This page will contain discussion groups about Michael Schumacher, as they become available.Michael Schumacher |
Michael Schumacher (born January 3, 1969) is a German Formula One (F1) driver. He is statistically the most successful F1 driver ever, with the most career victories, and a record seven world driver championships. As of 2004, he earns an estimated US$80 million annually, including all his endorsement deals. One notable deal is with the German investment counselling Deutsche Vermögensberatung, which will pay him US$8 million over three years for him to wear a four-inch ad on his post-race hat.
Schumacher was born in Hürth (close to Cologne). He began racing karts at the age of four in a home-made kart built by his father, Rolf, who managed the local karting track (located in Kerpen, Schumacher's hometown). He obtained his first license, and began racing competitively, by age twelve. Between 1984 and 1987, Michael won numerous German and European kart championships, including the Formula Konig Series. In 1988, Schumacher raced in the Formula Ford series, and over the next two years competed in the German Formula 3 series, winning the title in 1990. In 1991, he continued his ascent up the racing ladder, joining the Mercedes junior racing program in the World Endurance Championship, , winning races in Mexico City and at Autopolis, at the wheel of a Sauber-Mercedes C291. He also briefly competed in the Japanese Formula 3000 Championship and the German Touring Car Championship in the early 1990s.
Schumacher made his F1 debut in 1991 as a replacement driver for the imprisoned Bertrand Gachot (incarcerated for spraying CS gas at a London taxicab-driver's face). Eddie Jordan signed Michael to his Jordan team at the Belgian Grand Prix, where Michael astonished everyone by qualifying seventh, in his first competition in an F1 vehicle. He was quickly signed by Benetton-Ford for the next race, and immediately showed great potential. The following year, 1992, he won his first F1 race (again at the Belgian Grand Prix, on August 30), and he placed third that year in the driver championship.
Schumacher won his first championship in 1994 while driving for Benetton in an extremely exciting and closely-contested season. He won the first four races of the year, and six of the first seven events. However, in the latter portion of the year, competitor Damon Hill began to edge closer to Schumacher in the standings, aided by two technical disqualifications of Schumacher's Benetton (in Britain and Belgium). Leading by a single point going into the final race in Australia, Schumacher clinched the title after a collision with Hill knocked both drivers out of the running. Schumacher successfully defended his crown in the 1995 season, accumulating 30 more points than the second place driver, who was once again Hill. With teammate Johnny Herbert, he also helped Benetton win its first (and only) constructors' championship. In his two first championship seasons, Schumacher won 17 races, achieved 21 podiums, and notched ten pole positions. During this span of 31 grands prix, only once did he qualify worse than fourth position.
In 1996, Michael signed a contract with Ferrari, which at the time was a highly risky move, given Ferrari's championship drought (the Italian-based giants had not won a title in well over a decade). After several rebuilding years, Schumacher helped Ferrari win the constructors title in 1999; however, his hope for another driver championship were dashed at that year's British Grand Prix, where he crashed heavily and broke his leg, causing him to miss six races. But Michael would re-claim personal glory once again in 2000, winning his third drivers title (and Ferrari's first since Jody Scheckter in 1979). During the next year (2001), while en route to his fourth drivers title, he broke Alain Prost's record for most grand prix wins. In a dominant 2002, he easily took his fifth drivers title (equalling the record set by Juan Manuel Fangio) due to his driving talent and the sheer dominance of his Ferrari machinery, which won 15 of the 17 races that season. In 2003, he broke Fangio's record by winning the drivers title for the sixth time in a closely-contested season (afterward making front-page headlines in the tabloid The Sun by trashing a hotel suite and madly piloting a forklift around the paddock). Schumacher started off the 2004 championship with typical domination, winning a record twelve of the first thirteen races of the season; he clinched the seventh drivers title of his unequalled F1 career where it all began for him: at the Belgian Grand Prix. He would finish the season with a record 148 points.
Schumacher in the Paddock at the USGP in 2002Since the 1994 death of Ayrton Senna, Schumacher has been widely regarded as the fastest driver in F1 and the most dominant driver of his era. However, Schumacher's driving tactics have been called into question by some observers who note that, in his early racing years, Schumacher had a tendency to crash into his rivals in championship-deciding races. Some (but by no means all) observers considered his crashes to be deliberate attempts on Michael's behalf to take rivals out of a race, which (if true) would be not only bad sportsmanship but also incredibly dangerous, given the fragile, super-fast open-wheel race cars. The two most-cited examples are the 1994 Australian Grand Prix (where a crash with Damon Hill in the last race of the year ensured Schumacher's first drivers championship), and the 1997 European Grand Prix (where a collision with eventual champion Jacques Villeneuve led to Schumacher's disqualification for dangerous driving). Schumacher's car was also disqualified at some races due to technical infringements of race rules. In more recent years, however, his success with Ferrari, moderation of his on-track tactics, and a more relaxed public persona have rehabilitated Schumacher's image for most fans.
Schumacher married Corinna (née Betsch) in August 1995; they have two children together, daughter Gina-Maria (b. 1997) and son Mick (b. 1999), and they currently reside in Vufflens-le-Château, Switzerland near Lake Geneva. Michael is fiercely protective of his private life and takes every effort to keep his family out of the spotlight. Michael's younger brother Ralf, six years his junior, is also an F1 driver. Michael's off-track interests include playing football (soccer), playing tennis, swimming, and skiing. His nicknames are the "Red Baron" and "Schumi".
In 2005, Schumacher donated more than 10m USD for charity to the 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake in a charity show on the German television network ZDF. It was later announced that Schumacher's bodyguard, Burkhard Cramer, had died while on holiday in Phuket, Thailand and that his two sons were still missing.
after Brazilian Grand Prix (October 24, 2004)
Schumacher celebrates his win at the 2004 USGPRecord to beat: Ayrton Senna's 65 pole positions (Schumacher currently has 63 poles).
In terms of percentages Schumacher still sits behind Juan Manuel Fangio and Alberto Ascari. Fangio won 47% of the races he contested, Ascari won 41%. As of the end of 2004 Schumacher has won 39% of his races.
Fangio led 76.5% of the laps he drove and led 78% of the races he started. Schumacher has led 39% of his laps and 59% of his races.
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Schumacher has led 39% of his laps and 59% of his races. Tatooing is also used as a form of 'cosmetic surgery', like permanent cosmetics, to hide or neutralise skin discolorations. Fangio led 76.5% of the laps he drove and led 78% of the races he started. Tattoos may be located anywhere on the animal's body including it's ear (common for small mammals) or inner lip (bears). As of the end of 2004 Schumacher has won 39% of his races. Animals are marked with symbols or alphanumeric characters for identification. Fangio won 47% of the races he contested, Ascari won 41%. Tattooing is also used in managing wildlife and the livestock industry as a marking technique. In terms of percentages Schumacher still sits behind Juan Manuel Fangio and Alberto Ascari. Most tattoo artists recommend them and sell them in their parlors. Record to beat: Ayrton Senna's 65 pole positions (Schumacher currently has 63 poles). These products are safe, efficient and dermatologically tested. after Brazilian Grand Prix (October 24, 2004). In the last few years, new cosmetic and pharmaceutical aftercare products have been developed specifically for the tattoo world. It was later announced that Schumacher's bodyguard, Burkhard Cramer, had died while on holiday in Phuket, Thailand and that his two sons were still missing. Japanese soak the tattoo in hot water to clean it. In 2005, Schumacher donated more than 10m USD for charity to the 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake in a charity show on the German television network ZDF. Some tattooists will recommend leaving the covering on for several hours or overnight, and then gently washing the area. His nicknames are the "Red Baron" and "Schumi". Immediately after completing the tattoo, most tattooists will cover the area to keep out dirt and keep the tattoo from oozing into clothes; sometimes the area is wrapped in clingfilm, paper towel, poultry packs (that come in chicken packs) or gauze. Michael's off-track interests include playing football (soccer), playing tennis, swimming, and skiing. New tattoos are wounds which must be looked after properly. Michael's younger brother Ralf, six years his junior, is also an F1 driver. The majority of these products contain petroleum or lanolin which, when applied to a new tattoo, can clog skin pores and actually retard your body's healing process. There is also the possibility of allergic reactions to these products, and, application to a new tattoo can cause skin reactions leading to loss of ink and permanent damage to your tattoo. Michael is fiercely protective of his private life and takes every effort to keep his family out of the spotlight. These products were intended to prevent cuts, burns, scrapes and abrasions from becoming infected and not for the healing of new tattoos. 1999), and they currently reside in Vufflens-le-Château, Switzerland near Lake Geneva. Tattoo artists have had to recommend a variety of products available from your local drug store. 1997) and son Mick (b. Aftercare for your new tattoo has been a subject of debate in the tattoo community for many years. Schumacher married Corinna (née Betsch) in August 1995; they have two children together, daughter Gina-Maria (b. Many of the most notable tattooists do not belong to any association. In more recent years, however, his success with Ferrari, moderation of his on-track tactics, and a more relaxed public persona have rehabilitated Schumacher's image for most fans. Membership in professional organizations, or certificates of appreciation/achievement, may imply that the artist is aware of the latest trends in equipment and sterilization. Schumacher's car was also disqualified at some races due to technical infringements of race rules. A reputable artist will:. The two most-cited examples are the 1994 Australian Grand Prix (where a crash with Damon Hill in the last race of the year ensured Schumacher's first drivers championship), and the 1997 European Grand Prix (where a collision with eventual champion Jacques Villeneuve led to Schumacher's disqualification for dangerous driving). The studio must have all of the following:. Some (but by no means all) observers considered his crashes to be deliberate attempts on Michael's behalf to take rivals out of a race, which (if true) would be not only bad sportsmanship but also incredibly dangerous, given the fragile, super-fast open-wheel race cars. See the sections under "Risks," above. However, Schumacher's driving tactics have been called into question by some observers who note that, in his early racing years, Schumacher had a tendency to crash into his rivals in championship-deciding races. The television show Mythbusters tested the theory, and concluded that there is no risk of interaction between tattoo inks and MRI. Today the majority of professional tattoos do not contain metal particles and therefore there is no concern with MRI. Since the 1994 death of Ayrton Senna, Schumacher has been widely regarded as the fastest driver in F1 and the most dominant driver of his era. It is likely that this is an urban myth. He would finish the season with a record 148 points. There has been concern about the interaction between magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) procedures and tattoo inks, some of which contain trace metals. It has been claimed that the magnetic fields produced by MRI machines could interact with these metal particles, potentially causing burns or distortions in the image. Schumacher started off the 2004 championship with typical domination, winning a record twelve of the first thirteen races of the season; he clinched the seventh drivers title of his unequalled F1 career where it all began for him: at the Belgian Grand Prix. Shops should appear clean; sinks with hot water and soap should be available in the bathroom as well as in the studio; tattooers should wash their hands regularly and wear latex gloves; surfaces should be cleaned with disinfectant and floors should appear clean; proper procedures for sterilizing equipment should also be followed strictly. In 2003, he broke Fangio's record by winning the drivers title for the sixth time in a closely-contested season (afterward making front-page headlines in the tabloid The Sun by trashing a hotel suite and madly piloting a forklift around the paddock). The risk of infection also be reduced by following obvious precautions. In a dominant 2002, he easily took his fifth drivers title (equalling the record set by Juan Manuel Fangio) due to his driving talent and the sheer dominance of his Ferrari machinery, which won 15 of the 17 races that season. People who are susceptible to infection should know the dangers abrading the skin can have and should consult a physician before getting a tattoo. During the next year (2001), while en route to his fourth drivers title, he broke Alain Prost's record for most grand prix wins. Potential infections include everything from surface infections of the skin to Staphylococcus aureus infections that can cause cardiological damage. But Michael would re-claim personal glory once again in 2000, winning his third drivers title (and Ferrari's first since Jody Scheckter in 1979). Infection from tattooing in clean and modern tattoo studios is rare. After several rebuilding years, Schumacher helped Ferrari win the constructors title in 1999; however, his hope for another driver championship were dashed at that year's British Grand Prix, where he crashed heavily and broke his leg, causing him to miss six races. Some tattoo artists give small tests, by marking a small amount of ink behind the ear to determine if that person has an allergic reaction. In 1996, Michael signed a contract with Ferrari, which at the time was a highly risky move, given Ferrari's championship drought (the Italian-based giants had not won a title in well over a decade). People with allergies should think carefully about getting a tattoo because of the risk of anaphylactic shock (hypersensitive reaction), which can be life threatening. During this span of 31 grands prix, only once did he qualify worse than fourth position. Allergic reactions to tattoo pigments are fairly uncommon except for certain brands of red and green (with which some many people have a slight problem with itching,swelling,redness of the skin,oozing). People who are sensitive or allergic to certain metals may react to pigments in the skin by becoming swollen and/or itchy, oozing of clear sebum is also common. In his two first championship seasons, Schumacher won 17 races, achieved 21 podiums, and notched ten pole positions. The tattooer should know and discuss the risks of disease in tattooing. With teammate Johnny Herbert, he also helped Benetton win its first (and only) constructors' championship. These are used on one client, once only, and are discarded when the session ends. Leading by a single point going into the final race in Australia, Schumacher clinched the title after a collision with Hill knocked both drivers out of the running. Schumacher successfully defended his crown in the 1995 season, accumulating 30 more points than the second place driver, who was once again Hill. To avoid contamination, small amounts of ink are poured from larger bottles into disposable cups. However, in the latter portion of the year, competitor Damon Hill began to edge closer to Schumacher in the standings, aided by two technical disqualifications of Schumacher's Benetton (in Britain and Belgium). In addition, it is important that needles and other instruments do not come in contact with inks that will be used on other clients. He won the first four races of the year, and six of the first seven events. Universal precautions, such as washing the hands, wearing latex gloves and the thorough cleaning of floors and surfaces, also reduce the risk of disease. Schumacher won his first championship in 1994 while driving for Benetton in an extremely exciting and closely-contested season. Most reputable tattoo shops use fresh disposable needles for each client and sterilize reusable instruments between clients using an autoclave. The following year, 1992, he won his first F1 race (again at the Belgian Grand Prix, on August 30), and he placed third that year in the driver championship. Since tattoo instruments come in contact with blood and bodily fluids, diseases may be transmitted if the instruments are used on more than one person without being sterilized. He was quickly signed by Benetton-Ford for the next race, and immediately showed great potential. Permanent tattooing of any form carries risks, including infection, allergy, and disease. Eddie Jordan signed Michael to his Jordan team at the Belgian Grand Prix, where Michael astonished everyone by qualifying seventh, in his first competition in an F1 vehicle. Mehndi has also become popular, particularly in the West, as a form of temporary body decoration with no symbolic meaning. Schumacher made his F1 debut in 1991 as a replacement driver for the imprisoned Bertrand Gachot (incarcerated for spraying CS gas at a London taxicab-driver's face). Mehndi is traditionally applied onto the hands and feet of brides, but there exist traditions in Bangladesh, Kashmir and Sudan where bridegrooms also have Mehndi applied before wedding ceremonies. He also briefly competed in the Japanese Formula 3000 Championship and the German Touring Car Championship in the early 1990s. PPD is very unhealthy and has been known to cause burns[2] (http://www.hennapage.com/henna/warnings.html). In 1991, he continued his ascent up the racing ladder, joining the Mercedes junior racing program in the World Endurance Championship, , winning races in Mexico City and at Autopolis, at the wheel of a Sauber-Mercedes C291. So-called 'black henna', which is made by adding p-phenylenediamine (PPD) to natural henna, in order to achieve a black color, may cause allergic reactions. In 1988, Schumacher raced in the Formula Ford series, and over the next two years competed in the German Formula 3 series, winning the title in 1990. Most designs last up to two weeks, fading from a dark brown to a light orange before disappearing. Between 1984 and 1987, Michael won numerous German and European kart championships, including the Formula Konig Series. The length of time the design will last depends on how long the paste is left on the skin. He obtained his first license, and began racing competitively, by age twelve. The designs are usually hand drawn with henna: powdered henna is mixed with coffee or tea, lemon juice (to release the dye) and sugar (for consistency) into a paste which is then applied. He began racing karts at the age of four in a home-made kart built by his father, Rolf, who managed the local karting track (located in Kerpen, Schumacher's hometown). The art known as Mehndi, common in Middle Eastern, North African and Asian countries (but particularly associated with India), is the application of intricate patterns and designs on the hands and feet. Schumacher was born in Hürth (close to Cologne). Temporary tattoos are easily removed with soap and water or oil-based creams, and are intended to last a few days. One notable deal is with the German investment counselling Deutsche Vermögensberatung, which will pay him US$8 million over three years for him to wear a four-inch ad on his post-race hat. They are generally applied to the skin using water to transfer the design to the surface of the skin. He is statistically the most successful F1 driver ever, with the most career victories, and a record seven world driver championships. As of 2004, he earns an estimated US$80 million annually, including all his endorsement deals. Temporary tattoos are a type of body sticker, like a decal. Michael Schumacher (born January 3, 1969) is a German Formula One (F1) driver. According to George Orwell, workers in coal mines would wind up with characteristic tattoos owing to coal dust getting into wounds. 2005 — Ferrari — 0 wins, 24 points (in progress). The prices of cosmetic procedures are higher than design tattoos because most states require permanent makeup artists to be licensed aestheticians. 2004 — Ferrari — 13 wins, 148 points, World Champion. Permanent cosmetics are tattoos that enhance eyebrows, lips (liner or lipstick), eyes (shadow, mascara), and even moles, usually with natural colors as the designs are intended to resemble makeup. 2003 — Ferrari — 6 wins, 93 points, World Champion. [1] (http://www.cnn.com/2004/LAW/05/04/tattoo/). 2002 — Ferrari — 11 wins, 144 points, World Champion. Inmates will be trained to staff and operate the tattoo parlors once six of them open successfully. 2001 — Ferrari — 9 wins, 123 points, World Champion. Legitimate parlors onsite would reduce risks of infection with makeshift tattoo guns, while also offering inmates the chance to cover up unsightly ink they received while incarcerated. 2000 — Ferrari — 9 wins, 108 points, World Champion. However, Canadian inmates may be able to safely tattoo themselves while incarcerated if a test of onsite prison tattoo parlors in the summer of 2005 proves to be successful. 1999 — Ferrari — 2 wins, 44 points, finished 5th. Prisoners often dismiss these risks in a show of toughness. 1998 — Ferrari — 6 wins, 86 points, finished 2nd. There is also significant risk of illness, including such blood-borne diseases as HIV and hepatitis. 1997 — Ferrari — 5 wins, 78 points, disqualified (having finished 2nd). Tattoos created under such conditions are frequently painful, and the resulting designs are coarser. 1996 — Ferrari — 3 wins, 59 points, finished 3rd. In most prisons, tattoo machines are not available so tattooing is done with crude "homemade" machines. 1995 — Benetton-Renault — 9 wins, 102 points, World Champion. The unit rapidly and repeatedly drives the needles in and out of the skin, usually 50 to 3,000 times a minute. 1994 — Benetton-Ford — 8 wins, 92 points, World Champion. In this procedure, ink is inserted into the skin via a group of needles that are soldered onto a bar, which is attached to an oscillating unit. 1993 — Benetton-Ford — 1 win, 42 points, finished 4th. The most common method of tattooing in modern times is with an electric tattoo machine. 1992 — Benetton-Ford — 1 win, 53 points, finished 3rd. Traditional Japanese tattoos (irezumi) are still "hand-poked," that is, the ink is inserted beneath the skin using non-electrical, hand-made and hand held tools with needles of sharpened bamboo or steel. 1991 — Jordan-Ford; Benetton-Ford — 0 wins, 4 points, finished 13th. Some cultures create tattooed marks by "tapping" the ink into the skin using sharpened sticks or animal bones. Most time between first and last wins (12 years, 1 month, 10 days). This may be an adjunct to scarification. Most points in a season: 148. Some tribal cultures still create tattoos by cutting designs into the skin and rubbing the resulting wound with ink, ashes or other agents. Most championship points: 1,186. Such tattoos are performed by veterinarians and the animals are anaesthetized to prevent pain. Most second places: 36. Pets, show animals, thoroughbred horses and livestock are sometimes tattooed with identification marks, and certain of their body parts (for example, noses) have also been tattooed to prevent sunburn. Most poles with the same team: 53 (Ferrari). Tattoos are also placed on animals, though very rarely for decorative reasons. Most podiums with the same team: 99 (Ferrari). European sailors were known to tattoo the crucifixion on their backs to prevent flogging as a punishment. Most podiums in a season: 17. The best known is the ka-tzetnik identification system for Jews in concentration camps during the Holocaust. Most podiums: 137. Throughout history people have also been forcibly tattooed for a variety of reasons. Most wins from pole position: 37. Some Maori males still choose to wear intricate moko on their faces. Most wins with the same team: 64 (Ferrari). Today, people commonly choose to be tattooed for cosmetic, religious and magical reasons, as well as as a symbol of belonging to or identification with particular groups (see Criminal tattoos). Most wins in a season: 13. Current estimates have one in seven or over 39 million people in North America who have at least one tattoo. Most Triples: 19. Tattoos are more popular now than at any time in recorded history. Most wins: 83. The "modern" electric tattoo machine is fundamentally the same machine invented by Samuel O'Reilly in 1891, which was based on an electric engraving pen invented by Thomas Edison. Most laps led: 4625. Europeans rediscovered tattooing during the exploration of the South Pacific under Captain James Cook in the 1770s, and sailors were particularly identified with tattoos in European culture until after World War I. Most races led: 124. In addition, Chinese legend has it that the mother of Yue Fei, the most famous general of the Song Dynasty, tattooed the words 精忠報國 (pinyin: jin zhong bao guo) on his back with her sewing needle before he left to join the army, reminding him to "repay his country with total loyalty". Most fastest laps: 66. Tattooing has also been featured prominently in one of the Four Classic Novels in Chinese literature, Water Margin, in which at least two of the 108 characters, Shi Jun and Yan Qing, were described as having tattoos covering nearly the whole of their bodies. Most consecutive titles: 5. The Man of Pazyryk was also tattooed with therapeutic dots lined up along the spinal column (lumbar region) and around the right ankle. Most championship titles: 7. Their tattooing involves animal designs repertory carried out in a curvilinear style. Three tattooed mummies (c. 300 BC) were extracted from the permafrost of Altaï in second half of the 20th century (the Man of Payzyrk, during the forties; one female mummy and one male in Ukok plateau, during the nineties). Mair, The Tarim Mummies, London, 2000), some of them could date from the end of the 2nd millennium before our era. Mallory and V H. Still relatively unknown (the only current publications in Western languages are those of J P. Tarim Basin (West China, Xinjiang) revealed several tattooed mummies of a European physical type. "Ötzi the Iceman", dated circa 3300 BC, exhibits therapeutic tattoos (small parallel dashes along lumbar and on the legs). Tattooing has been a Eurasian practice since Neolithic times. According to Robert Graves in his book The Greek Myths, tattooing was common amongst certain religious groups in the ancient Mediterranean world, which probably contributed to the prohibition of tattooing in Leviticus 19:28 in the Old Testament. Japan, and China. Tattooing was widespread among Polynesian peoples, and in the Philippines, Borneo, Samoa, Africa, Mesoamerica. The Ainu, the indigenous people of Japan, wore unique facial tattoos. Tattooing has been a practice of almost every known people. Tattoos, particularly full traditional body suits, are still popularly associated with the yakuza (mafia) in Japan; in reality, however, many yakuza members are choosing not to be tattooed to avoid this very stigma. It is widely believed that one of the initiation rites in becoming a triad member is silently withstanding the pain of receiving a tattoo the size of one's entire back in one sitting, usually performed in the traditional "hand-poked" style. It is said that most triad members in Hong Kong have a tattoo of a black dragon on the left bicep and one of a white tiger on the right; in fact, many people in Hong Kong use "left a black dragon, right a white tiger" as a euphemism for a triad member. It has been suggested that a majority of prisoners in US prisons have at least one tattoo. Tattoos can be wholly or partially removed by cosmetic surgery but this can be expensive and may not be entirely effective in leaving unblemished skin. For this reason and others a large proportion of people who get tattoos subsequently regret it. Tattoos can therefore impair the wearer's career prospects. Many employers, especially in professional fields, dislike tattoos greatly. For example, many businesses such as gyms, hot springs and recreational facilities in Japan still ban people with visible tattoos. In some areas, tattoos have a largely negative image. This is particularly true in East Asian countries and regions, where tattoos are still generally associated with criminality in the public's mind; therefore those who choose to be tattooed in such countries usually keep their tattoos covered for fear of reprisal. Many celebrities, particularly in the music industry, wear tattoos, but there are many others who have tattoos but generally keep them covered. "Tattoo Flash" is also the name of an American tattoo magazine. Tattoo designs that are mass produced and sold to tattoo artists and studios are called flash. This usage is gaining support, with mainstream art galleries holding exhibitions of tattoo designs and photographs of tattoos. Most tattoo enthusiasts refer to tattoos as art and to tattooists (less often "tattooers") as artists. In Japanese the word used for traditional designs or those that are applied using traditional methods is irezumi, while "tattoo" is used for non-Japanese designs. The origin of the word tattoo is usually traced to the Tahitian tatu or tatau, which means to mark or strike (the latter referring to traditional methods of applying the designs). In technical terms, tattooing is micro-pigment implantation. Tattoos are a type of body modification. This article is about the tattoo, a design in ink or some other pigment, usually decorative or symbolic, placed permanently under the skin. The Symbolism and Meaning of Many Popular Tattoo Designs Jennifer Gribbs Tattoo Design Guide (http://www.tattoojohnny.com/tattoo-design-guide.asp). The Art of Tattooing Joshua Andrews Tattoology (http://www.tattoology.net). The Tattoo Machine Joshua Andrews link Source (http://www.howtotattoo.net). Safe Tattooing Joshua Andrews. Russian Criminal Tattoo Encyclopaedia Danzig Baldaev, ISBN 3882439203. Tattoo Art Magazine. Total Tattoo Book Amy Krakow, ISBN 0446670014. provide clear aftercare instructions and products. always use fresh ink for each session, placing small amounts in disposable containers which are used for one client only. always use properly sterilized non-disposable and disposable supplies. always open new, sterile needle packages in front of the client, and always use new, sterile disposable instruments. Many artists will change gloves one or more times during longer sessions. wash his or her hands with water and soap or an approved sanitizing agent, and wear latex gloves. be willing and able to answer questions. ensure that the customer is satisfied with and sure about the design before applying it. refuse to tattoo minors, intoxicated people, or those incapable of consent due to mental defect. be knowledgeable, courteous and helpful. accessible facilities for washing the hands with hot water and soap. an autoclave is usually required by law but is not really needed if the items to be used have been presterilized elsewhere. sharps containers for old needles. biohazard containers for blood-stained objects. Renaut, 2004, French and English abstract) (http://www.ephe.sorbonne.fr/ED2/renaut.htm). PhD Thesis on body-marking in Antiquity (L. Renaut, 2004, French and English abstract) (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=GatewayURL&_origin=AUGATEWAY&_method=citationSearch&_piikey=S0003552103000840&_version=1&md5=f6dd58d559c19d58799b93a66225b038). Comparative study about Ötzi's therapeutic tattoos (L. |