This page will contain discussion groups about Ludwig van Beethoven, as they become available.Ludwig van BeethovenLudwig van BeethovenLudwig van Beethoven (baptized December 17, 1770; died March 26, 1827) was a German composer of classical music, who predominantly lived in Vienna, Austria. He was a major musical figure in the transitional period between the Classical and Romantic eras. Beethoven is widely regarded as one of the greatest of composers. His reputation has inspired—and in many cases intimidated—composers, musicians, and audiences who were to come after him. Among his most widely-recognized works are his Fifth Symphony, Ninth Symphony, the piano piece Für Elise, the Pathétique Sonata and the Moonlight Sonata. Life and work
Beethoven was born in Bonn, Germany, to Johann van Beethoven (1740–1792), of Flemish origins, and Magdalena Keverich van Beethoven (1744–1787). Until relatively recently 16 December was shown in many reference works as Beethoven's "date of birth", since it is known he was baptized on 17 December and children at that time were generally baptized the day after their birth. However, modern scholarship declines to rely on such assumptions. Beethoven's first music teacher was his father, who worked as a musician in the Electoral court at Bonn, but was also an alcoholic who beat him and unsuccessfully attempted to exhibit him as a child prodigy, like Mozart. However, Beethoven's talent was soon noticed by others. He was given instruction and employment by Christian Gottlob Neefe, as well as financial sponsorship by the Prince-Elector. Beethoven's mother died when he was 17, and for several years he was responsible for raising his two younger brothers. Beethoven moved to Vienna in 1792, where he intended to study with Joseph Haydn, but the old man had little time for teaching and he passed Beethoven onto Johann Albrechtsberger. He quickly established a reputation as a piano virtuoso, and more slowly, as a composer. He settled into the career pattern he would follow for the remainder of his life: rather than working for the church or a noble court (as most composers before him had done), he was a freelancer, supporting himself with public performances, sales of his works, and stipends from noblemen who recognized his ability. Beethoven's career as a composer is usually divided into Early, Middle, and Late periods. In the Early period, he is seen as emulating his great predecessors Haydn and Mozart, at the same time exploring new directions and gradually expanding the scope and ambition of his work. Some important pieces from the Early period are the first and second symphonies, the first six string quartets, the first two piano concertos, and the first twenty piano sonatas, including the famous Pathétique and Moonlight. The Middle period began shortly after Beethoven's personal crisis centering around deafness. The period is noted for large-scale works expressing heroism and struggle; these include many of the most famous works of classical music. The Middle period works include six symphonies (Nos. 3–8), the last three piano concertos and his only violin concerto, five string quartets (Nos. 7–11), the next six piano sonatas including the Waldstein, and Appassionata, and Beethoven's only opera, Fidelio. Beethoven's Late period began around 1816 and lasted until Beethoven ceased to compose in 1826. The late works are greatly admired for and characterized by intellectual depth, intense and highly personal expression, and Beethoven's experimentation with forms (for example, the Quartet in C Sharp Minor has seven movements, while most famously the Ninth Symphony adds choral forces to the orchestra). The period includes the Missa Solemnis, the last six string quartets and the last six piano sonatas. Considering the depth and extent of Beethoven's artistic explorations, as well as the composer's success in making himself comprehensible to the widest possible audience, the Austrian-born British musician and writer Hans Keller felt able to pronounce Beethoven "humanity's greatest mind altogether". Beethoven's personal life was troubled. Around the age of 28, he started to become deaf, a calamity which led him for some time to contemplate suicide (see the 1802 Heiligenstadt Testament). He was attracted to unattainable (married or aristocratic) women, whom he idealized; he never married. A period of low productivity from about 1812 to 1816 is thought by some scholars to have been the result of depression, resulting from Beethoven's realization that he would never marry. Beethoven quarrelled, often bitterly, with his relatives and others (including a painful and public custody battle over his nephew Karl); he frequently behaved badly to other people. He moved often from dwelling to dwelling and had strange personal habits such as wearing filthy clothing while washing compulsively. He often had financial troubles. It is common for listeners to perceive an echo of Beethoven's life in his music, which often depicts struggle followed by triumph. This description is often applied to Beethoven's creation of masterpieces in the face of his severe personal difficulties. Beethoven was often in poor health, especially after his mid-20s, when he began to suffer from serious stomach pains. In 1826 his health took a drastic turn for the worse. His death in the following year was attributed to liver disease, but modern research on a lock of Beethoven's hair taken at the time of his death shows that lead poisoning could well have contributed to his ill-health and untimely death. (The levels of lead were more than 100 times higher than levels found in most people today.) It is unlikely, however, that lead poisoning was the cause of his deafness, which several researchers have seen as caused by an immunopathic disorder such as systemic lupus erythematosus. When the hair was analysed chemically in 1996, distinctive trace-metal patterns associated with genius, irritability, glucose disorders, and malabsorption were not present. Absence of detectable mercury levels was consistent with the view that Beethoven did not have syphilis, which was treated at the time with mercury compounds. The absence of drug metabolites indicates that Beethoven avoided opiate painkillers. History records that Beethoven continued working on his music until the day he died. This implies that Beethoven decided to keep his mind clear for his music. Amongst possible sources of lead are ingested fish from the heavily polluted Danube River and lead compounds used to sweeten wine.
(See also History of sonata form, Romantic music) Musical style and innovations
Beethoven is viewed as the transitional figure between the Classical and Romantic eras of musical history. As far as musical form is concerned, he built on the principles of sonata form and motivic development that he had inherited from Haydn and Mozart, but greatly extended them, writing longer and more ambitious movements. The work of Beethoven's Middle period is celebrated for its frequent heroic expression, and the works of his Late period for their intellectual depth. Personal beliefs and their musical influenceBeethoven was much taken by the ideals of the Enlightenment and by the growing Romanticism in Europe. He initially dedicated his third symphony, the Eroica (Italian for "heroic"), to Napoleon in the belief that the general would sustain the democratic and republican ideals of the French Revolution, but in 1804 tore out the title page upon which he had written a dedication to Napoleon, as Napoleon's imperial ambitions became clear, renamed the symphony as the "Sinfonia Eroica, composta per festeggiare il Sovvenire di un grand Uomo", or in English, "composed to celebrate the memory of a great man". The fourth movement of his Ninth Symphony features an elaborate choral setting of Schiller's ode An die Freude ("To Joy"), an optimistic hymn championing the brotherhood of humanity. Scholars disagree on Beethoven's religious beliefs and the role they played in his work. For discussion, see Beethoven's religious beliefs. Beethoven the Romantic?A continuing controversy surrounding Beethoven is whether he was a Romantic composer. As documented elsewhere, since the meanings of the word "Romantic" and the definition of the period "Romanticism" both vary by discipline, Beethoven's inclusion as a member of that movement or period must be looked at in context. If we consider the Romantic movement as an aesthetic epoch in literature and the arts generally, Beethoven sits squarely in the first half, along with literary Romantics such as the German poets Goethe and Schiller (whose texts both he and the much more straightforwardly Romantic Franz Schubert drew on for songs), and the English poet Percy Shelley. He was also called a Romantic by contemporaries such as Spohr and E.T.A. Hoffman. He is often considered the composer of the first Song Cycle, and was influenced by Romantic folk idioms, for example in his use of the work of Robert Burns. He set dozens of such poems (and arranged folk melodies) for voice, piano, and violin. If on the other hand we consider the context of musicology, where Romantic music is dated later, the matter is one of considerably greater debate. For some experts, Beethoven is not a Romantic, and his being one is a myth; for others he stands as a transitional figure, or an immediate precursor to Romanticism; for others he is the prototypical, or even archetypical, Romantic composer, complete with myth of heroic genius and individuality. The marker buoy of Romanticism has been pushed back and forth several times by scholarship, and it remains a subject of intense debate, in no small part because Beethoven is seen as a seminal figure. To those for whom the Enlightenment represents the basis of Modernity, he must therefore be unequivocally a Classicist, while for those who see the Romantic sensibility as a key to later aesthetics (including the aesthetics of our own time), he must be a Romantic. Between these two extremes there are, of course, innumerable gradations. Beethoven's grave in the Zentralfriedhof, Vienna.By listening to Beethoven's music also, another scholarly analysis is possible: there is definitely an evolution in style from Beethoven's earliest compositions to his later works. The young Beethoven can be seen toiling to conform to the aesthetic models of his contemporaries: he wants to write music that is acceptable in the society of his days. Later, there is much more iconoclasm in his approach, like adding a chorus to a symphony, where a symphony had until then only been a purely instrumental genre. This means that the question changes from whether Beethoven was a classicist or a romantic, to: where is the pivotal moment that Beethoven tilted from dominant classicism to dominant romanticism?. Most scholars seem to concur: the presentation of the 5th and 6th symphonies in a single concert in 1808 is probably closest to that pivotal point. In the 5th symphony, he let a short pounding motto theme run through all movements of the composition (unheard of until then). Then the 6th symphony was the first example of a symphony composed as "program music" (what in Romanticism became standard practice), and it broke up the traditional arrangement of a symphony in four movements. Yet, after that, Beethoven still wrote his very "Classical" 8th symphony and some innocent-sounding chamber music for the English market. However, by the end of the first decade of the 19th century, Beethoven the romantic was without a doubt primary. EponymsA few places and things have been named after Beethoven. The Beethoven Peninsula is one of them. This page about Ludwig van Beethoven includes information from a Wikipedia article. Additional articles about Ludwig van Beethoven News stories about Ludwig van Beethoven External links for Ludwig van Beethoven Videos for Ludwig van Beethoven Wikis about Ludwig van Beethoven Discussion Groups about Ludwig van Beethoven Blogs about Ludwig van Beethoven Images of Ludwig van Beethoven |
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The Beethoven Peninsula is one of them. At Seminole High School in Sanford, Florida, Eckstein was a two-time All-State selection,and a member of a state championship. A few places and things have been named after Beethoven. He was also a member of the 1996 College World Series team that finished third in nation. However, by the end of the first decade of the 19th century, Beethoven the romantic was without a doubt primary. Eckstein was the first two-time GTE Academic All-American in Gator history. Yet, after that, Beethoven still wrote his very "Classical" 8th symphony and some innocent-sounding chamber music for the English market. A standout in the Southeastern Conference, he was two-time All-SEC (1995-96), first team All-American in 1996 and a three-time SEC Academic Honor Roll selection (1995-97). Then the 6th symphony was the first example of a symphony composed as "program music" (what in Romanticism became standard practice), and it broke up the traditional arrangement of a symphony in four movements. At the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida, Eckstein was a walk-on to the Gators baseball team in fall of 1994, later earning a scholarship. In the 5th symphony, he let a short pounding motto theme run through all movements of the composition (unheard of until then). He was voted to the National League All-Star team in 2005. Most scholars seem to concur: the presentation of the 5th and 6th symphonies in a single concert in 1808 is probably closest to that pivotal point. From 2001-04, Eckstein has compiled a .278 batting average with 17 home runs and 170 RBI in 567 games. This means that the question changes from whether Beethoven was a classicist or a romantic, to: where is the pivotal moment that Beethoven tilted from dominant classicism to dominant romanticism?. He was a member of the 2002 World Series champion Anaheim Angels. Later, there is much more iconoclasm in his approach, like adding a chorus to a symphony, where a symphony had until then only been a purely instrumental genre. After a college career as a walk-on at the University of Florida, he was drafted by the Boston Red Sox in the 19th round of the 1997 amateur draft, and selected off waivers by the Anaheim Angels on August 16, 2000. The young Beethoven can be seen toiling to conform to the aesthetic models of his contemporaries: he wants to write music that is acceptable in the society of his days. Louis Cardinals, beginning in the 2005 season. By listening to Beethoven's music also, another scholarly analysis is possible: there is definitely an evolution in style from Beethoven's earliest compositions to his later works. To those for whom the Enlightenment represents the basis of Modernity, he must therefore be unequivocally a Classicist, while for those who see the Romantic sensibility as a key to later aesthetics (including the aesthetics of our own time), he must be a Romantic. The marker buoy of Romanticism has been pushed back and forth several times by scholarship, and it remains a subject of intense debate, in no small part because Beethoven is seen as a seminal figure. For some experts, Beethoven is not a Romantic, and his being one is a myth; for others he stands as a transitional figure, or an immediate precursor to Romanticism; for others he is the prototypical, or even archetypical, Romantic composer, complete with myth of heroic genius and individuality. If on the other hand we consider the context of musicology, where Romantic music is dated later, the matter is one of considerably greater debate. He set dozens of such poems (and arranged folk melodies) for voice, piano, and violin. He is often considered the composer of the first Song Cycle, and was influenced by Romantic folk idioms, for example in his use of the work of Robert Burns. Hoffman. He was also called a Romantic by contemporaries such as Spohr and E.T.A. If we consider the Romantic movement as an aesthetic epoch in literature and the arts generally, Beethoven sits squarely in the first half, along with literary Romantics such as the German poets Goethe and Schiller (whose texts both he and the much more straightforwardly Romantic Franz Schubert drew on for songs), and the English poet Percy Shelley. As documented elsewhere, since the meanings of the word "Romantic" and the definition of the period "Romanticism" both vary by discipline, Beethoven's inclusion as a member of that movement or period must be looked at in context. A continuing controversy surrounding Beethoven is whether he was a Romantic composer. For discussion, see Beethoven's religious beliefs. Scholars disagree on Beethoven's religious beliefs and the role they played in his work. The fourth movement of his Ninth Symphony features an elaborate choral setting of Schiller's ode An die Freude ("To Joy"), an optimistic hymn championing the brotherhood of humanity. He initially dedicated his third symphony, the Eroica (Italian for "heroic"), to Napoleon in the belief that the general would sustain the democratic and republican ideals of the French Revolution, but in 1804 tore out the title page upon which he had written a dedication to Napoleon, as Napoleon's imperial ambitions became clear, renamed the symphony as the "Sinfonia Eroica, composta per festeggiare il Sovvenire di un grand Uomo", or in English, "composed to celebrate the memory of a great man". Beethoven was much taken by the ideals of the Enlightenment and by the growing Romanticism in Europe. The work of Beethoven's Middle period is celebrated for its frequent heroic expression, and the works of his Late period for their intellectual depth. As far as musical form is concerned, he built on the principles of sonata form and motivic development that he had inherited from Haydn and Mozart, but greatly extended them, writing longer and more ambitious movements. Beethoven is viewed as the transitional figure between the Classical and Romantic eras of musical history. (See also History of sonata form, Romantic music). Amongst possible sources of lead are ingested fish from the heavily polluted Danube River and lead compounds used to sweeten wine. This implies that Beethoven decided to keep his mind clear for his music. History records that Beethoven continued working on his music until the day he died. The absence of drug metabolites indicates that Beethoven avoided opiate painkillers. Absence of detectable mercury levels was consistent with the view that Beethoven did not have syphilis, which was treated at the time with mercury compounds. When the hair was analysed chemically in 1996, distinctive trace-metal patterns associated with genius, irritability, glucose disorders, and malabsorption were not present. (The levels of lead were more than 100 times higher than levels found in most people today.) It is unlikely, however, that lead poisoning was the cause of his deafness, which several researchers have seen as caused by an immunopathic disorder such as systemic lupus erythematosus. His death in the following year was attributed to liver disease, but modern research on a lock of Beethoven's hair taken at the time of his death shows that lead poisoning could well have contributed to his ill-health and untimely death. In 1826 his health took a drastic turn for the worse. Beethoven was often in poor health, especially after his mid-20s, when he began to suffer from serious stomach pains. This description is often applied to Beethoven's creation of masterpieces in the face of his severe personal difficulties. It is common for listeners to perceive an echo of Beethoven's life in his music, which often depicts struggle followed by triumph. He often had financial troubles. He moved often from dwelling to dwelling and had strange personal habits such as wearing filthy clothing while washing compulsively. Beethoven quarrelled, often bitterly, with his relatives and others (including a painful and public custody battle over his nephew Karl); he frequently behaved badly to other people. A period of low productivity from about 1812 to 1816 is thought by some scholars to have been the result of depression, resulting from Beethoven's realization that he would never marry. He was attracted to unattainable (married or aristocratic) women, whom he idealized; he never married. Around the age of 28, he started to become deaf, a calamity which led him for some time to contemplate suicide (see the 1802 Heiligenstadt Testament). Beethoven's personal life was troubled. Considering the depth and extent of Beethoven's artistic explorations, as well as the composer's success in making himself comprehensible to the widest possible audience, the Austrian-born British musician and writer Hans Keller felt able to pronounce Beethoven "humanity's greatest mind altogether". The period includes the Missa Solemnis, the last six string quartets and the last six piano sonatas. The late works are greatly admired for and characterized by intellectual depth, intense and highly personal expression, and Beethoven's experimentation with forms (for example, the Quartet in C Sharp Minor has seven movements, while most famously the Ninth Symphony adds choral forces to the orchestra). Beethoven's Late period began around 1816 and lasted until Beethoven ceased to compose in 1826. 7–11), the next six piano sonatas including the Waldstein, and Appassionata, and Beethoven's only opera, Fidelio. 3–8), the last three piano concertos and his only violin concerto, five string quartets (Nos. The Middle period works include six symphonies (Nos. The period is noted for large-scale works expressing heroism and struggle; these include many of the most famous works of classical music. The Middle period began shortly after Beethoven's personal crisis centering around deafness. Some important pieces from the Early period are the first and second symphonies, the first six string quartets, the first two piano concertos, and the first twenty piano sonatas, including the famous Pathétique and Moonlight. In the Early period, he is seen as emulating his great predecessors Haydn and Mozart, at the same time exploring new directions and gradually expanding the scope and ambition of his work. Beethoven's career as a composer is usually divided into Early, Middle, and Late periods. He settled into the career pattern he would follow for the remainder of his life: rather than working for the church or a noble court (as most composers before him had done), he was a freelancer, supporting himself with public performances, sales of his works, and stipends from noblemen who recognized his ability. He quickly established a reputation as a piano virtuoso, and more slowly, as a composer. Beethoven moved to Vienna in 1792, where he intended to study with Joseph Haydn, but the old man had little time for teaching and he passed Beethoven onto Johann Albrechtsberger. Beethoven's mother died when he was 17, and for several years he was responsible for raising his two younger brothers. He was given instruction and employment by Christian Gottlob Neefe, as well as financial sponsorship by the Prince-Elector. However, Beethoven's talent was soon noticed by others. Beethoven's first music teacher was his father, who worked as a musician in the Electoral court at Bonn, but was also an alcoholic who beat him and unsuccessfully attempted to exhibit him as a child prodigy, like Mozart. However, modern scholarship declines to rely on such assumptions. Until relatively recently 16 December was shown in many reference works as Beethoven's "date of birth", since it is known he was baptized on 17 December and children at that time were generally baptized the day after their birth. Beethoven was born in Bonn, Germany, to Johann van Beethoven (1740–1792), of Flemish origins, and Magdalena Keverich van Beethoven (1744–1787). . Among his most widely-recognized works are his Fifth Symphony, Ninth Symphony, the piano piece Für Elise, the Pathétique Sonata and the Moonlight Sonata. His reputation has inspired—and in many cases intimidated—composers, musicians, and audiences who were to come after him. Beethoven is widely regarded as one of the greatest of composers. He was a major musical figure in the transitional period between the Classical and Romantic eras. Ludwig van Beethoven (baptized December 17, 1770; died March 26, 1827) was a German composer of classical music, who predominantly lived in Vienna, Austria. Walsh, Ph.D., Director of Beethoven Research Project, The Health Research Institute and Pfeiffer Treatment Center, Naperville, Illinois on 17 October 2000[1]. Statement by William J. |