Louisiana

Slavery and Louisiana. The Round Rock Express of the Pacific Coast League play Triple-A baseball in nearby Round Rock, Texas. There is now a Six Flags in New Orleans East. Among the professional sports teams in Austin are the Austin Ice Bats of the Central Hockey League and the Austin Wranglers of the Arena Football League. For almost 20 years there was only one amusement park in Louisiana, called Hamel's Amusement Park near Bossier City. Although the Libertarians remain a third party, the party is very active in the Austin area, and two past Libertarian presidential candidates, Ron Paul and Michael Badnarik have come from the vicinity of Austin. They still maintain contacts with the Canary Islands, and have an annual "Caldo" festival named for a native dish. The combination of economic conservatism with political liberalism has also made Austin an active area for the Libertarian Party.

Many of their descendants remained insulated from the city, and continued to speak an archaic version of Spanish well into the 20th Century. However, two of its three congressional districts are presently held by Republicans; this is largely due to the 2003 redistricting, which left Austin with no congressional seat of its own. Bernard Parish, in the river passes east of the city, along an old mouth of the Mississippi River which they named Terre Aux Bouefs (literally "Land of the Cows" for the cattle living there). Of Austin's six state legislative districts, three are strongly Democratic, one strongly Republican, and two are swing districts (one presently held by a Republican and the other by a Democrat). They settled in what is modern-day St. Overall, the city leans to the Democrats; in the 2004 presidential election, John Kerry defeated George W Bush by a wide margin in Austin. There were intended to help guard the eastern approaches to New Orleans from invasion by the British. Congressional districts to dilute its influence vis a vis the suburbs. To a limited degree the division between Democratic and Republican precincts coincides with the aforementioned divisions between supporters of environmental regulations and supporters of unfettered urban growth.

The Islenos are dirrect descendants of Canary Islanders forced to migrate by the Spanish King beginning in the mid-1770s. One consequence of this is that the central city has been gerrymandered by the Republican-controlled state legislature into several U.S. There is also a distinct Spanish-descended group in Louisiana. As a result of the major party realignment that began in the 1970's, central Austin became a stronghold of the Democratic Party while the suburbs tend to vote Republican. Two separate historically Francophone communities exist in Louisiana. Austin is well known as a center for liberal politics in a generally conservative state, leading some conservatives to deride the city as the "People's Republic of Austin." Austin's suburbs, especially to the west and north, and several satellite municipalities, however, tend towards political conservativism. For schools see List of school districts in Louisiana. The city council has in the past tried to mitigate the controversy by advocating smart growth, but growth and environmental protection are still the main hot-button issues in city politics.

Ranked by per capita income. The political controversy that dominated the 1990s was the conflict between environmentalists, strong in the city center, and advocates of urban growth, who tend to live in the outlying areas. See also: List of famous people from Louisiana; List of Louisiana musicians; Music of Louisiana. The main political actors within Austin city politics are interest groups such as the pro-environmental Save Our Springs Alliance, the Austin Police Association, Austin Toll Party and the Austin Business Council. Its industrial outputs include chemical products, petroleum and coal products, food processing, transportation equipment, paper products, and tourism. Austin remains an anomaly among large Texas cities in that the council is not elected by districts, and there has been a strong effort to change the election system to one of single districts. The state's principal agricultural outputs include seafood, cotton, soybeans, cattle, sugarcane, poultry and eggs, dairy products, and rice. Council and mayoral elections are non-partisan, with a runoff in case there is no 50% majority winner.

Its Per Capita Personal Income was $26,312, 43^rd in the nation. Austin is administered by a city council of seven members, each of them elected by the entire city, and by an elected mayor. The total gross state product in 2003 for Louisiana was $140 billion. The Zilker Tree is lit in early December along with the "Trail of Lights," an Austin Christmas tradition. Highway 90. The "Zilker Tree" is a Christmas "tree" made of large lights strung from the top of the Moonlight Tower that stands in Zilker Park. Also, Interstate 49 is slated to be expanded north into Arkansas and east along Interstate 10 to New Orleans, replacing part of U.S. The towers were prominently featured in the film Dazed and Confused.

There are proposed plans to extend Interstate 69 to the Texas/Mexico border, which will go through north-eastern Louisiana. At night, parts of Austin are lit with "artificial moonlight." Several "Moonlight Towers", built in the late 19th century and recognized as historic landmarks, illuminate the central part of the city. State and Federal government efforts to halt or reverse this phenomenon are under way; others are being sought. The iconic Pennybacker Bridge, also known as the "360 Bridge," crosses Lake Austin to connect north and south Loop 360. Owing to the extensive flood control measures along the Mississippi river and to natural subsidence, Louisiana is now suffering the loss of coastal land area. In the summer, the colony has up to 1.5 million Mexican Free-tailed Bats; in the winter they migrate to Mexico. Near the coast, there are many salt domes, where salt is mined and oil is often found. The Congress Avenue Bridge houses the world's largest urban bat population.

It was originally covered by an arm of the sea, and has been built up by the silt carried down the valley by the great river. In 2004 the city was named #1 in Moviemaker Magazine's Annual Top 10 Cities to live and make movies. A large part of Louisiana is the creation and product of the Mississippi River. Austin hosts the annual Austin Film Festival, as well as the South by Southwest Festival, which draw films of many different types from all over the world. The underlying strata of the state are of Cretaceous age and are covered by alluvial deposits of Tertiary and post-Tertiary origin. It is also home to several other entertainers including Sandra Bullock and Willie Nelson. The state also has 1,060 square miles of land-locked bays, 1,700 square miles of inland lakes, and a river surface of over 500 square miles. Austin is home to several well-known directors, including Robert Rodriguez, Richard Linklater, and Tim McCanlies.

Besides the navigable rivers already named (some of which are called bayous), there are the Sabine, forming the western boundary, and the Pearl, the eastern boundary, the Calcasieu, the Mermentau, the Vermilion, the Teche, the Atchafalaya, the Boeuf, the Lafourche, the Courtableau, the D'Arbonne, the Macon, the Tensas, the Amite, the Tchefuncta, the Tickfaw, the Matalbany, and a number of other streams of lesser note, constituting a natural system of navigable waterways, aggregating over 4,000 miles in length, which is unequalled in the United States and probably in the world. The University of Texas has an outstanding Radio, Television, and Film (RTF) department [1] (http://rtf.utexas.edu/) and, partly because of this, Austin has been the location of a number of movies, including Man of the House, Secondhand Lions, Waking Life, Spy Kids, Dazed and Confused, Office Space, The Life of David Gale, "Miss Congeniality", and Slacker. The elevations above sea-level range from 10 feet at the coast and swamp lands to 50 and 60 feet at the prairie and alluvial lands. In the uplands and hills the elevations rise to Mount Driskoll, the highest point in the state at only 535 feet above sea level, located in northwest Louisiana. The proliferation of technology companies has led to the region's nickname, "the Silicon Hills," (Austin was originally "Silicon Gulch", but it seems that San Jose, Ca. already has that distinction) and has spurred rapid development that has greatly expanded the city to the north and south. The uplands and contiguous hill lands have an area of more than 25,000 square miles, and they consist of prairie and woodlands. Other high-tech companies in Austin include Apple Computer, Vignette, AMD, Intel, Cirrus Logic,Samsung and National Instruments. With the maintenances of strong levees these alluvial lands would enjoy perpetual immunity from inundation. Austin's biggest employers include the State of Texas, the University of Texas, Dell, IBM, and Freescale Semiconductor (spun off from Motorola in 2004).

These floods, however, do not occur annually, and they may be said to be exceptional. As a result of the relatively high concentration of high tech companies in the region, Austin was strongly affected by the dot-com boom in the late 1990s and subsequent bust, although recovery is proceeding rapidly. These alluvial lands are never inundated save when breaks occur in the levees by which they are protected against the floods of the Mississippi and its tributaries. The metro Austin area also has much lower housing costs than, for example, Silicon Valley. The lands along other streams present very similar features. Thousands of graduates each year from the Computer Science and Engineering programs at UT provide a steady source of young, talented, and driven employees. The Mississippi flows upon a ridge formed by its own deposits, from which the lands incline toward the low swamps beyond at an average fall of six feet per mile. Austin is the center of a high-technology region known as Silicon Hills.

The breadth of the alluvial region along the Mississippi is from 10 to 60 miles, and along the other streams it averages about 10 miles. Austin was also the longtime home of the late blues guitarist Stevie Ray Vaughn. The surface of the state may properly be divided into two parts, the uplands, and the alluvial and coast and swamp regions. The alluvial regions, including the low swamps and coast lands, cover an area of about 20,000 square miles; they lie principally along the Mississippi River, which traverses the state from north to south for a distance of about 600 miles and ultimately emptying into the Gulf of Mexico, the Red River, the Ouachita River and its branches, and other minor streams. Bush. See: List of Louisiana parishes. Johnson and George W. See: List of Louisiana Governors, Napoleon Bonaparte. Former residents include Lyndon B.

All other states use the First Past the Post electoral system to elect Senators, Representatives, and statewide officials. Famous Austin residents include cyclist Lance Armstrong, businessman Michael Dell, tennis player Andy Roddick, actors Sandra Bullock and Matthew McConaughey, musician Willie Nelson, and directors Richard Linklater and Robert Rodriguez. Therefore it is common for a Democrat to be in a runoff with a fellow Democrat or a Republican to be in a runoff with a fellow Republican. Out of the total population, 16.5% of those under the age of 18 and 8.7% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. This runoff does not take into account party identification. 14.4% of the population and 9.1% of families are below the poverty line. If no candidate has more than 50% of the vote, the two candidates with the highest vote total compete in a runoff election approximately one month later. The per capita income for the city is $24,163.

All candidates run in an open primary on Election Day, in which multiple candidates from the same party may be on the ballot. $30,046 for females. states in using a runoff in state, local, and congressional elections. Males have a median income of $35,545 vs. Louisiana is unique among U.S. The median income for a household in the city is $42,689, and the median income for a family is $54,091. Property, contractual, and family law are still mostly based on traditional Roman legal thinking and have little in common with English law. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 105.7 males.

While most of the differences are now found in verbiage, it is important to note that the "Civilian" tradition is still deeply rooted in all aspects of Louisiana law. For every 100 females there are 105.8 males. Great differences still exist between Louisiana Civil Law and the Common Law found in her 49 sister states. The median age is 30 years. Louisiana was never governed by the Napoleonic Code. In the city the population is spread out with 22.5% under the age of 18, 16.6% from 18 to 24, 37.1% from 25 to 44, 17.1% from 45 to 64, and 6.7% who are 65 years of age or older. It is important to note that the Louisiana Civil Code and the French Civil Code, often referred to as the Napoleonic Code, came into existence at roughly the same time. The average household size is 2.40 and the average family size is 3.14.

Technically, it is known as "Civil Law," or the "Civilian System." It is often incorrectly referred to as the "Code Napoleon" or The Napoleonic Code. 32.8% of all households are made up of individuals and 4.6% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. Louisiana is the only state whose legal system is based on Roman, Spanish, and French civil law as opposed to English common law. There are 265,649 households out of which 26.8% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.1% are married couples living together, 10.8% have a female householder with no husband present, and 46.7% are non-families. Louisiana has seven U.S. Congressmen, five of which are Republicans, two of which are Democrats. 30.55% of the population are Hispanic American or Latino of any race. senators are Mary Landrieu (Democrat) and David Vitter (Republican). The racial makeup of the city is 65.36% White, 10.05% Black or African American, 0.59% Native American, 4.72% Asian, 0.07% Pacific Islander, 16.23% from other races, and 2.99% from two or more races.

Its governor is Kathleen Babineaux Blanco (Democrat) and its two U.S. The population density is 1,007.9/km² (2,610.4/mi²). There are 276,842 housing units at an average density of 425.0/km² (1,100.7/mi²). The capital of Louisiana is Baton Rouge. As of the census² of 2000, there are 656,562 people, 265,649 households, and 141,590 families residing in the city. throughout the rest of the war. At about 780 feet above sea level, it is a natural limestone formation overlooking Lake Austin on the Colorado River approximately 200 feet below its summit. New Orleans was captured by Federal troops on April 25, 1862. As significant portions of the population had Union sympathies, the Federal government took the unusual step of recognizing the areas of Louisiana under Federal control as a state within the Union with elected representatives who were sent to the congress in Washington, D.C. A popular point of prominence in Austin is Mount Bonnell.

In the American Civil War Louisiana seceded from the Union on January 26, 1861. The total area is 2.67% water. Donaldsonville, Opelousas, and Shreveport have also briefly served as the seat of governments of Louisiana. 651.4 km² (251.5 mi²) of it is land and 17.9 km² (6.9 mi²) of it is water. In 1849 the capital moved from New Orleans to Baton Rouge. Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 669.3 km² (258.4 mi²). There are still remnants of its former status as a possession of France, including: the use of a civil law legal system, based on the Louisiana Civil Code, which is similar to (and often confused with) the Napoleonic Code (like France, and unlike the rest of the United States, which uses a common law legal system derived from England), the term "parishes" being used to describe the state's sub-divisions as opposed to "counties", etc. According to the U.S.

The western boundary of Louisiana with Spanish Texas remained in dispute until the Adams-Onís Treaty in 1819, with the Sabine Free State serving as a neutral buffer zone as well as a haven for criminals. According to the 2000 United States Census Bureau, Austin is located at 30°18'01" North, 97°44'50" West (30.300474, -97.747247)¹. The Florida Parishes were annexed from Spanish West Florida by proclamation of President James Madison in 1810. Ironically, the headquarters of his main opponent, Al Gore, were in Nashville, thus re-creating the old Country Music rivalry between the two cities. In 1803 the United States purchased the French province of Louisiana (see Louisiana Purchase) and divided it into two territories: the Orleans Territory (which became the state of Louisiana in 1812) and the District of Louisiana (which consisted of all the land not included in Orleans Territory). Bush. In 1800 France's Napoleon Bonaparte re-acquired Louisiana from Spain in the Treaty of San Ildefonso, although this was kept secret for some two years. In 2000, Austin became the center of an intense media focus as the headquarters of presidential candidate and Texas Governor George W.

During the period of Spanish rule, several thousand French-speaking refugees from the region of Acadia made their way to Louisiana following British expulsion; settling largely in the southwestern bayous, they became known as the Cajuns. Initially the technology industry was centered around larger, established companies such as IBM, but in the late 1990s, Austin gained the additional reputation of being a center of the dot-com boom and subsequent dot-com bust. The rest of Louisiana became a colony of Spain by the Treaty of Fountainebleau of 1762. In the 1990s, the boom resumed with the influx and growth of a large technology industry. Most of the territory to the east of the Mississippi was lost to Great Britain in the French and Indian War, except for the area around New Orleans and the parishes around Lake Pontchartrain. In particular the preservation of Barton Springs, and by extension the Edwards Aquifer, became an issue which defined the themes of the larger battles. Initially Mobile, Alabama and Biloxi, Mississippi functioned as the capital of the colony; from 1722 on New Orleans fulfilled that role. The growth led to an ongoing series of fierce political battles that pitted preservationists against developers.

See also: French colonization of the Americas. During the 1970s and 1980s, the city experienced a tremendous boom in development that temporarily halted with the Savings and Loan collapse in the late 1980s. Most of the settlement concentrated along the banks of the Mississippi and its major tributaries, with trading outposts and mission settlements in the Illinois Country, as far north as Peoria, Illinois and a number of settlements in the area around near present-day Saint Louis, Missouri. This ultimately led to the present situation where the city touts itself as the "live music capital of the world.". The French colony of Louisiana originally claimed a great region of land on both sides of the Mississippi River and north to Canada. The best-known artist in this group was Willie Nelson, who became an icon for the local "alternate music industry." In the following years, Austin gained a reputation as a place where struggling musicians could come and launch their careers in informal live venues in front of receptive audiences. The first permanent settlement was founded by Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville in 1699. In the 1970s, Austin became a refuge for a group of Country and Western musicians and songwriters seeking to escape the corporate industry domination of Nashville.

Louisiana was named by the French explorer Robert Cavelier de La Salle in honour of Louis XIV in 1682. The event is considered the most traumatic event in the city's history. Thereafter the region was long neglected by the Spanish authorities, and the next explorers were French. On August 1, 1966, Austin was terrorized by Charles Whitman, who shot and killed 16 people with a high-powered rifle from the clocktower of the Main Building on the University of Texas campus. Some 13 years later Hernando de Soto's expedition crossed through the region. Lyndon Baines Johnson, then a member of the House of Representatives, was instrumental in getting the funding authorized for these dams. The first European explorers to visit what is now Louisiana was a Spanish expedition in 1528 led by Panfilo de Narváez which located the mouth of the Mississippi River. In the 1930s, the original dam was replaced by a series of seven dams built by the federal government which created the string of reservoirs that now define the river's course through Austin.

What follows is a partial list, using current parish boundaries as rough approximations of locations.^{[1] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana#endnote_sturdevent-67)}. In 1911, a streetcar line was extended into South Austin, allowing for the development of Travis Heights in 1913. The lasting mark of the Native Americans can be seen even today in the names used in Louisiana, such as Atchafalaya, Natchitouches (now spelled Natchitoches), Caddo, Houma, Tangipahoa, and Avoyel (Avoyelles Parish). The Littlefield Building at 6th and Congress also opened in 1910. Louisiana was long inhabited by Native American tribes before the arrival of Europeans. In 1910, the concrete Congress Avenue Bridge across the Colorado River opened, fostering development along South Congress. Today, English is by far the main language of everyday life, but traces of French survive in local dialects. In 1893, the Great Granite Dam on the Colorado River was constructed, stabilizing the river's flow and providing hydroelectric power.

While the state has no declared "official language", its law recognizes both English and French. In 1891, the Hyde Park neighborhood was developed north of the University as a streetcar suburb. Among the states, Louisiana has a unique culture, owing to its French colonial heritage. At the time it was billed as the "Seventh largest building in the world.". The state is bordered to the west by the state of Texas, to the north by Arkansas, to the east by the state of Mississippi, and to the south by the Gulf of Mexico. The Texas State Capitol was completed in 1888 on the site specified in the 1839 plan. postal abbreviation LA. That same year, the first institution of higher learning, the forerunner of Huston-Tillotson College, opened as the Tillotson Collegiate and Normal Institute.

It uses the U.S. In September 1881, the city schools admitted their first classes. Louisiana (pronounced /luːˌiːzɪˈænə/ or /ˌluːzɪˈænə/) (French: Louisiane, pronounced /lwizjan/) is a Southern state of the United States of America. After Texas was admitted to the Union in 1845, two statewide elections were held that attempted to move the capital elsewhere, but Austin remained the capital. ^ Sturdevent, William C. (1967): Early Indian Tribes, Cultures, and Linguistic Stocks (http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/united_states/early_indian_east.jpg), Smithsonian Institution Map (Eastern United States). Angelina Eberly fired a cannon at the men, who made their escape, only to be caught by another group of men who returned the archives back to Austin. Many of the freed slaves in Louisiana in turn purchased their own slaves, which led to the state having one of the largest numbers of slave owning blacks in America, if not the largest. Mrs.

While one would think that this would lead to a dramatic reduction in the amount of slavery in the state, this is not the case. In the dead of night on December 29, 1842, a group of men was sent to take the archives of Texas from Austin to Washington-on-the-Brazos. It did, however, have one of the largest free black populations in the United States. President Sam Houston had tried to relocate the seat of government from Austin to Houston, and then to Washington-on-the-Brazos. Louisiana was a slave state. In 1842, Austin almost lost its status as capital city during the event known as the Texas Archive War. Most Acadians declined and emigrated from Canada, most of them fleeing to the South Western portion of Louisiana, centered in the region around Lafayette. By the next January, the population of the town was 839 people.

When the British won the French and Indian War, the British forced all of the citizens to take a pledge of allegiance. In October 1839, the entire government of the Republic of Texas arrived by oxcart from Houston. The ancestors of the Cajuns are the Acadians, a French-descended people of what are now New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, Canada. The original tree-named streets survive in nostalgic names, including Pecan Street, which is the name of a locally-produced beer. The ancestors of Creoles generally came to Louisiana directly from France or from the French colonies in the Caribbean and settled in New Orleans or in South Eastern Louisiana. The east-west streets were later renamed in a numbered progression, with Pecan Street becoming Sixth Street. State songs: You Are My Sunshine, Every Man a King, and Give Me Louisiana. The east-west streets of the grid followed a progression uphill from the river and were named after trees native to the region, with Pecan Street as the main east-west thoroughfare.

State food: Gumbo. The original north-south grid was bookended by West Street and East Street (now I-35). State amphibian: Green Tree Frog. The exception was the central thoroughfare Congress Avenue, which leads from the far south side of town over the river to the foot of the hill where the new Texas State Capitol was to be constructed. State crustacean : Crawfish. The grid survives nearly intact as the streets of present-day downtown Austin. The north-south streets of the grid were named for the rivers of Texas, following an east-west progression from Sabine Street to Rio Grande Street (Red River Street being "out of order" to the west of Sabine Street). State insect: Honeybee. A grid plan for the city streets was surveyed by Judge Edwin Waller (after whom Waller Creek was named).

State reptile : American Alligator. In 1839, Waterloo was chosen to become the capital of the new Republic of Texas, and the town was renamed Austin in honor of Stephen F. Austin. State wildflower : Louisiana Iris. Austin, the "father of Texas", negotiated a peace treaty with the local Indians at the site of the present day Treaty Oak after several settlers were killed in raids. State mammal : Louisiana Black Bear. They founded the village of Waterloo along the banks of the Colorado River. According to local folklore, Stephen F. State tree : Bald Cypress. The first Anglo settlers arrived in the area in the 1830s when Texas was still part of Mexico.

State fossil : Petrified palmwood. In the late 1700s the Spanish set up temporary missions in the area, later moving to San Antonio. State flower : Magnolia. Before the arrival of European settlers, the area around present-day Austin was inhabited for several hundred years by a mixture of Tonkawa, Comanche, and Lipan Apache Indians, who fished and hunted along the creeks, including present-day Barton Springs. State bird : Eastern Brown Pelican. Austin is served by the Austin-Bergstrom International Airport. State dog : Catahoula Leopard Dog. Edward's University.

Bossier-Shreveport Mudbugs - CHL. Other institutions of higher learning include Austin Community College, Concordia University, Huston-Tillotson University and St. Louisiana IceGators - ECHL. Austin is home to The University of Texas at Austin, the flagship institution of The University of Texas System. New Orleans Brass (1997 - 2003) - ECHL. It is also the self-proclaimed "live music capital of the world," with a vibrant live music scene revolving around many nightclubs on 6th Street and a yearly film/music/multimedia festival known as "South by Southwest." Austin City Limits, the longest-running concert music program on American television, is videotaped on the University of Texas campus. Minor League Hockey