Louisiana

Slavery and Louisiana. Jacksonville is the home of:. There is now a Six Flags in New Orleans East. The Sister Cities International in 2000 awarded Jacksonville's the Innovation Arts & Culture Award for the city's program with Nantes, France. For almost 20 years there was only one amusement park in Louisiana, called Hamel's Amusement Park near Bossier City. In 2000, Port Elizabeth, South Africa became the sixth. They still maintain contacts with the Canary Islands, and have an annual "Caldo" festival named for a native dish. In 1990, Yingkou, China became the fifth.

Many of their descendants remained insulated from the city, and continued to speak an archaic version of Spanish well into the 20th Century. In 1984, Nantes, France became the fourth. Bernard Parish, in the river passes east of the city, along an old mouth of the Mississippi River which they named Terre Aux Bouefs (literally "Land of the Cows" for the cattle living there). In 1983, Masan, South Korea became the third. They settled in what is modern-day St. In 1975, Murmansk, Russia became the second. There were intended to help guard the eastern approaches to New Orleans from invasion by the British. Jacksonville has several sister cities.[1] (http://www.jsca.org/) In 1967, Bahia Blanca, Argentina became Jacksonville's first sister city.

The Islenos are dirrect descendants of Canary Islanders forced to migrate by the Spanish King beginning in the mid-1770s.
Famous Jacksonville Bands (chronological by year band was formed). There is also a distinct Spanish-descended group in Louisiana.
Famous Jacksonville Music Artists. Two separate historically Francophone communities exist in Louisiana. The Skyway, specifically, has been criticized in that it goes from "nowhere to nowhere" in its limited route. For schools see List of school districts in Louisiana. Many of the current transportation issues revolved around this event, and many services, such as the Jacksonville monorail system known as the Skyway, have been underutilized for many years.

Ranked by per capita income. Also, Super Bowl XXXIX in 2005 presented a host of problems and challenges for the Jacksonville area. See also: List of famous people from Louisiana; List of Louisiana musicians; Music of Louisiana. The city is struggling to keep a balance between traditionally lower taxes and accommodating its rising population. Its industrial outputs include chemical products, petroleum and coal products, food processing, transportation equipment, paper products, and tourism. Roads are increasingly clogged with more cars and public schools are crowded with more students. The state's principal agricultural outputs include seafood, cotton, soybeans, cattle, sugarcane, poultry and eggs, dairy products, and rice. While the population increases, the city is forced to deal with maintaining an infrastructure that keeps up with this growth.

Its Per Capita Personal Income was $26,312, 43^rd in the nation. Some issues the city deals with today include how to fix the school system (including violence on school buses), controversies over a public high school named for Ku Klux Klan founder Nathan Bedford Forrest, and how to solve transportation problems (The Better Jacksonville Plan). Jacksonville also faces a double-edged sword of development. The total gross state product in 2003 for Louisiana was $140 billion.
Monthly:. Highway 90.
Weekly:. Also, Interstate 49 is slated to be expanded north into Arkansas and east along Interstate 10 to New Orleans, replacing part of U.S. Daily:.

There are proposed plans to extend Interstate 69 to the Texas/Mexico border, which will go through north-eastern Louisiana. Other notable structures include the Modis Building (once the defining building in the Jacksonville skyline, owned by Independent Life) with its distinctive flared base and the Riverplace Tower, which is the tallest pre-cast, post-tension concrete structure in the world. State and Federal government efforts to halt or reverse this phenomenon are under way; others are being sought. Downtown Jacksonville has a memorable skyline with the tallest building being the Bank of America Building, constructed in 1990 with a height of 617ft (188m). Owing to the extensive flood control measures along the Mississippi river and to natural subsidence, Louisiana is now suffering the loss of coastal land area. The city center includes the Jacksonville Landing shopping center and the Riverwalk. Near the coast, there are many salt domes, where salt is mined and oil is often found. Johns River and Atlantic Ocean.

It was originally covered by an arm of the sea, and has been built up by the silt carried down the valley by the great river. Jacksonville also has significant natural beauty from the St. A large part of Louisiana is the creation and product of the Mississippi River. The Jacksonville Symphony Orchestra makes regular performances at the Times-Union Center for the Performing Arts near downtown. The underlying strata of the state are of Cretaceous age and are covered by alluvial deposits of Tertiary and post-Tertiary origin. The city's biggest cultural event is the Jacksonville Jazz Festival, an annual event featuring many of the biggest names in jazz. Jacksonville also features two art museums, the Cummer Gallery of Art and the Jacksonville Museum of Modern Art. The state also has 1,060 square miles of land-locked bays, 1,700 square miles of inland lakes, and a river surface of over 500 square miles. Both the University of North Florida and Jacksonville University also field athletic teams in a number of sports.

Besides the navigable rivers already named (some of which are called bayous), there are the Sabine, forming the western boundary, and the Pearl, the eastern boundary, the Calcasieu, the Mermentau, the Vermilion, the Teche, the Atchafalaya, the Boeuf, the Lafourche, the Courtableau, the D'Arbonne, the Macon, the Tensas, the Amite, the Tchefuncta, the Tickfaw, the Matalbany, and a number of other streams of lesser note, constituting a natural system of navigable waterways, aggregating over 4,000 miles in length, which is unequalled in the United States and probably in the world. Other sports events include the annual Kingfish Tournament held in July, the Florida-Georgia football game, commonly known as "The World's Largest Outdoor Cocktail Party" held every October, and the Gator Bowl held in early January. The elevations above sea-level range from 10 feet at the coast and swamp lands to 50 and 60 feet at the prairie and alluvial lands. In the uplands and hills the elevations rise to Mount Driskoll, the highest point in the state at only 535 feet above sea level, located in northwest Louisiana. Professional tennis is in town each year when the WTA holds the Bausch & Lomb Championships at Amelia Island Plantation near Fernandina Beach, just north of Jacksonville. The uplands and contiguous hill lands have an area of more than 25,000 square miles, and they consist of prairie and woodlands. Jacksonville also features dozens of other golf courses and country clubs. With the maintenances of strong levees these alluvial lands would enjoy perpetual immunity from inundation. Augustine is home to the World Golf Village and World Golf Hall of Fame.

These floods, however, do not occur annually, and they may be said to be exceptional. Nearby St. These alluvial lands are never inundated save when breaks occur in the levees by which they are protected against the floods of the Mississippi and its tributaries. In Ponte Vedra lies the Tournament Players Club at Sawgrass, one of the most famous golf courses in the world and home to the annual PGA TPC (The Player's Championship) tournament. The lands along other streams present very similar features. Jacksonville is also a hub for the world famous golf opportunities of North Florida. The Mississippi flows upon a ridge formed by its own deposits, from which the lands incline toward the low swamps beyond at an average fall of six feet per mile. The game itself was played under ideal football weather (about 55 degrees Fahrenheit), and the New England Patriots defeated the Philadelphia Eagles, 24-21.

The breadth of the alluvial region along the Mississippi is from 10 to 60 miles, and along the other streams it averages about 10 miles. Due to the milder climate and lesser amount of hotel space, many media critics decried Jacksonville as a sub-standard host for a Super Bowl, although local leaders felt the criticism was unwarranted. The surface of the state may properly be divided into two parts, the uplands, and the alluvial and coast and swamp regions. The alluvial regions, including the low swamps and coast lands, cover an area of about 20,000 square miles; they lie principally along the Mississippi River, which traverses the state from north to south for a distance of about 600 miles and ultimately emptying into the Gulf of Mexico, the Red River, the Ouachita River and its branches, and other minor streams. The game was held on February 6, 2005 and featured halftime entertainment by former Beatle Sir Paul McCartney. See: List of Louisiana parishes. Jacksonville was named as the site for Super Bowl XXXIX, becoming the third city in the state of Florida (Miami and Tampa being the others) to host the event. See: List of Louisiana Governors, Napoleon Bonaparte. Jacksonville is home to a number of professional sports teams:.

All other states use the First Past the Post electoral system to elect Senators, Representatives, and statewide officials. In 2003, the JAXPORT Cruise Terminal opened, providing cruise service to Key West, Florida, The Bahamas, and Mexico. Therefore it is common for a Democrat to be in a runoff with a fellow Democrat or a Republican to be in a runoff with a fellow Republican. Amtrak passenger railroad serves Jacksonville from a station on Clifford Lane in the Northwest section of the city. This runoff does not take into account party identification. The city also operates an airfield at Cecil Commerce Center that is intended for aerospace manufacturing companies. If no candidate has more than 50% of the vote, the two candidates with the highest vote total compete in a runoff election approximately one month later. Smaller planes can fly to Craig Airport on the southside and Herlong Airport on the westside.

All candidates run in an open primary on Election Day, in which multiple candidates from the same party may be on the ballot. Major commercial air service in Jacksonville operates out of Jacksonville International Airport. states in using a runoff in state, local, and congressional elections. Hart Bridge, the Main Street Bridge, the Acosta Bridge, the Fuller Warren Bridge (which carries I-95 traffic) and the Buckman Bridge (which carries I-295 traffic). Louisiana is unique among U.S. They include (starting from furthest downstream) the Dames Point Bridge, the Mathews Bridge, the Isaiah D. Property, contractual, and family law are still mostly based on traditional Roman legal thinking and have little in common with English law. Johns River at Jacksonville.

While most of the differences are now found in verbiage, it is important to note that the "Civilian" tradition is still deeply rooted in all aspects of Louisiana law. There are also numerous bridges over the St. Great differences still exist between Louisiana Civil Law and the Common Law found in her 49 sister states. Jacksonville is also home to the world headquarters of CSX Transportation. Louisiana was never governed by the Napoleonic Code. Interstate 95 has a bypass route, I-295, which currently bypasses the city to the west. I-295 will eventually become a loop when State Road 9A is completed in the southeastern portion of the county. It is important to note that the Louisiana Civil Code and the French Civil Code, often referred to as the Napoleonic Code, came into existence at roughly the same time. However, there are very few Skyway stations and as such, traffic is quite light.

Technically, it is known as "Civil Law," or the "Civilian System." It is often incorrectly referred to as the "Code Napoleon" or The Napoleonic Code. The city has the Jacksonville Skyway Monorail, which loops around the central business district and is fairly cheap to use. Louisiana is the only state whose legal system is based on Roman, Spanish, and French civil law as opposed to English common law. Public transportation is provided by the Jacksonville Transportation Authority. Louisiana has seven U.S. Congressmen, five of which are Republicans, two of which are Democrats. Turner Butler Boulevard (SR 202) also connect Jacksonville to the beaches. senators are Mary Landrieu (Democrat) and David Vitter (Republican). Additionaly, several other roads as well a major local expressway, J.

Its governor is Kathleen Babineaux Blanco (Democrat) and its two U.S. The eastern terminus of US-90 is in nearby Jacksonville Beach near the Atlantic Ocean. The capital of Louisiana is Baton Rouge. Interstate Highway 10 ends at this intersection (the other end being in California). throughout the rest of the war. Interstate Highways 10 and 95 intersect in Jacksonville. New Orleans was captured by Federal troops on April 25, 1862. As significant portions of the population had Union sympathies, the Federal government took the unusual step of recognizing the areas of Louisiana under Federal control as a state within the Union with elected representatives who were sent to the congress in Washington, D.C. Former mayor John Delaney has been president of the University of North Florida since July 2003, parlaying his widespread popularity in the city into a highly coveted spot of leadership in the state university system.

In the American Civil War Louisiana seceded from the Union on January 26, 1861. Jacksonville is home to Edward Waters College, Jacksonville University, and the University of North Florida, as well as the Florida Community College at Jacksonville, Trinity Baptist College, Jones College, Florida Technical College, Logos Christian College, and Florida Coastal School of Law. Donaldsonville, Opelousas, and Shreveport have also briefly served as the seat of governments of Louisiana. Rainfall averages around 52 inches a year, with the wetter months being June through September. In 1849 the capital moved from New Orleans to Baton Rouge. While not directly impacted, this area did receive major wind damage from Hurricanes Frances and Jeanne in 2004. There are still remnants of its former status as a possession of France, including: the use of a civil law legal system, based on the Louisiana Civil Code, which is similar to (and often confused with) the Napoleonic Code (like France, and unlike the rest of the United States, which uses a common law legal system derived from England), the term "parishes" being used to describe the state's sub-divisions as opposed to "counties", etc. This area receives a brush with a Tropical Storm or better every 3.05 years.

The western boundary of Louisiana with Spanish Texas remained in dispute until the Adams-Onís Treaty in 1819, with the Sabine Free State serving as a neutral buffer zone as well as a haven for criminals. The only major hurricane to hit the city has been Hurricane Dora, in 1964 with winds that had just barely diminished to 110mph, making it a strong Category 2, borderline Category 3. The Florida Parishes were annexed from Spanish West Florida by proclamation of President James Madison in 1810. Jacksonville is one of the few cities on the Eastern seaboard that have been spared from the wrath of numerous hurricanes. In 1803 the United States purchased the French province of Louisiana (see Louisiana Purchase) and divided it into two territories: the Orleans Territory (which became the state of Louisiana in 1812) and the District of Louisiana (which consisted of all the land not included in Orleans Territory). In some years, the area sees snow, though this is uncommon. In 1800 France's Napoleon Bonaparte re-acquired Louisiana from Spain in the Treaty of San Ildefonso, although this was kept secret for some two years. Conversely, the area can experience many freezes and hard freezes during the night in the winter months.

During the period of Spanish rule, several thousand French-speaking refugees from the region of Acadia made their way to Louisiana following British expulsion; settling largely in the southwestern bayous, they became known as the Cajuns. High Temperatures can reach mid to high 90s with heat index ranges of 105-115F. The rest of Louisiana became a colony of Spain by the Treaty of Fountainebleau of 1762. High heat indices are not uncommon for the summer months in the Jacksonville area. Most of the territory to the east of the Mississippi was lost to Great Britain in the French and Indian War, except for the area around New Orleans and the parishes around Lake Pontchartrain. High temperatures average between 50 and 90 degrees (10-32 degrees Celsius) throughout the year. Initially Mobile, Alabama and Biloxi, Mississippi functioned as the capital of the colony; from 1722 on New Orleans fulfilled that role. Traditionally, Jacksonville enjoys mild weather in the winter and hot weather in the summer.

See also: French colonization of the Americas. Out of the total population, 16.7% of those under the age of 18 and 12.0% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. Most of the settlement concentrated along the banks of the Mississippi and its major tributaries, with trading outposts and mission settlements in the Illinois Country, as far north as Peoria, Illinois and a number of settlements in the area around near present-day Saint Louis, Missouri. 12.2% of the population and 9.4% of families are below the poverty line. The French colony of Louisiana originally claimed a great region of land on both sides of the Mississippi River and north to Canada. The per capita income for the city is $20,337. The first permanent settlement was founded by Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville in 1699. Males have a median income of $32,547 versus $25,886 for females.

Louisiana was named by the French explorer Robert Cavelier de La Salle in honour of Louis XIV in 1682. The median income for a household in the city is $40,316, and the median income for a family is $47,243. Thereafter the region was long neglected by the Spanish authorities, and the next explorers were French. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 90.6 males. Some 13 years later Hernando de Soto's expedition crossed through the region. For every 100 females there are 93.9 males. The first European explorers to visit what is now Louisiana was a Spanish expedition in 1528 led by Panfilo de Narváez which located the mouth of the Mississippi River. The median age is 34 years.

What follows is a partial list, using current parish boundaries as rough approximations of locations.^{[1] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana#endnote_sturdevent-67)}. In the city, the population is spread out with 26.7% under the age of 18, 9.7% from 18 to 24, 32.3% from 25 to 44, 21.0% from 45 to 64, and 10.3% who are 65 years of age or older. The lasting mark of the Native Americans can be seen even today in the names used in Louisiana, such as Atchafalaya, Natchitouches (now spelled Natchitoches), Caddo, Houma, Tangipahoa, and Avoyel (Avoyelles Parish). The average household size is 2.53 and the average family size is 3.07. Louisiana was long inhabited by Native American tribes before the arrival of Europeans. 26.2% of all households are made up of individuals and 7.7% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. Today, English is by far the main language of everyday life, but traces of French survive in local dialects. There are 284,499 households out of which 33.9% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.7% are married couples living together, 16.0% have a female householder with no husband present, and 33.0% are non-families.

While the state has no declared "official language", its law recognizes both English and French. 4.16% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. Among the states, Louisiana has a unique culture, owing to its French colonial heritage. The racial makeup of the city is 64.48% White, 29.03% Black or African American, 0.34% Native American, 2.78% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 1.33% from other races, and 1.99% from two or more races. The state is bordered to the west by the state of Texas, to the north by Arkansas, to the east by the state of Mississippi, and to the south by the Gulf of Mexico. There are 308,826 housing units at an average density of 157.4/km² (407.6/mi²). postal abbreviation LA. The population density is 374.9/km² (970.9/mi²).

It uses the U.S. As of the census² of 2000, there are 735,617 people, 284,499 households, and 190,614 families residing in the city. Louisiana (pronounced /luːˌiːzɪˈænə/ or /ˌluːzɪˈænə/) (French: Louisiane, pronounced /lwizjan/) is a Southern state of the United States of America. Under the new government structure, anyone living in Duval County is eligible to run for Mayor of the City of Jacksonville, even those living in the four separate municipalities. ^ Sturdevent, William C. (1967): Early Indian Tribes, Cultures, and Linguistic Stocks (http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/united_states/early_indian_east.jpg), Smithsonian Institution Map (Eastern United States). The four separate communities provide their own services, while maintaining the right to contract the consolidated government to provide services for them. Many of the freed slaves in Louisiana in turn purchased their own slaves, which led to the state having one of the largest numbers of slave owning blacks in America, if not the largest. Fire, police, health and welfare, recreation, public works, and housing and urban development were all combined under the new government.

While one would think that this would lead to a dramatic reduction in the amount of slavery in the state, this is not the case. Several authorities remain independent of the combined city-county government, including the school board, electric authority, port authority, and airport authority. It did, however, have one of the largest free black populations in the United States. Not all city services were merged, making for a less-than-full consolidation of the city-county. Louisiana was a slave state. The municipalities are Baldwin, Neptune Beach, Atlantic Beach and Jacksonville Beach. Most Acadians declined and emigrated from Canada, most of them fleeing to the South Western portion of Louisiana, centered in the region around Lafayette. These communities consist of only 6% of the total population within the county.

When the British won the French and Indian War, the British forced all of the citizens to take a pledge of allegiance. Four municipalities within Duval County voted not to join the consolidated government. The ancestors of the Cajuns are the Acadians, a French-descended people of what are now New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, Canada. The city council has nineteen members, fourteen of whom are elected from districts, and five who are elected at-large. The ancestors of Creoles generally came to Louisiana directly from France or from the French colonies in the Caribbean and settled in New Orleans or in South Eastern Louisiana. He also has the power to hire and fire the head of various city departments. State songs: You Are My Sunshine, Every Man a King, and Give Me Louisiana. He holds veto power over all resolutions and ordinances made by the city council.

State food: Gumbo. The mayor is the Chief Executive and Administrative officer, called the Strong-Mayor form. State amphibian: Green Tree Frog. Jacksonville uses the Mayor-Council form of city government. State crustacean : Crawfish. On October 1, 1968, the governments merged to create the Consolidated City of Jacksonville. State insect: Honeybee. A consolidation referendum was held in 1967, and voters approved the plan.

State reptile : American Alligator. Lower taxes, increased economic development, unification of the community, better public spending and effective administration by a more central authority were all cited as reasons for a new consolidated government. State wildflower : Louisiana Iris. Consolidation began to win more support during this period, from both inner city blacks (who wanted more involvement in government) and whites in the suburbs (who wanted more services and more control over the center city). State mammal : Louisiana Black Bear. After a grand jury was convened to investigate, several officials were indicted and more were forced to resign. State tree : Bald Cypress. In the mid 1960s, corruption scandals began to arise among many of the city's officials, who were mainly elected through the traditional good ol' boy network.

State fossil : Petrified palmwood. Voters outside the city limits rejected annexation plans in six referendums between 1960 and 1965. State flower : Magnolia. In 1958, a study recommended that the City of Jacksonville begin annexing outlying communities in order to create the needed tax base to improve services throughout the county. State bird : Eastern Brown Pelican. In addition, residents in unincorporated suburbs had difficulty obtaining municipal services such as sewage and building code enforcement. State dog : Catahoula Leopard Dog. Much of the city's tax base dissipated, leading to problems with funding education, sanitation, and traffic control within the city limits.

Bossier-Shreveport Mudbugs - CHL. However, the development of suburbs and a subsequent wave of "white flight" left Jacksonville with a much poorer population than before. Louisiana IceGators - ECHL. Mayor Haydon Burns' "Jacksonville Story" resulted in the construction of a new city hall, civic auditorium, public library and other projects that created a dynamic sense of civic pride. New Orleans Brass (1997 - 2003) - ECHL. After World War II, the government of the City of Jacksonville began to increase spending to fund new building projects in the boom that occurred after the war. Minor League Hockey