Michigan State University

Michigan State University (MSU) is a public university in East Lansing, Michigan. As the first agricultural college in the United States, it served as a model for future Land Grant colleges under the 1862 Morrill Act. Best known for its academic programs in education and agriculture, MSU pioneered the studies of packaging and music therapy. MSU's study abroad program is the largest of any single-campus university in the nation, and offers more than 200 programs in more than 60 countries on all continents including Antarctica

Following the introduction of the Morrill Act, the college became co-educational and expanded its curriculum beyond agriculture. After World War II, the number of students tripled as the institution became a major university. Today, MSU has 45,166 students on a 5,200 acre (2100 ha) campus, making it the nation's sixth-largest university. As a research university, MSU is one of 60 members of the Association of American Universities, and, like most research universities in the United States, MSU's large size and its emphasis on research have led to teaching assistants teaching many upper-level courses.

MSU's Division I sports teams are nicknamed the Spartans. They compete in the Big Ten Conference in all sports except ice hockey, which is part of the Central Collegiate Hockey Association. MSU's football team won the Rose Bowls in 1954, 1956, and 1988. Its men's basketball team won the NCAA National Championship in 1979 and 2000. In recent years, MSU's successes on the basketball court have led to student riots that have strained relations between the students and the permanent residents of East Lansing.

History

Agriculture school

The Michigan Constitution of 1850 called for the creation of an "agricultural school",^[3] though it was not until February 12, 1855, that Michigan Governor Kinsley S. Bingham signed a bill establishing the nation's first agriculture college, the Agricultural College of the State of Michigan.^[4] Classes began in May 1857 with three buildings, five faculty members, and 63 male students. The first president, Joseph R. Williams, designed a curriculum that required more scientific study than practically any undergraduate institution of the era. It balanced science, liberal arts, and practical training. The curriculum excluded Latin and Greek studies, since most applicants did not study any classical languages in their rural high schools. However, it did require three hours of daily manual labor, which kept costs down for both the students and the College.^[5] Despite Williams' innovations and his defense of education for the masses, the State Board of Education saw Williams' curriculum as elitist. They forced him to resign in 1859 and reduced the curriculum to a two-year vocational program.

Land Grant pioneer

In 1860, Joseph Williams became acting lieutenant governor^[6] and helped pass the Reorganization Act of 1861. This gave the College a four-year curriculum and the power to grant master's degrees. Under the act, a newly-created body, known as the State Board of Agriculture, took over from the State Board of Education in running the institution.^[7] The College changed its name to State Agricultural College, and its first class graduated in the same year. However, there was no time for an elaborate graduation ceremony: the American Civil War had just begun, and the first alumni were drafted into the war effort. The following year, Abraham Lincoln signed the Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act to support similar colleges, making the Michigan school a national model. Williams never witnessed the cause to which he had dedicated so much of his life, having taken ill and died the previous year.

Co-ed college

The college first admitted women in 1870, although at that time there were no female dormitories. The few women who enrolled either boarded with faculty families or made the arduous stagecoach trek from Lansing. Nonetheless, even from the early days female students took the same rigorous scientific agriculture courses as male students. In 1896, the faculty created a "Women Course" that melded a home economics curriculum with liberal arts and sciences. That same year, the College turned the old Abbot Hall male dorm into a women's dormitory and more firmly established itself as co-ed. However, it was not until 1899 that the State Agricultural College admitted its first African American student, William O. Thompson. He went on to teach at what is now Tuskegee University under the wing of Booker T. Washington, whom President Jonathan L. Snyder invited to be the Class of 1900 commencement speaker. A few years later, Myrtle Craig became the first female African American student to enroll at the College. Along with the Class of 1907, she received her degree from U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt, commencement speaker for the Semi-Centennial celebration. The City of East Lansing was incorporated in that same year,^[8] and two years later the college officially changed its name to Michigan Agricultural College (M.A.C.).

Big Ten university

During the early 20th century, M.A.C. expanded its curriculum well beyond agriculture. By 1925, it had expanded enough that it changed its name to Michigan State College of Agriculture and Applied Science (M.S.C.). In 1941, the Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture, John A. Hannah, became president of the College. He began the largest expansion in the institution's history, with the help of the 1945 G.I. Bill, which helped World War II veterans to receive an education. One of Hannah's strategies was to build a new dormitory building, enroll enough students to fill it, and use the income to start construction on a new dormitory. Under his plan, enrollment increased from 15,000 in 1950 to 38,000 in 1965.^[9] Hannah also got the chance to improve the athletic reputation of M.S.C. when the University of Chicago resigned from the Big Ten Conference in 1946. Hannah lobbied hard to take its place, gaining admission in 1950. Five years later, in its Centennial year of 1955, the State of Michigan renamed the College as Michigan State University of Agriculture and Applied Science.^[10] Nine years after that, the University governing body changed its name from the State Board of Agriculture to the MSU Board of Trustees. The State of Michigan finally allowed the University to drop the words "Agriculture and Applied Science" from its name. Since 1964, the institution has gone by the name of Michigan State University.

Global leader by 2012?

Since the end of the Hannah era, Michigan State has shifted its focus from increasing the size of its student body to improving its national and global reputation, which has not been easy. In recent years, "town and gown" relations have soured as students and permanent residents looked at each other with increasing hostility. Tensions worsened when East Lansing erupted in riots in 1997,^[11] 1998,^[12] and 1999.^[13] After several years without major incidents, another disturbance happened on April 2, 2005, after MSU's defeat to North Carolina in the 2005 men's basketball Final Four.^[14] Officially deemed a "civil disturbance" rather than a riot, the incident sparked a debate over police brutality in East Lansing, which has yet to be resolved. Despite the damage to MSU's image, the University looks to improve its academic reputation in the 21st century. In September 2005, current president Lou Anna Simon called for MSU to become the global model leader for Land Grant institutions by the year 2012. Her plans include creating a new residential college and increasing National Institutes of Health donations past the $100 million mark. While there are over 100 Land Grant universities in the nation, she has stated that she would like Michigan State University to be the leader.^[15]

Campus

MSU's sprawling campus is located in East Lansing on the banks of the Red Cedar River. The campus started in 1857 with three buildings: a multipurpose building called College Hall, a dormitory later called "Saints' Rest", and a barn. Today, MSU's contiguous campus consists of 5,200 acres (2104 ha), 2,000 acres (809.4 h²) of which are developed. There are currently 676 buildings: 203 for academics, 154 for agriculture, 245 for housing and food service, as well as 74 other buildings. Overall, the University has 21,931,085 square feet (2,037,464.5 m²) of total indoor space.^[16] MSU also owns 44 non-campus properties, totaling 22,000 acres (8903 ha) in 28 different counties.^[17]

North campus

The oldest part of campus is on the north bank of the Red Cedar. It includes Collegiate Gothic architecture, plentiful trees, and curving roads with few straight lines. It was in this area that the College built its first three buildings, of which none survive. Other historic buildings north of the river include Cowles House, the president's official residence, and Beaumont Tower, a carillon clock tower marking the site of College Hall, the original classroom building. To the east lies Eustace-Cole Hall and Marshall-Adams Hall, America's first freestanding laboratories for horticulture and bacteriology, respectively.^[18] Other landmarks include the statue of former president John A. Hannah, the W. J. Beal Botanical Garden, and the painted boulder known as "The Rock", which is a popular spot for theatre, tailgating, and candlelight vigils. On the northwest corner of campus lies the University's hotel, the Kellogg Hotel and Conference Center.

South campus

The campus south of the river consists mostly of post-World War II International Style buildings with sparse foliage, relatively straight roadways, and numerous parking lots. The "2020 Vision" Master Plan proposes replacing these parking lots with parking ramps and green space,^[19] but these plans will take many years to reach fruition. As part of the master plan, the University erected a new bronze statue of "The Spartan" in 2005. This replica replaced the original terra cotta statue, which can still be seen on the west concourse of the Spartan Stadium. Notable academic and research buildings on the South Campus include the Cyclotron and the College of Law. This part of campus is home to the MSU Horticulture Gardens and the adjoining 4-H Children's Garden. South of the gardens lie the Canadian National and CSX railroads, which divide the main campus from thousands of acres of university-owned farmland.

Academics

MSU has the sixth largest student body in the U.S. There are 45,166 total students, with 35,678 undergraduates and 9,488 graduate and professional students. The student body is 54% female and 46% male. While 89% of students come from all 83 counties in the State of Michigan,^[20] also represented are all 50 states in the U.S. and about 125 other countries.^[21] MSU has about 4,500 faculty and 6,000 staff members, and a student/faculty ratio of 19:1.^[22] Like other large American universities, MSU has a large number of teaching assistants teaching upper-level courses. This led The Princeton Review in 2005 to rank MSU eleventh worst in the category of "teaching assistants teach too many upper-level courses".^[23]

Rankings

Michigan State ranks 77th in the world, according to a Shanghai Jiao Tong University study,^[24] with U.S. News & World Report's ranking MSU 74th in the U.S.^[25] With over 200 academic programs,^[26] MSU has several highly-ranked programs. U.S. News has ranked MSU's graduate-level elementary^[27] and secondary education^[28] programs number one for the last eleven years. In 2001, the last year U.S. News ranked nuclear physics programs, MSU ranked second behind only MIT. Indeed, MSU’s entire Physics & Astronomy department ranks highly based on the number and impact of publications by its faculty. Other programs of note include criminal justice,^[29] music therapy,^[30] packaging,^[31] and political science. MSU's study abroad program is the largest of any single-campus university in the nation with 2,461 students studying abroad in 2004–05 in over 60 countries on all continents, including Antarctica.^[32]

Research

The university spent $289,787,000 on research in 2002,^[33] capping a long history of productive research. In 1877, botany professor William J. Beal performed the first documented genetic crosses to produce hybrid corn, which led to increased yields. MSU dairy professor G. Malcolm Trout invented the process for the homogenization of milk in the 1930s. In the 1960s, MSU scientists developed cisplatin, a leading cancer fighting drug. Today Michigan State continues its research with facilities such as the U.S. Department of Energy-sponsored MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory and a particle accelerator called the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory. In 2004, scientists at the Cyclotron produced and observed a new isotope of the element germanium, called Ge-60.^[34] In that same year, Michigan State, in consortium with the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the government of Brazil, broke ground on the 4.1-meter Southern Astrophysical Research Telescope (SOAR) in the Andes Mountains of Chile. The consortium telescope will allow the Physics & Astronomy department to study galaxy formation and origins.^[35] Since 1999, MSU has been part of another consortium called the Michigan Life Sciences Corridor, which aims to develop biotechnology research in the State of Michigan.^[36]

Endowment

MSU's endowment started in 1916 when the Engineering Building burned down. Automobile magnate R.E. Olds helped the program stay afloat with a gift of $100,000.^[37] While this opened the door for other types of private donations, MSU has often lagged behind peer institutions in terms of endowments. As recently as the early 1990s, MSU was last among the eleven Big Ten schools, with barely over $100 million in endowment funds. However, in the early 2000s, the University started a campaign to increase the size of the endowment. At the close of FY 2004–05, the endowment had risen to $1.325 billion, raising the University to sixth of the 11 Big Ten schools in terms of endowment; within $2M of the fifth-rated school.^[38] The rapid increase in the size of the endowment will help to improve outdated facilities, such as the Music Building, which the music department hopes to soon replace with money from its alumni fundraising program.^[39]

Athletics

MSU's 22 varsity sports teams are called the Spartans. The mascot is a Spartan warrior named Sparty. The university's colors are green and white. The university participates in the NCAA's Division I-A and in the Big Ten Conference in all Varsity sports except ice hockey, which competes in the Central Collegiate Hockey Association. Michigan State offers 14 varsity sports for men and 15 for women.^[40] The university's current Athletic Director is Ron Mason, who served as head hockey coach from 1979 to 2002, retiring with a 608-261-64 record at MSU.^[41] MSU's marching band plays the fight song at every university event, and both students and alumni sing along.

Football

Football has a long tradition at Michigan State. Starting as a club sport in 1884, football gained varsity status in 1896.^[42] In the 1950's, MSU led the nation in desegregation, allowing black athletes in all sports. It won the Rose Bowl in 1954, 1956, and 1988. Today, the team competes in Spartan Stadium, a 72,027 person football stadium in the center of campus. The current coach is John L. Smith, who has an 18-18-0 record.^[43] MSU's traditional archrival is the University of Michigan, against whom they compete for the Paul Bunyan Trophy. MSU is traditionally the underdog, with a 28-65-5 record in the annual game.^[44] Michigan State is one of three Big Ten teams to have an annual non-conference football game against the Notre Dame. MSU's record against the Fighting Irish is 25-43-1.^[45]

Men's basketball

MSU's men's basketball team has won the National Championship twice: in 1979 and again in 2000. The 2000 team was led by the "Flintstones", four players (Morris Peterson, Charlie Bell, Mateen Cleaves, and Antonio Smith) from Flint, Michigan who were key to the Spartans' success. On December 13, 2003, Michigan State and Kentucky played at the most-attended basketball game, when they held a match in front of 78,129 at Ford Field, a stadium in Detroit. Kentucky won 79-74.^[46] The team currently plays at the Breslin Student Events Center under head coach Tom Izzo, who has a 233-97 record.^[47] Izzo's coaching has helped the team make four of the last seven NCAA Final Fours, winning the title in 2000.

Student life

East Lansing is very much a college town, with 58.6% of the population between the ages of 18 and 24.^[48] President John A. Hannah's push to expand in the 1950s and 1960s resulted in the largest residence hall system in the nation.^[49] 16,000 students live in MSU's 23 undergraduate halls, one graduate hall, and three apartment villages. Each residence hall has its own hall government, with representatives in the Residence Halls Association (RHA). Among the larger schools, MSU pioneered the "living-learning" residential concept with classrooms, labs, libraries and faculty offices contained within many residence halls and complexes. Living-learning, a modern derivation of the ancient Oxbridge residential college, affords students more direct access to faculty and facilities within the large research university. Fifty eight percent (58%) of students live off-campus,^[50] mostly in the "student ghettos" of East Lansing. One of these student-dominated neighborhoods — Cedar Village — has been the site of several March Madness riots. The city since has declared Cedar Village "blighted", and proposed to redevelop the 35 acre (14 ha) site as a complex of upscale condominiums and retail stores called East Village. Led by several fraternities in the affected area, students have mounted a campaign against the redevelopment plan.^[51] As of 2006, the plan remains at a stalemate.^[52]

Activism

Activists have played an important role in MSU history, especially during the height of the Vietnam War, during which student protests led to the resignation of President John A. Hannah and the creation of co-ed residence halls. Student protests in the 1970s blocked the routing of Interstate 496 through campus. In the 1980s, MSU students got the University to remove the stocks of companies doing business in apartheid South Africa from its endowment portfolio, such as Coca-Cola.^[53] Today, many student groups are focused on political change. The student government is the Associated Students of Michigan State University (ASMSU). It is known for its unusual nonpartisan bicameral structure, which includes the parallel Student Assembly and Academic Assembly.^[54] ASMSU serves as an umbrella group for many other campus organizations, such as the Council of Racial and Ethnic Students and the Council of Progressive Students, (CORES & COPS), which themselves are umbrella groups for such organizations as the Black Student Alliance, the Jewish Student Union, and the Women's Council. Graduate campus groups include the Graduate Employees Union (GEU) and the Council of Graduate Students (COGS). The College Republicans and the College Democrats are very active, although several other political groups thrive. Other partisan activist groups include Young Americans for Freedom on the right and Students for Economic Justice on the left. Given MSU's proximity to the Michigan state capital of Lansing, many politically-inclined Spartans get internships for the state representatives.

Media

MSU has a variety of campus media outlets. The student-run newspaper, the State News, is the nation's most widely distributed campus newspaper. Free copies of the paper are online or at newsstands around campus and the city. The State News prints 28,500 copies of the paper Monday through Friday during the fall and spring semesters, and 15,000 copies three times a week during the summer.^[55] The paper is not published on weekends, holidays, or semester breaks. The campus yearbook, the Red Cedar Log, is the largest in the nation. The university has its own television station, a PBS affiliate called WKAR-TV. The station is the second-oldest educational television station in the United States, and the oldest east of the Mississippi River. Besides broadcasting PBS shows, WKAR-TV produces its own local programming, such as a high school quiz bowl show called QuizBusters. MSU has two National Public Radio affiliated radio stations; WKAR-AM plays NPR's talk radio programming, whereas WKAR-FM focuses mostly on classical music programming.^[56] Michigan State also has a student-run radio station, WDBM, which bills itself as "The Impact." WDBM broadcasts mostly alternative music during weekdays. Nightly block programming features alternative country, jazz, blues, metal music, electronic music, and hip hop. On Sundays, the station plays world music and reggae.

People

The current president of the University is Lou Anna Simon, who took over on January 1, 2005, after being appointed by MSU's governing board, the Board of Trustees. The Board receives its mandate from the Michigan Constitution since MSU is a state-owned school. The constitution allows for eight trustees, elected by statewide referendum every two years. Trustees have eight-year terms, with two of the eight elected every other year.^[57] As of 2005, the Board is made up of five Republicans and three Democrats, and has a 4:4 gender balance.^[58]

19th century

Important College leaders in the 1800s include John C. Holmes, who kept the Agriculture School from being a part of the University of Michigan, Joseph R. Williams, the first president, and T.C. Abbot, the third president who stabilized the College after the Civil War. Also of importance was botany professor William J. Beal, an early plant (hybrid corn) geneticist who corresponded with Charles Darwin and championed the laboratory teaching method. Another distinguished faculty member of the era was the alumnus/professor Liberty Hyde Bailey. Bailey was the first to raise the study of horticulture to a science, paralleling botany, which earned him the title of "Father of American Horticulture".^[59] Other famous 19th century graduates include Charles E. St. John, a prominent early astrophysicist and an associate of Albert Einstein, Ray Stannard Baker, a famed "muckraker" journalist and Pulitzer Prize winning biographer of Woodrow Wilson, and William Chandler Bagley, a pioneering education reformer. Prominent 19th century Japanese alumni include Minakata Kumagusu (1888), a renowned environmental scientist, and Michitaro Tsuda (B.S. 1884), who went on to become a member of the Emperor’s Privy Council.

20th/21st centuries

Today, there are about 389,000 living MSU alumni worldwide. Famous MSU alumni include former Michigan governors James Blanchard and John Engler, billionaire Eli Broad, and Teamsters president James P. Hoffa. Alumni in Hollywood include actors James Caan, Anthony Heald, Robert Urich, and Spider-Man director Sam Raimi. Hollywood alike has had its involvement with Michigan State Univerisity—in 1997 actress Angelina Jolie and 2003 pop star Christina Aguilera completed online/correspondence courses through the University.

Spartans formerly or currently in the NBA include Earvin "Magic" Johnson, Steve Smith, Scott Skiles, Jason Richardson, Mateen Cleaves, Alan Anderson, and Zach Randolph. On the American Football League's All-Time Team are tight-end Fred Arbanas and safety George Saimes. In the National Football League, MSU alumni include Morten Andersen, Plaxico Burress, Andre Rison, Derrick Mason, Muhsin Muhammad, T.J. Duckett, Flozell Adams, Julian Peterson, Charles Rogers and Bubba Smith. Former Michigan State players in the National Hockey League include Anson Carter, Adam Hall, John-Michael Liles, brothers Kelly Miller, Kevin Miller and Kip Miller, as well as their cousin Ryan Miller.

Notes

1. ^ Michigan Constitution of 1850. Article 13, Section 11
2. ^ MSU Sesquicentennial Page — Origins of MSU
3. ^ Darling, Birt. (1950). City in the Forest; The Story of Lansing, 121, New York: Stratford House. LCCN 50008202.
4. ^ MSU University Archives and Historical Collection. Joseph R. Williams Biographical Information.
5. ^ MSU University Archives and Historical Collection. Milestones of MSU's Sesquicentennial.
6. ^ Miller, Whitney. (2002). East Lansing: Collegeville Revisited (Images of America), 26, Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 0738520454.
7. ^ Heineman, Kenneth J. (1993). Campus Wars: The Peace Movement at American State Universities in the Vietnam Era, 21, New York: New York University Press. ISBN 0814735126.
8. ^ Kuhn, Madison. (1955). Michigan State: The First Hundred Years, 1855-1955, 471, East Lansing: Michigan State University Press. ISBN 0870132229.
9. ^ Terlep, Sharon. "E.L. turmoil angers city". The State News. September 9, 1997.
10. ^ Mullin, Greg. "17 arrested in weekend riot". The State News. May 4, 1998.
11. ^ Staff reports. "Thousands of revelers crowd streets in violent, fiery riot". The State News. March 28, 1999.
12. ^ Phillips, Lauren. "Police, student actions disputed". The State News. April 4, 2005.
13. ^ Darrow, Bob.Simon: MSU to be model university. The State News. September 9, 2005.
14. ^ MSU Physical Plant. Building Data Summary (PDF File). 2004.
15. ^ MSU Land Management Offfice. "About LMO". August 29, 2005.
16. ^ Stanford, Linda O. (2002). MSU Campus: Buildings, Places, Spaces, 60, East Lansing: Michigan State University Press. ISBN 0870136313.
17. ^ 2020 Vision: A community concept for the Michigan State University campus.
18. ^ Michigan State University Newsroom — MSU Facts
19. ^ The Princeton Review. "Michigan State University: Student Body". 2005.
20. ^ Davis, Amy. (2005). Michigan State University Off the Record, 4, College Prowler. ISBN 1596580836.
21. ^ The Princeton Review. "Teaching Assistants Teach Too Many Upper-Level Courses". 2005.
22. ^ Top 500 World Universities (2005). Institute of Higher Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University. October 1, 2005.
23. ^ U.S. News and World Report: America's Best Colleges 2006: National Universities: Top Schools.
24. ^ StateUniversity.com. Michigan State University.
25. ^ U.S. News and World Report: America's Best Graduate Schools 2006: Elementary Education
26. ^ U.S. News and World Report: America's Best Graduate Schools 2006: Secondary Education
27. ^ Rykert, Wilbur Lewis. "The History of the School of Criminal Justice at Michigan State University 1935-1963" (Masters Thesis). 1985.
28. ^ MSU School of Music. Fast Facts.
29. ^ MSU School of Packaging. History.
30. ^ MSU Office of Study Abroad. Studies in Antarctic System Science — Antarctica
31. ^ The Top American Research Universities The Center. December 2004.
32. ^ MSU Today. New germanium isotope discovered at MSU. July 29, 2004.
33. ^ MSU Today. Points of Pride. March 25, 2005
34. ^ Truscott, John. "Governor Signs Bill Creating "Life Sciences Corridor" in Michigan". Michigan Executive Office press release. July 19, 1999.
35. ^ Rodriguez, Michael (2004). R.E. Olds and Industrial Lansing, 117, Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 073853272X.
36. '^ Seguin, Rick (2006). Endowment surges in growth, rankings. MSU News Bulletin.
37. ^ MSU School of Music. Capital Campaign.
38. ^ The Princeton Review. "Michigan State University: Extracurriculars". 2005.
39. ^ MSU Spartans.com Player Bio: Ron Mason.
40. ^ Grinczel, Steve. (2003). They Are Spartans, 9, Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 0738534142.
41. ^ College Football Data Warehouse. Michigan State Coaching Records.
42. ^ College Football Data Warehouse. Michigan State vs. Michigan.
43. ^ College Football Data Warehouse. Michigan State vs. Notre Dame.
44. ^ MSU Spartans.com Men's Basketball Falls To No. 8 Kentucky, 79-74.
45. ^ MSU Spartans.com Player Bio: Tom Izzo.
46. ^ U.S. Census. East Lansing, Michigan. 2000.
47. ^ Kiernan, Vincent. "Michigan State Asks Students to Turn Off Their Computers Over Winter Break". The Chronicle of Higher Education. January 2, 2003.
48. ^ The Princeton Review. "Michigan State University: Campus Life". 2005.
49. ^ Cendrowski, Scott. "FarmHouse and friends fight East Village plan". December 7, 2005.
50. ^ Darrow, Bob. "Planning commission makes little progress on future of Cedar Village area". December 15, 2005.
51. ^ U.S. Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs. (1985). The Anti-Apartheid Act of 1985, 213, Washington:U.S. Government Printing Office.
52. ^ Associated Students of Michigan State University. Constitution.
53. ^ The State News Masthead
54. ^ WKAR Radio FM 90.5 and AM 870 from Michigan State University.
55. ^ Michigan Constitution of 1963. Article VIII. Section 5.
56. ^ Roeschke, Jaclyn. "Ferguson, Foster win MSU trustee seats". The State News. November 5, 2004.
57. ^ Hugo, Nancy (1997). Earth Works: Readings for Backyard Gardeners, 68, University of Virginia Press. ISBN 0813918316.