposed to large or nationwide companies found in the southern hemisphere.
The last Nintendo 64 game to be released in the United States was Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 3 on August 20, 2002 while Mario Party 3 released on 16 November 2001 was the last title Europe would see.

In North America a dairy facility processes milk and products obtained from milk (dairy products), such as cream, butter, and cheese. Some of their more popular titles include:. Dairy farming has become such a large business that in many countries the process is highly automated, with farmers using machines that attach directly to the teats of the cow's udder to speed milking, and breeds of cattle, such as Holstein, specially bred for increased milk production. Apart from Nintendo's own in-house development, Rareware produced a steady stream of titles for the N64. It is the most commonly consumed form of milk. Super Mario 64 is still considered to have set the standard for 3D platform games and is considered by many to be one of the greatest games ever published. In the Western world, cow's milk is extracted on an industrial scale for human consumption and industrial uses. Some of Nintendo's most notable games for the N64 are:.

Some human populations (most notably Europeans) retain the ability to digest lactose into adulthood. The early N64 development system was an SGI Indy equipped with an add-on board that contained a full N64 system. In humans, production of lactase can decline in adulthood, leading to an inability to digest milk; this is known as lactose intolerance. The system was designed by Silicon Graphics Inc., and features their trademark dithered 32-bit graphics. Lactose in milk is digested with the help of the enzyme lactase. Regardless, the Nintendo 64 was the first popular system to have these features. Factors such as the type of protein; the proportion of protein, fat, and sugar; the levels of various vitamins and minerals; and the size of the butterfat globules and the strength of the curd are among those than can vary.[1] For example:. The Vectrex in fact had introduced analog joysticks, while the first to feature four controller ports was the Bally Astrocade.

The composition of milk differs widely between species. The first game console to bill itself as "64-bit" was actually the Atari Jaguar (although the truth of this is disputed, as the Jaguar merely had two 32-bit processors- albeit its graphics processor was 64-bit). . Nintendo touted many of the system's more unusual features as groundbreaking and innovative, but many of these features had in fact been implemented before. It can reduce the risk of many diseases in both mother and baby. Killer Instinct was the most advanced game of its time graphically, featuring pre-rendered movie backgrounds which were streamed off the hard drive and animated as the characters moved horizontally. The early lactation milk is known as colostrum, and carries the mother's antibodies to the baby. In fact, the hardware had nothing to do with what was finally released; the arcade games used hard drives and TMS processors.

Human milk is fed to infants through breastfeeding, either directly or by the female expressing her milk to be saved and fed later. After first announcing the project, two companies, Rareware (UK) and Midway (USA), created the arcade games Killer Instinct and Cruis'n USA which claimed to use the Ultra 64 hardware. It can also be used to mean:. . It is also processed into dairy products such as cream, butter, yoghurt, ice-cream, gelato, cheese, casein, whey protein, lactose, condensed milk, powdered milk, and many other food-additive and industrial products. Once unveiled to the public the name changed to Nintendo Ultra 64, referring to its 64-bit processor, and Nintendo dropped "Ultra" from the name on February 1, 1996, just five months before its Japanese debut. The female ability to produce milk is one of the defining characteristics of mammals and provides the primary source of nutrition for newborns before they are able to digest more diverse foods. The name Project Reality came from the speculation within Nintendo that this console could produce CGI on par with then-current supercomputers.

Milk most often means the nutrient fluid produced by the mammary glands of female mammals. During the developmental stages the N64 was referred to by its code name, Project Reality. The milk has dehydrated and become hard and chalky). Official coverage by Nintendo soon followed a few weeks later on the nascent Nintendo Power website, and then in volume #85 of their print magazine. Dry (beyond use. The first published photos from the event were presented on the web via coverage by Game Zero magazine two days after the event. A period of aromatic decay sets in accompanied by mould). The N64 was first publicly introduced on November 24, 1995 as the Nintendo Ultra 64 at the 7th Annual Shoshinkai Software Exhibition in Japan (though preview pictures from the Nintendo "Project Reality" console had been published in American magazines as early as June, 1993).

Coagulation (beyond use. The Nintendo 64 cost $199 at launch in the United States. Curdling (separation of curd and whey will occur but may still be consumable). It was released with only two launch games in Japan and North America (Super Mario 64 and PilotWings 64) while Europe had a third launch title in the form of Star Wars: Shadows of the Empire (which was released earlier in the other markets). Milk is still consumable at this stage). The N64 was released on June 23, 1996 in Japan, September 29, 1996 in North America and Puerto Rico, 1 March 1997 in Europe/Australia and September 1, 1997 in France. Rancid (also called "on the turn". The Nintendo 64, commonly called the N64, is Nintendo's third home video game console.

Reindeer. CD64, by Success Compu. Water buffalo. Z64, by Harrison Electronics. Yaks. Doctor V64 and Doctor V64jr, by Bung Enterprises Ltd. Camels (including the South American camelids). Adapters to play Game Boy games - there is an unofficial adaptor to play Game Boy cartridges, similar to the Super Game Boy and an official adapter, able to play Game Boy Color games (never released).

Donkeys. It featured networking capabilities similar to the (SNES) Satellaview. Horses. 64DD - The official N64 Disk Drive attachment was a commercial failure and was consequently never released outside of Japan. Goats. Rare's Perfect Dark was initially going to be compatible with the Transfer Pak in order to use pictures taken with the Game Boy Camera in the game but this function was scrapped. Sheep. Pokémon Stadium is a game that relies heavily on the Transfer Pak.

Skim (no fat). Transfer Pak - an accessory that plugged into the controller and allowed the Nintendo 64 to transfer data between Game Boy and N64 games. 1/2 % (very low fat). It has (since its release in 1997 alongside Star Fox 64) become a built-in standard for the current generation console controllers. 1 % (low fat). Rumble Pak - an accessory that plugged into the controller and vibrated during game play. 2 % (reduced fat). Mad Catz marketed its own version of Expansion Pak called the High Rez Pack doing the same job for less money, though there were reports of overheating due to inferior quality.

Whole varieties. The expansion pack was shipped with some games and also available separately. Skimmed (about 0.1% fat). Supporting games usually offered higher video resolutions when it was present, or in the case of Perfect Dark, unlocked 100% of game play. Semi-skimmed ("reduced fat" or "low fat", about 1.5-1.8% fat). Only a few games such as Perfect Dark and Star Wars: Rogue Squadron supported the expansion, while games such as Donkey Kong 64 and The Legend of Zelda: Majora's Mask required it for play. Full cream (or "whole" in North America, about 3.25% fat). It contained 4MB of RAM.

The bag is then placed in a plastic jug and the corner cut off before the milk is poured. Expansion Pak - a memory expansion that plugged into the console's memory expansion port. South Africa: Commonly sold in 1 litre bags. Games by Konami were particularly notorious as they often required the controller Pak to save even though the games could have easily contained three or more save-slots (such as in the case of Holy Magic Century). Most UHT-milk is packed in 1 litre paper containers with a sealed plastic spout. Over time, the Controller Pak lost ground to the convenience of a back-up battery (or flash memory) found in some cartridges. Australia and New Zealand: Distributed in a variety of sizes, most commonly in Tetra Paks for up to 1 litres, and plastic screw-top bottles beyond that. A Controller Pak was initially useful or even necessary for the earlier N64 games.

United Kingdom: Most stores stock the equivalents of old Imperial sizes: 568 ml (1 pint), 1.136 l (2 pints), 2.273 l (4 pints) or, rarely, a combination including both metric and imperial sizes). The number of pages that a game occupied varied. Parts of Europe: Sizes of 500 millilitres, 1 litre (the most common), 2 litres and 3 litres are commonplace. The original models from Nintendo offered 256KB Flash RAM, split into 123 pages, but third party models had much more, often in the form of compressed memory. 4 litre plastic jugs are also available. Controller Pak - a memory card that plugged into the controller and allowed the player to save game progress and configuration. Canada: A 1 1/3 litre plastic bag (sold as 4 litres in 3 bags) is the most common, while 2 litre, 1 litre, 500 millilitre, and 250 millilitre cartons are also available. Nintendo never allowed this code to be used in shipping games.

The US single-serving size is usually the half-pint (about 240 ml). Turbo3D microcode: 500,000-600,000 polygons per second with PSX quality. customary units) of rigid plastic or, occasionally for sizes less than a gallon, waxed cardboard. Fast3D microcode: < ~100,000 polygons per second. United States: Commonly sold in gallon, half-gallon and quart containers (U.S. Controller: 1 analog stick; 2 shoulder buttons; one digital cross pad; six face buttons, 'start' button, and one digital trigger. A review published by the World Cancer Research Fund and the American Institute for Cancer Research states that at least 11 human population studies have linked dairy product consumption and prostate cancer. Weight: 2.4 lb (1.1 kg).

There is no evidence that any such problem is specific to milk. Dimensions: 10.23 x 7.48 x 2.87 inches (260 x 190 x 73mm) WxDxH

    . A study suggests a correlation between high calcium intake and prostate cancer.[10]. Media: 4 MB to 64 MB (32-Mbit to 512-Mbit) cartridges. [8][9]. Sampling: 48 kHz (max, 44.1 kHz is CD-quality). Two studies show a correlation between high galactose consumption, and high rates of ovarian cancer. Channels: 100 PCM (max, 16-24 avg.).

    A February 2005 study found a positive association between acne and the consumption of whole milk, skim milk, and other dairy products in high-school-age women.[7]. Sound: 16-bit ADPCM Stereo

      . Researchers were surprised by their conclusion that weight gain was associated with dietary calcium and low-fat or skim milk, but not dairy fat.[6]. 150,000 polygon/s (all RDP features enabled). A study published in June 2005 suggests that consumption of milk by 9- to 14-year-old children is associated with weight gain, although the researchers identify that excessive calorie intake is the cause rather than dairy specific factors. Colors: 16.7 million (32,768 on-screen). Critics of milk claim that plant-based sources of calcium are preferable, on the grounds that animal proteins in milk causes leaching or excretion of calcium from bones.[5] Such critics refute the claim that milk prevents osteoporosis and make the counterclaim that milk, in fact, contributes to that disease. Resolution: 256x224 to 640x480 pixels flicker-free, interlaced.

      Studies have failed to associate high calcium intakes with lower risk of hip and forearm fractures in men[3] or women[4]. Environment mapping. Critics dispute the claim that drinking large amounts of milk can reduce the risk of bone fractures, especially in the elderly. Perspective correction. Certain ethnic groups may be more susceptible to these effects. Trilinear Filtered Mipmap Interpolation (increases texture map rendering speed). For those individuals, milk may induce symptoms such as cramping, bloating, gas, and diarrhoea. Texture mapping (placing images over shapes, for example mapping a face image to a sphere creates head)

        .

        Up to 70% of humans have an incomplete ability to digest milk, lactose intolerance. Anti-aliasing (smoothes jagged lines and edges). Low-fat and non-fat forms of milk may mitigate any such risk. Z-buffering (maintains 3D spatial relationships, is Mario in front of the tree or vice-versa?). Some milk is rich in saturated fat, which studies have linked to increased risk of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. RDP (Reality Drawing Processor) handles all pixel drawing operations in hardware, such as:

          . Conjugated linoleic acid - beneficial fatty acid that inhibits several types of cancer in mice, has been shown to kill human skin cancer, colorectal cancer and breast cancer cells in in vitro studies, and may help lower cholesterol and prevent atherosclerosis; only available in milk from grass-fed cows. RSP (Reality Signal Processor) controls 3D graphics and sound functions.

          Thiamine - B-vitamin important for cognitive function, especially memory. Graphics: SGI 62.5MHz RCP (Reality Coprocessor) contains two sub-processors:

            . Selenium - cancer-preventive trace mineral. Data path: Custom 9-bit Rambus at 500 MHz (max). Potassium and Magnesium - for cardiovascular health. Bandwidth: 562.5 MB/s. Vitamin A - critical for immune function. RAM: 4 MB RDRAM (upgradeable to 8 MB with 4MB Expansion Pak)
              .

              Biotin and Pantothenic Acid - B vitamins important for energy production. Manufactured by NEC using 0.35µm transistor fabrication process. Vitamin B12 and Riboflavin - necessary for cardiovascular health and energy production. 4.6 million transistors. Iodine - a mineral essential for thyroid function. On-chip memory management unit (MMU). Vitamins D and K - essential for bone health. Operations: 93 MIPS (millions of instructions per second).

              Cow's milk contains, on average, 3.4% protein, 3.6% fat, and 4.6% lactose, and supplies 66 kcal of energy per 100 grams. Bandwidth: 250 MB/s. Human milk contains, on average, 1.1% protein, 4.2% fat, 7.0% lactose (a sugar), and supplies 72 kcal of energy per 100 grams. Addressable Memory Space: 4 GB (Virtual 1 TB). Crop milk, the regurgitated substance pigeons feed their young. Instruction Set: MIPS R4000 64-bit. A non-animal substitute such as soy milk, rice milk, and almond milk. Bus Width: 32-bit address and data.

              The white juice and the processed meat of the coconut in more-or-less liquid form, used especially in Thai, Indian (Kerala), and Polynesian cuisine. L1 cache: 24 KB (split: 16 KB instruction, 8 KB data). Processor: 93.75 MHz NEC VR4300 (info), based on MIPS R4300i series 64-bit RISC CPU

                . Storing data at first required a cartridge battery whose energy would diminish over time, though the battery generally lasted for years, and in subsequent games EEPROMs were used instead. Most cartridges store individual profiles and game progress on the cartridge itself, eliminating the need for separate and expensive memory cards.

                It is possible to add specialized support chips (such as coprocessors) to ROM cartridges, as was done on some SNES games. While unauthorized interface devices for the PC were later developed, these devices are rare when compared to a regular CD drive as used on the PlayStation. ROM cartridges are difficult and expensive to duplicate, thus resisting piracy (albeit at the expense of lowered profit margin for Nintendo). This can be observed from the loading screens that appear in many PlayStation games but are virtually non-existent in N64 versions.

                ROM cartridges have very fast load times in comparison to disc based games. Perfect Dark. Killer Instinct Gold. Jet Force Gemini.

                GoldenEye 007. Donkey Kong 64. Diddy Kong Racing. Conker's Bad Fur Day.

                Banjo-Kazooie and its sequel Banjo-Tooie. Blast Corps.. Banjo-Kazooie. Wave Race 64.

                The Legend of Zelda: Majora's Mask. The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time. Super Mario 64. Super Smash Bros..

                Star Fox 64. Paper Mario. Mario Party. Mario Kart 64.