This page will contain images about Los Angeles, California, as they become available.Los Angeles, California
The City of Los Angeles (from Spanish Los Ángeles, meaning angels) is the second largest city in the United States in terms of population, as well as one of the world's most important economic, cultural, and entertainment centers. It was incorporated as a city in California on April 4, 1850 and is the county seat of Los Angeles County. As of the 2000 census, it has a population of 3,694,820, but a May 1, 2005, California Department of Finance estimate shows the city's population at 3,957,875, with the metropolitan area at 17,545,623. The city is also large by geographic standards since it sprawls over more than 465 square miles (1200 square kilometers), making it larger than New York City or Chicago. In addition, Los Angeles is an "Alpha" world city since it has hosted two Olympic Games and is home to renowned scientific and cultural institutions. Los Angeles is governed by a mayor and a 15-member council. The Los Angeles Police Department, Los Angeles Public Library System and Los Angeles Unified School District are among the largest such organizations in the country. The Los Angeles Department of Water and Power provides service to city residents and businesses. The economy of Los Angeles is driven by agriculture, petroleum, entertainment (motion pictures, television, and recorded music), aerospace, international trade, and tourism. It is one of the largest entry points for immigrants to the United States, and it contains people from every nation, making it one of world's most culturally-rich places. People are attracted to the city for its balmy weather, its vibrant lifestyle, and the opportunity to realize the "American Dream." See also: The Greater Los Angeles Area |
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| City nickname: "The City of Angels" | |
Location of Los Angeles in Los Angeles County and in California |
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| County | Los Angeles |
| Mayor | James Hahn |
| Area - Land - Water |
498.3 mi² / 1,290.6 km² 754.9 mi² / 1,214.9 km² 29.2 mi² / 75.7 km² |
| Population - Total (2005) - Density |
17,545,623 (metro area) 3,957,875 (city proper) 3,041.3/km² |
| Time zone - summer (DST) |
PST (UTC-8) PDT (UTC-7) |
| Latitude Longitude |
33°56' N 118°24' W |
| Official website: http://www.lacity.org/ | |
Main Article: History of Los Angeles, California
The Los Angeles coastal area was occupied by the Tongva, Chumash, and even earlier Native American peoples for thousands of years. The Spanish first arrived in 1542, when Juan Cabrillo visited the area. In 1769, the Spanish returned to California to stay. In 1771, the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel was founded, thus establishing a permanent presence in the area and securing Spanish territory.
On September 4, 1781, settlers from the San Gabriel Mission founded the town and named it El Pueblo de Nuestra Señora la Reina de los Ángeles de la Porciúncula, "The Town of Our Lady Queen of the Angels of the Small Portion". It remained a small mission and ranch town for decades.
Olvera Street.Mexican independence from Spain was achieved in the 1820s, but the greatest change took place in present day Montebello after the Battle of Rio San Gabriel in 1847, which decided the fate of Los Angeles. Yankees gained control after they flooded into California during the Gold Rush and secured the subsequent admission of California into the United States.
Los Angeles was incorporated as a city in 1850. Railroads arrived when the Southern Pacific completed its line to Los Angeles in 1876. Oil was discovered in 1892, and by 1923, Los Angeles was supplying one-quarter of the world's petroleum.
Even more important to the city's growth was water. In 1913, William Mulholland completed the aqueduct that assured the city's growth and led to the annexation by the City of Los Angeles, starting in 1915, of dozens of neighboring communities without water supplies of their own.
In the 1920s the motion picture and aviation industries both flocked to Los Angeles and helped to further develop it. The city was the proud host of the 1932 Summer Olympics. World War II brought new growth and prosperity to the city, although many of its Japanese-American residents were transported to internment camps for the duration of the war. This period also saw the arrival of the German Exiles, which included such notables as Thomas Mann, Bertolt Brecht, and Lion Feuchtwagner. The postwar years saw an even greater boom as urban sprawl expanded into the San Fernando Valley.
The Watts riots in 1965 reminded the country of the deep divisions that even the nation's youngest city faced. The XXIII Olympiad was successfully hosted in Los Angeles in 1984. The city was once again tested by the 1992 Los Angeles riots and the 1994 Northridge earthquake. A city-wide vote on San Fernando Valley and Hollywood secession was defeated in 2002.
Like most areas of California, Los Angeles's history is punctuated with major earthquakes. The most recent was the 1994 Northridge earthquake, which was centered in the northern San Fernando Valley. Coming less than two years after the L.A. riots, the Northridge earthquake was a severe emotional shock to Southern Californians, in addition to causing billions of dollars in physical damage. Other major earthquakes include the 1987 Whittier Narrows earthquake and the 1971 Sylmar earthquake.
Main article: Arts and culture of Los Angeles
Despite its young age, Los Angeles is known as the world capital of motion picture production, and it is also an important center for music, art, and architecture. As a major global metropolis, Los Angeles has evolved a unique culture that is well-portrayed in popular media. However, this culture has also inspired criticism that it is not really a unique culture at all. For more criticism, see Arts and culture of Los Angeles: Criticism
Residents of the city of Los Angeles are served by the Los Angeles Public Library (LAPL) and its branch locations. Residents of the unincorporated areas of Los Angeles County and various cities within the county are served by the County of Los Angeles Public Library The LAPL is funded by voter approved bond and tax levy packages. The Main Library is located in downtown Los Angeles and has been recognized as a National Historic Site.
See also: List of sites of interest in the Los Angeles area
Los Angeles is the home of the Los Angeles Dodgers baseball team, the Los Angeles Lakers and Los Angeles Clippers men's basketball teams, the Los Angeles Sparks women's basketball team, the Los Angeles Kings hockey team, the Club Deportivo Chivas USA and Los Angeles Galaxy soccer teams, and the Los Angeles Avengers arena football team. Los Angeles has been without an NFL franchise since 1995 despite being the second biggest television market in North America.
Anaheim, about 25 miles (40 km) to the south-east, is home to the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim hockey team and the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim baseball team. At various times in history, however, the Angels have been known as the Los Angeles Angels (1961-1965), the California Angels (1965-1997), and the Anaheim Angels (1997-2004); talks in 2004 suggested the team was considering returning to the original name, over loud protests from the Anaheim government. In late December 2004 the name was officially changed to the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim in order to associate with the larger city while still complying with contractual obligations.
Beach volleyball and windsurfing were both invented in the area (though predecessors of both were first invented in some form by Duke Kahanamoku in Hawaii). Venice, also known as Dogtown, is credited with being the birthplace of skateboarding and the place where rollerblading first became popular. Area beaches are popular with surfers, who have created their own subculture.
Los Angeles has twice played host to the summer Olympic Games: in 1932 and in 1984.
Los Angeles is perhaps the most mountainous metropolis in the world, with four mountain ranges partly inside city boundaries. Thousands of miles of trails crisscross the city and neighboring areas, providing exercise and wilderness access on foot, bike, or horse. Across the county a great variety of outdoor activities are available, such as skiing, rock climbing, gold panning, hang gliding, and windsurfing. Numerous outdoor clubs serve these sports, including the Angeles Chapter of the Sierra Club, which annually leads over 4,000 outings in the area.
Los Angeles is remarkably rich in native plant species. With its beaches, dunes, wetlands, hills, mountains, and rivers, the area contains a number of important biological communities. The largest area is coastal sage scrub, which covers the hillsides in combustible chaparral. Native plants include: California poppy, matilija poppy, toyon, coast live oak, giant wild rye grass, and hundreds of others. Unfortunately, many native species are so rare as to be endangered, such as the Los Angeles sunflower.
Jacaranda blossomThere are many exotic flowers and flowering trees that are blooming year-round, with subtle colors, including the jacaranda, hibiscus, phlox, bougainvillea, coral tree blossoms and bird of paradise. If there were no city here, flower-growing could still flourish as an industry, as it does in Lompoc. Wisteria has been known to grow to house-lot-size, and in Descanso Gardens, there are forests of camellia trees. Orchids require special attention in this Mediterranean climate.
Los Angeles is served by the Los Angeles Times and La Opinión (the city's major Spanish-language paper.), as well as smaller regional newspapers, alternative weeklies and magazine, including the Los Angeles Newspaper Group's Daily News (which focuses coverage on the Valley), Village Voice Media's L.A. Weekly, L.A. City Beat, Los Angeles magazine, Los Angeles Business Journal, Los Angeles Daily Journal (legal industry paper), Variety, (show-biz industry paper), and Los Angeles Downtown News. (http://www.downtownnews.com) In addition to the English and Spanish language papers, numerous local periodicals serve immigrant communities in their native languages, e.g. Korean, Persian, and Japanese.
Most of the above papers are center-left or left in their political stance with the clear exception of the Daily News, which is center-right. One example of this is that the L.A. Times often does high-quality investigative journalism on important inner-city issues like healthcare and crime, while the L.A. Daily News is usually content to run wire stories on those issues, if it covers them at all. The L.A. Daily News also focuses on business issues, education, and crime. It strongly supports lowering taxes. Many cities adjacent to Los Angeles also have their own daily newspapers whose coverage and availability overlaps into certain Los Angeles neighborhoods. Examples include the Daily Breeze (serving the South Bay), and the Long Beach Press-Telegram.
See: List of Los Angeles television stations
Los Angeles is home to adherents of many religions. The Roman Catholic Archbishop of Los Angeles leads the largest archdiocese in the country. Roger Cardinal Mahony oversaw construction of the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels, completed in 2002 at the north end of downtown. A major temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is situated in West Los Angeles. Los Angeles has the second-largest Jewish community in the United States, rivaled only by New York City.
The Azusa Street Revival (1906–1909) in Los Angeles was a key milestone in the history of the Pentecostal movement. Los Angeles's large multi-ethnic population has fostered some of the less common religions of North America. Immigrants from Asia, for example, have formed a number of significant Buddhist congregations. Today, the Church of Scientology has a major presence in Hollywood. The Self-Realization Fellowship is also based in Hollywood and has a private park in Pacific Palisades. Los Angeles is the home to a number of Neopagans, as well as adherents of various other mystical religions. One wing of the Theosophist movement is centered in Los Angeles, and another is set in neighboring Pasadena.
The city has also been home to some very colorful religious leaders and icons. In the 1920s, Aimee Semple McPherson established a thriving evangelic ministry, with her Angelus Temple in Echo Park open to both black and white congregants. Billy Graham became a celebrity during a successful revival campaign in Los Angeles. Until his death in 2005, Dr. Gene Scott was based near downtown. Los Angeles has been a destination for Swamis and Gurus as early as 1900, including Paramahansa Yogananda (1920). Maharishi Mahesh Yogi founded the Transcendental Meditation movement in Los Angeles in the late 1950s.
The primary school district that serves Los Angeles is the Los Angeles Unified School District.
After Proposition 13 in 1978, urban school districts had considerable trouble with funding and LAUSD became known for its underfunded, overcrowded and poorly maintained campuses. Wealthy and upper-middle-class parents placed their children in elite private schools like Harvard-Westlake, Crossroads School, The Buckley School, Milken Community High School, Notre Dame High School, Brentwood School (Los Angeles), and Marlborough School, while middle-class families fled into suburban school districts beyond LAUSD boundaries.
Since then, the LAUSD has embarked on an aggressive school construction program to relieve overcrowding, and has developed high-quality magnet schools to nurture talented students and encourage them to remain within the public school system.
++Los Angeles Community College District
Note: For more colleges and universities in the L.A. area, such as Caltech, see Los Angeles County, California#Colleges and universities.
Main article: Law and government of Los Angeles
Los Angeles city hallThe Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) polices the city of Los Angeles. The Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department polices all unincorporated areas of Los Angeles County and some cities which have contracted for law enforcement services because they lack police departments of their own, including Calabasas, West Hollywood, and Compton.
The city has a mayor-council system. The current mayor is James Hahn and the mayor-elect is Antonio Villaraigosa. There are 15 city council districts. Other elected city officials include the city attorney, Rocky Delgadillo, and the city controller, Laura Chick. The city attorney prosecutes misdemeanors within the city limits. The district attorney, elected by the county voters, prosecutes misdemeanors in unincorporated areas and in 78 of the 88 cities in the county, as well as felonies everywhere in the county.
The city government has been perceived as inefficient and ineffective by residents of some areas, which ultimately led to an unsuccessful secession movement by the San Fernando Valley and Hollywood in 2002. The main problem seems to be that the city administration in Downtown gives more priority to high-density neighborhoods like Mid-City and Downtown at the expense of its far-flung suburban neighborhoods.
To make the government more responsive and to help encourage the cohesiveness of neighborhood communities, the city council has promoted the formation of neighborhood councils. These advisory councils were first proposed by city council member Joel Wachs in 1996 and were incorporated in the Charter Reform of 1999. The councils cover districts which are not necessarily identical to the traditional neighborhoods of Los Angeles, the borders of which often reflect those of cities that were annexed to Los Angeles (see Communities, neighborhoods and districts below). More than 90 neighborhood councils have been formed and all stakeholders in a district may vote for council members. Though the councils have little actual power, they are still official government bodies and so must abide by California's Brown Act that strictly governs the meetings of deliberative assemblies. These and other regulatory requirements have proven frustrating for activists unaccustomed to bureaucratic procedures. The first notable achievement of the neighborhood councils was their organized opposition in March 2004 to an 18% increase in water rates by the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (a municipal monopoly), which led the city council to suspend the rate hike pending further study.
See also: List of mayors of Los Angeles, California
The Los Angeles County Superior Court has jurisdiction over all cases arising under state law, while the U.S. District Court for the Central District of California hears all federal cases. Both are headquartered in a large cluster of government buildings in the city's Civic Center.
Unlike the largest city in the United States, New York, all of the city of Los Angeles and most of its important suburbs are located within a single county. As a result, both the county superior court and the federal district court are respectively the busiest courts of their type in the nation.
Thanks to Hollywood, celebrities like O.J. Simpson are frequently seen in Los Angeles courts. In 2003, the tabloid television show Extra (based in nearby Glendale) found itself running so many reports on the legal problems of local celebrities that it spun them off into a separate show, Celebrity Justice.
State cases are appealed to the Court of Appeal for the Second Appellate District, which is also headquartered in the Civic Center, and then to the California Supreme Court, which is headquartered in San Francisco but also hears argument in Los Angeles (again, in the Civic Center). Federal cases are appealed to the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, which hears them at its branch building in Pasadena. Of course, the court of last resort for both federal and state cases is the U.S. Supreme Court in Washington, D.C.
Many movies and songs about Los Angeles depict the fact that the city is home to a large number of gangsters and professional criminals. As a result, people around the world know that the number 187 stands for murder in California. According to a May 2001 Drug Threat Assessment by the National Drug Intelligence Center[1] (http://www.usdoj.gov/ndic/pubs0/668/overview.htm), Los Angeles County is home to 152,000 gang members organized into 1,350 gangs. Every day, the middle pages of Los Angeles newspapers are packed with reports of violent crimes which would be front page news in almost any other city in the United States.
In Los Angeles, car chases happen more often than in most major cities (sometimes a few times in one week). The city's complex freeway system makes it easier to go on for miles, while still remaining in the same general area. Other common crimes include: car-to-car shootings (see road rage), drive-by shootings, thrill killings, hit-and-run accidents, and carjackings. Numerous instances of all these crimes are documented on the LAPD press release Web site [2] (http://www.lapdonline.org/press_releases/press_releases.htm). One interesting example is a report on ten freeway shootings within two months [3] (http://www.nbc4.tv/news/4449599/detail.html).
There are crime video games that take place in Los Angeles such as Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas (which has a city named Los Santos which is based on Los Angeles) and True Crime: Streets of LA (which takes place in Los Angeles and is a close replica of the area).
Los Angeles has 20 Sister Cities, more than any other municipality in California. Notable sister cities include Athens, Jakarta, Berlin, Mumbai, Vancouver, Mexico City, Makati and St. Petersburg.
Main article: Geography of Los Angeles
The city is situated in a semitropical Mediterranean climate zone.
L.A. has a total area of 472.08 square miles (1,223 km²). The extreme north-south distance is 44 miles (71 km), the extreme east-west distance is 29 miles (47 km), and the length of the city boundary is 342 miles (550 km).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1,290.6 km² (498.3 mi²). 1,214.9 km² (469.1 mi²) of it is land and 75.7 km² (29.2 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 5.86% water.
The highest point in Los Angeles is Sister Elsie Peak, 5,080 feet at the far reaches of the northeastern San Fernando Valley, part of Mt. Lukens.
The major waterway of Los Angeles is the Los Angeles River.
See also: Los Angeles Basin, San Fernando Valley
Despite its relative decentralization, Los Angeles has one of the largest skylines in the United States. The skyline has seen rapid growth due to improvements in building standards, which has made some buildings highly earthquake-resistant. Many of the new skyscrapers are housing, especially in Downtown. Hence, what the office tower rush in the 1970s and 1980s added to the skyline is now occuring again in the form of residential. Some recent, new examples of skyscraper construction include:
This is a brief list, however, there are many more. The recent "rise" of South Park, the low-rise district of downtown south of Bunker Hill (roughly south of 8th Street and north of the Santa Monica Freeway), is bringing skyscrapers that are high enough in quantity and height to create an extended downtown skyline within a few years from 2005.
The skyline of Los Angeles consists of several different clusters of high-rise buildings; most of these clusters are not directly connected to each other. Century City and the parts of Wilshire Boulevard through Westwood together form a rather busy skyline that is often confused with the downtown skyline.
Downtown has the tallest skyline, however, which mixes a few extremely tall high-rises with many lower high-rises (most around 12 stories) from the times when there was a low height limit. Warner Center in the San Fernando Valley has a small skyline of commercial towers, with the tallest being around 25 stories. Encino, also in the San Fernando Valley, has many towers along Ventura Boulevard and nearby streets that have high-rises with story amounts in the 20's. The area around LAX as well as the stretch of Century Boulevard to the direct east of LAX also makes a small, mid-rise skyline. A major stretch of Wilshire Boulevard has high-rises outside of Century City, such as in the Miracle Mile, Los Angeles, California and Mid-Wilshire.
Greater Los Angeles (also referred to locally as "Southern California" or "The Southland") is such a sprawling area that residents refer to broad general sub-regions. It is not always meaningful to refer to Los Angeles as a distinct city, but people outside of Southern California commonly refer to the entire region as "L.A.," even though there are five counties, more than 100 distinct municipalities, hundreds of neighborhoods and districts, and more people than any individual state except for Texas, New York, Florida, and, of course, California.
From a height, a flat area completely filled with houses, buildings, roads, and freewaysAt the same time, the area's reputation for sprawl is more historic than real in today's terms. Los Angeles became a real city as automobiles began to be mass-produced, and as a result it developed somewhat less densely. This decentralization has resulted in the city of Los Angeles having a very low population density compared to other large American cities (less than one-third the density of New York City, and nearly half the density of Chicago). In contrast to this, the extent of the region's suburban sprawl has been so thoroughly cultivated so as to result in a greater metropolitan area with a relatively high density of 7,070 people per square mile (2,730/km²) according to the 2000 census. However, the L.A. sprawl has reached its geographic limits around 2000 (future expansion of the sprawl will involve leapfrogging across whole mountain ranges), so these numbers are beginning to change as real estate investment becomes focused towards the central areas of the city. For example, Downtown Los Angeles is gaining more skyscrapers (some of which are residential towers), the office vacancy rate is decreasing, and the value of housing units and homes continues to rise. The Los Angeles Downtown News keeps a list of ongoing development projects, updated every quarter, here (http://www.downtownnews.com/development/). See also Bunker Hill, Los Angeles, California.
Some areas are bounded by natural features such as mountains or the ocean; others are marked by city boundaries, freeways, or other constructed landmarks. For example, Downtown Los Angeles is the area of Los Angeles roughly enclosed by three freeways and one river: the Harbor Freeway to the west, the Hollywood Freeway to the north, the Los Angeles River to the east, and the Santa Monica Freeway to the south. Or, consider the San Fernando Valley: Lying north-northwest of Downtown L.A., "The Valley" is a 15 mile (24 km) wide basin ringed by mountains.
Some other areas of Los Angeles include the Westside; South L.A. (formerly known as South Central L.A.); and the San Pedro/Harbor City area. Adjoining areas that are outside the actual city boundaries of the incorporated city of Los Angeles include the South Bay, the San Gabriel Valley and the Foothills. The San Pedro/Harbor City area was annexed to the city of Los Angeles so the city could have access and control over the Port of Los Angeles and is only connected by a narrow Corridor with the rest of L.A, which follows the Harbor Freeway for the most part. Many Angelenos consider the Eastside to be the area east of the Los Angeles River, above Orange County.
The city boundaries are quite complicated. For example, Beverly Hills and West Hollywood are completely surrounded by the City of Los Angeles except for a small border the two cities share. Culver City is surrounded by L.A. except where it shares a boundary with the unincorporated communities of Ladera Heights and Baldwin Hills. Both Santa Monica and Marina del Rey are surrounded except on their ocean side. San Fernando in the northern corner of the San Fernando Valley is also a separate city entirely surrounded by L.A. territory. There are also unincorporated enclaves which are under Los Angeles County jurisdiction.
The city is divided into many neighborhoods. Most of the neighborhood names come either from farm towns that were annexed by the growing city, physical terrain features, major streets, or subdivision names coined by enterprising developers. These divisions have no legal status but are of significance to residents for cultural and financial reasons. Signs have been placed on major thoroughfares designating some of the communities, a practice going back decades. (The "neighborhood councils" of Los Angeles began in 1999 and often follow different borders).
Related topics:
Area code 213 - Downtown L.A.
Area code 323 - Doughnut-shaped area surrounding downtown, including
greater Hollywood, the Fairfax neighborhood, East L.A., northern South-Central L.A.
Area code 310 - West L.A.
and the South Bay
Area code 562 - South-West L.A. County, Whittier, Long Beach area
Area code 626 - Pasadena, San Gabriel Valley
Area code 661 - Antelope Valley including Palmdale, Lancaster; Santa Clarita
Area code 818 - The San Fernando Valley, Glendale
Area code 909 - Pomona, parts of the east County
Main article: Economy of Los Angeles
The most important industries in Los Angeles are entertainment, adult entertainment, and media production, aerospace, telecommunications, law, tourism, health and medicine, manufacturing and transportation. The ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach are vital to North American trade with the Pacific Rim countries.
Few major companies are headquartered within the boundaries of the City of Los Angeles for a variety of reasons, such as the city's high taxes. For example, Los Angeles charges a gross receipts tax based on a percentage of business revenue, while most neighboring cities charge only small flat fees. The companies below clearly benefit from their proximity to Los Angeles, while at the same time they also avoid the city's taxes (and other problems).
There are many other well-known companies with headquarters located in the County of Los Angeles or the greater Los Angeles area, but they are far beyond the City of Los Angeles (and the scope of this article). See the Economy section of the Los Angeles County article for a list of such companies in Los Angeles County.
Main article: Transportation of Los Angeles. See also: Freeway system of Los Angeles
Los Angeles is the center of the huge Southern California freeway system. While L.A. is considered to be the home of traffic jams and car culture, the L.A. freeway system successfully handles millions of commuters as they endure a daily collective migration of about 99 million miles (160,000,000 km).
The Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority and other agencies operate bus, subway and light railroad lines which together carry over a million passengers a day. Rail passenger service is provided by Amtrak and Metrolink from historic Union Station. Rail shipping is handled by Union Pacific and Burlington Northern Santa Fe.
The Los Angeles area has more airports than any major city in the world, with 5 major commercial airports, and many more general aviation airports.
The main Los Angeles airport is Los Angeles International Airport (LAX), the 5th busiest commercial airport in the world. LAX handled 55 million passengers and 2 million tons of cargo in 2003.
The other major commercial airports are Ontario International Airport (ONT), Bob Hope Airport (BUR) formerly known as Burbank Airport, Long Beach Municipal Airport (LGB), and John Wayne International Airport (SNA).
Los Angeles also has the world's busiest general aviation airport, Van Nuys Airport (VNY).
The sea ports of the Port of Los Angeles and Port of Long Beach together make up the Los Angeles - Long Beach Harbor, the busiest and overall third largest container shipping port in the world.
There are also smaller, non-industrial harbors along L.A.'s western coastline. Most of these contain sailboats and yachts, like Manhattan Beach, Redondo Beach and Marina-Del-Rey.
Due to the city's geography and the popularity of automobiles, the city suffers from severe air pollution in the form of smog. The Los Angeles Basin and the San Fernando Valley hold in the fumes from automobiles, diesel trucks, shipping, and locomotive engines, as well as manufacturing and other sources. In addition the groundwater is increasingly threatened by MTBE from gas stations and perchlorate from rocket fuel. Some consider urban sprawl to be a result of the city's transportation system.
The people of Los Angeles are known as Angelenos. L.A. can truly be described as a "world city" — that is, it has one of the largest and most diverse populations of any municipality anywhere. The Hispanic and Asian American populations are growing particularly quickly — the Asian American population is the largest of any city in the U.S. Los Angeles hosts the largest populations of Armenians, Cambodians, Filipinos, Guatemalans, Israelis, Koreans, Thais, Mexicans, Hungarians and Salvadorans outside of their respective countries. Los Angeles is also home to the largest populations of Japanese and Persians living in the U.S., and has one of the largest Native American populations in the country.
L.A. is home to people from more than 140 countries, who speak at least 224 different languages. Ethnic enclaves like Chinatown, Koreatown, Little India (Artesia), Little Armenia, Thai Town, Historic Filipinotown and Little Ethiopia give testimony to the polyglot character of Los Angeles.
As of the census2 of 2000, there are 3,694,820 people, 1,275,412 households, and 798,407 families residing in the city. The population density is 3,041.3/km² (7,876.8/mi²). There are 1,337,706 housing units at an average density of 1,101.1/km² (2,851.8/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 46.93% White, 11.24% African American, 0.80% Native American, 9.99% Asian, 0.16% Pacific Islander, 25.70% from other races, and 5.18% from two or more races. 46.53% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race and 29.75% White, not of Latino/Hispanic origins.
There are 1,275,412 households out of which 33.5% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.9% are married couples living together, 14.5% have a female householder with no husband present, and 37.4% are non-families. 28.5% of all households are made up of individuals and 7.4% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.83 and the average family size is 3.56.
In the city the population is spread out with 26.6% under the age of 18, 11.1% from 18 to 24, 34.1% from 25 to 44, 18.6% from 45 to 64, and 9.7% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 32 years. For every 100 females there are 99.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 97.5 males.
The median income for a household in the city is $36,687, and the median income for a family is $39,942. Males have a median income of $31,880 versus $30,197 for females. The per capita income for the city is $20,671. 22.1% of the population and 18.3% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 30.3% of those under the age of 18 and 12.6% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.
Of 2,308,887 people 25 years of age or older, 437,758 have less than a 9th grade educational attainment, 332,414 have between a 9th-12th grade educational attainment with no diploma, 401,938 are high school graduates or equivalent, 424,785 have some college education but with no degree, 122,931 have an associate degree, 379,630 have a bachelor's degree, and 209,431 have a graduate or professional degree.
Of 2,182,114 native people, 1,485,576 were born in California, 663,746 were born in a different state of the United States of America, and 31,792 were born in a United States territory (Puerto Rico, Guam, U.S. Virgin Islands, or Northern Marianas).
Of 1,512,720 foreign born people, 100,252 were born in Europe, 376,767 were born in Asia, 20,730 were born in Africa, 4,104 were born in Oceania, 996,996 were born in Latin America, and 13,859 were born in Northern America. Of such foreign born people, 569,771 entered between 1990 to March 2000. 509,841 are naturalized citizens and 1,002,879 are not citizens.
There are 1,690,316 people at least 16 years old in the labor force, of which 1,688,652 are in the civilian labor force, 1,664 are in the Armed Forces, and 156,578 are unemployed. There are 756,303 females that are at least 16 years old in the labor force.
The mean time to commute to work (one-way) is 29.6 minutes.
Of the workers, 1,209,942 are privately employed, 162,402 are government workers, 153,551 are self-employed, and 6,179 are unpaid family workers.
Of the 1,433,200 workers that do not work at home, 97,677 leave to go to work between 5:00 A.M.-5:59 A.M., 117,065 leave between 6:00-6:29 A.M., 126,156 leave between 6:30-6:59 A.M., 211,629 leave between 7:00-7:29 A.M., 190,922 leave between 7:30-7:59 A.M., 179,318 leave between 8:00-8:29 A.M., 94,857 leave between 8:30-8:59 A.M., 204,567 leave between 9:00-11:59 A.M., 85,128 leave between 12:00 P.M.-3:59 P.M., and 125,881 leave at all other times.
Of 1,494,895 out of the 1,690,316 workers 16 years or older, 982,735 drive to work alone in a motor vehicle, 220,408 carpool, 152,435 use public transportation, 53,386 walk, 2,474 use a motorcycle, 9,052 use a bicycle, and 12,710 use other means of transportation to commute to work. 61,695 work at home.
Of the 220,408 workers that carpool, 163,508 have a carpool of 2 people, 34,845 have 3 people, 13,266 have 4 people or more, 5,682 have 6-7 people, and 3,107 have 7 or more people.
Of the 152,435 workers that use public transportation, 144,973 use bus or trolley[14] (http://www.ladottransit.com/other/trolley/index.html) bus, 804 use a streetcar, 3,054 use a subway (the Metro (http://www.metro.net/) Red Line[15] (http://www.metro.net/riding_metro/metro_rail/red_line.htm) is the only existence of a subway in the city), 1,730 use rail service, 136 use a ferryboat (such workers commute to or from the Channel Islands of California, most likely to or from Avalon), and 1,738 use a taxicab. Bus, train, and subway service in the city of Los Angeles is provided by the Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority; taxicabs are private businesses are are not included.
Of the structures containing the 1,337,668 housing units in the city, 524,787 are in a structure of only 1 detached unit, 87,776 are in a structure of only 1 attached unit, 42,814 are in a structure of 2 units, 86,253 are in a structure of 3-4 units, 126,263 are in a structure of 5-9 units, 138,634 are in a structure of 10-19 units, 322,059 are in a structure of 20 or more units, 8,222 are a mobile home, and 860 are a boat, R.V., van, or similar constructs.
Of the 1,337,668 housing units, 7,250 were built between 1999-March 2000, 25,363 between 1995-1998, 49,785 between 1990-1994, 148,376 between 1980-1989, 200,978 between 1970-1979, 234,429 between 1960-1969, 447,923 between 1940-1959, and 223,564 were built in 1939 or earlier.
940,097 housing units use utility gas for house heating fuel, 17,170 use bottled, tank, or LP gas, 260,453 use electricity, 647 use fuel oil, kerosene, or similar fuels, 124 use coal or coke, 1,881 use wood, 3,137 use solar energy, 2,117 use some other fuel, and 49,732 do not use fuel. 16,682 units lack complete plumbing facilities, 26,606 lack complete kitchen facilities, and 27,672 units do not have telephone service.
Of 782,164 renter-occupied units, 21,720 units have a rent of less than $200, 22,915 have rent between $200-$299, 123,579 have rent between $300-$499, 300,153 have rent between $500-$749, 162,156 have rent between $750-$999, 101,720 have rent between $1,000-$1,499, 35,384 have rent of $1,500 or more, and 14,537 do not pay rent in the form of cash.
Related topics: Maps of Los Angeles, California
See: List of Los Angeles natives
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See: List of Los Angeles natives. After the New England Patriots victory over the Philadelphia Eagles at the Super Bowl, Patriots' defensive coordinator Romeo Crennel signed on as the 11th head coach for the Browns and first African American coach in the team's history. Related topics: Maps of Los Angeles, California. Savage was previously an administrative member for the Baltimore Ravens and the Browns before 1995. Of 782,164 renter-occupied units, 21,720 units have a rent of less than $200, 22,915 have rent between $200-$299, 123,579 have rent between $300-$499, 300,153 have rent between $500-$749, 162,156 have rent between $750-$999, 101,720 have rent between $1,000-$1,499, 35,384 have rent of $1,500 or more, and 14,537 do not pay rent in the form of cash. On January 6, 2005, it was announced that Phil Savage signed on as general manager. 16,682 units lack complete plumbing facilities, 26,606 lack complete kitchen facilities, and 27,672 units do not have telephone service. As Super Bowl XXXIX approached, there was much speculation over who would become the new head coach. 940,097 housing units use utility gas for house heating fuel, 17,170 use bottled, tank, or LP gas, 260,453 use electricity, 647 use fuel oil, kerosene, or similar fuels, 124 use coal or coke, 1,881 use wood, 3,137 use solar energy, 2,117 use some other fuel, and 49,732 do not use fuel. Offensive Coordinator Terry Robiskie was named interim head coach for the remainder of the season. Of the 1,337,668 housing units, 7,250 were built between 1999-March 2000, 25,363 between 1995-1998, 49,785 between 1990-1994, 148,376 between 1980-1989, 200,978 between 1970-1979, 234,429 between 1960-1969, 447,923 between 1940-1959, and 223,564 were built in 1939 or earlier. Despite a 2002 AFC Wild Card qualification, the team saw a dismal record during the next two seasons leading to Butch Davis' resignation in December 2004. Of the structures containing the 1,337,668 housing units in the city, 524,787 are in a structure of only 1 detached unit, 87,776 are in a structure of only 1 attached unit, 42,814 are in a structure of 2 units, 86,253 are in a structure of 3-4 units, 126,263 are in a structure of 5-9 units, 138,634 are in a structure of 10-19 units, 322,059 are in a structure of 20 or more units, 8,222 are a mobile home, and 860 are a boat, R.V., van, or similar constructs. Palmer was suceeded by former University of Miami coach Butch Davis. Bus, train, and subway service in the city of Los Angeles is provided by the Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority; taxicabs are private businesses are are not included. To date though, the franchise has not lived up to its lofty early expectations, with Palmer being dismissed after the 2000 season and Policy leaving the team in 2003. Of the 152,435 workers that use public transportation, 144,973 use bus or trolley[14] (http://www.ladottransit.com/other/trolley/index.html) bus, 804 use a streetcar, 3,054 use a subway (the Metro (http://www.metro.net/) Red Line[15] (http://www.metro.net/riding_metro/metro_rail/red_line.htm) is the only existence of a subway in the city), 1,730 use rail service, 136 use a ferryboat (such workers commute to or from the Channel Islands of California, most likely to or from Avalon), and 1,738 use a taxicab. The team returned with high hopes and expectations, featuring solid ownership, solid general management in the form of former San Francisco 49ers president Carmen Policy, and head coach Chris Palmer. Of the 220,408 workers that carpool, 163,508 have a carpool of 2 people, 34,845 have 3 people, 13,266 have 4 people or more, 5,682 have 6-7 people, and 3,107 have 7 or more people. In death he would turn over the team to his son, Randy. 61,695 work at home. Lerner would usher in the team's rebirth in 1999, but would die in October 2002 - four years to the day he was awarded the new Browns franchise. Of 1,494,895 out of the 1,690,316 workers 16 years or older, 982,735 drive to work alone in a motor vehicle, 220,408 carpool, 152,435 use public transportation, 53,386 walk, 2,474 use a motorcycle, 9,052 use a bicycle, and 12,710 use other means of transportation to commute to work. In early 1998 the National Football League began its search for an owner for the reborn Browns, finding one later in the year in Al Lerner, a former limited partner of the original Browns and a friend of Art Modell. Of the 1,433,200 workers that do not work at home, 97,677 leave to go to work between 5:00 A.M.-5:59 A.M., 117,065 leave between 6:00-6:29 A.M., 126,156 leave between 6:30-6:59 A.M., 211,629 leave between 7:00-7:29 A.M., 190,922 leave between 7:30-7:59 A.M., 179,318 leave between 8:00-8:29 A.M., 94,857 leave between 8:30-8:59 A.M., 204,567 leave between 9:00-11:59 A.M., 85,128 leave between 12:00 P.M.-3:59 P.M., and 125,881 leave at all other times. Modell would in turn be granted a new franchise for Baltimore, the Baltimore Ravens, and the Browns' history, records, awards and archives would remain in Cleveland, to be given to the new franchise when awarded. Of the workers, 1,209,942 are privately employed, 162,402 are government workers, 153,551 are self-employed, and 6,179 are unpaid family workers. In early 1996, the National Football League announced that the team would be 'deactivated' for three years, and that a new stadium would be built for a new Cleveland Browns team that would begin play in 1999. The mean time to commute to work (one-way) is 29.6 minutes. Virtually all of the team's sponsors immediately pulled their support, leaving Cleveland Stadium devoid of advertising during the team's final weeks. Modell was forced to resign from the membership (and in many cases, leadership positions) of local civic and charitable organizations, and would literally be forced to leave the city - never to return. There are 756,303 females that are at least 16 years old in the labor force. The announcement was met with unprecedented resistance from Browns fans, with over 100 lawsuits filed by fans, the city of Cleveland, and a host of others. There are 1,690,316 people at least 16 years old in the labor force, of which 1,688,652 are in the civilian labor force, 1,664 are in the Armed Forces, and 156,578 are unemployed. After seeing new stadiums built for other major teams, after years of complaining that a new stadium would be necessary to sustain the viability of the franchise, and despite years of sellouts and profitability, in November 1995, Modell announced he would relocate the Browns to Baltimore, Maryland for 1996. 509,841 are naturalized citizens and 1,002,879 are not citizens. Cleveland City Council offered Modell an indoor stadium that would seat 68,000. Modell was upset that the new stadium would be too small, so he decided to put his own money into renovation of the old Cleveland Stadium. Of such foreign born people, 569,771 entered between 1990 to March 2000. Team owner Art Modell complained that he wanted a new stadium in the late 1980s. Of 1,512,720 foreign born people, 100,252 were born in Europe, 376,767 were born in Asia, 20,730 were born in Africa, 4,104 were born in Oceania, 996,996 were born in Latin America, and 13,859 were born in Northern America. The AFC Championship games against the Broncos produced some famous moments, including The Drive(1987) and The Fumble(1988). Virgin Islands, or Northern Marianas). In 1986, 1987 and 1989 the Browns would come one step short of a Super Bowl appearance, in each case falling to the Denver Broncos in the AFC Championship Game. Of 2,182,114 native people, 1,485,576 were born in California, 663,746 were born in a different state of the United States of America, and 31,792 were born in a United States territory (Puerto Rico, Guam, U.S. The 1980 team, known affectionately as the Kardiac Kids lost a heartbreaking AFC Semifinal to the Oakland Raiders. Of 2,308,887 people 25 years of age or older, 437,758 have less than a 9th grade educational attainment, 332,414 have between a 9th-12th grade educational attainment with no diploma, 401,938 are high school graduates or equivalent, 424,785 have some college education but with no degree, 122,931 have an associate degree, 379,630 have a bachelor's degree, and 209,431 have a graduate or professional degree. Though the team won division championships in 1971, 1980, 1985, 1986, 1987 and 1989, the team would fail to maintain their past success in winning league championships. Out of the total population, 30.3% of those under the age of 18 and 12.6% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. While the realignment would greatly benefit the Steelers, the placement of the Browns into the AFC's Central Division would not be as good. 22.1% of the population and 18.3% of families are below the poverty line. The 1970 AFL-NFL merger would see the Browns, Pittsburgh Steelers and Baltimore Colts (the original, AAFC Colts were disbanded in 1950, with a new franchise being awarded for 1953) in the new American Football Conference aligned with the 10 teams of the American Football League. The per capita income for the city is $20,671. Despite the change in leagues and what many football fans saw as a graduation to "the big league," the Browns simply resumed their dominant position among pro football teams, appearing in the next six NFL championship games, and capturing three championships during the 1950s. Males have a median income of $31,880 versus $30,197 for females. After the 1949 season the AAFC merged with the rival National Football League, with the Browns joining the San Francisco 49ers and Baltimore Colts as members of the older circuit. The median income for a household in the city is $36,687, and the median income for a family is $39,942. In either event, the Browns were extremely successful in the early part of their existence, dominating the new All-America Football Conference, winning all four of its championships including with a landmark 1948 season in which they went unbeaten and untied - 24 years before the 'first' perfect team, the 1972 Miami Dolphins. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 97.5 males. Brown was uncomfortable with the idea of having the team named after him, stating publicly that the team was named after boxing champion Joe Louis who was known as the "Brown Bomber ". For every 100 females there are 99.4 males. The team was to be named the Cleveland Panthers, but a semi-pro team was using that name and threatened to sue if the AAFC club used it as well. McBride then named the team after its first head coach, Paul Brown. The median age is 32 years. The Cleveland Browns were founded in 1946 under owner Arthur McBride. In the city the population is spread out with 26.6% under the age of 18, 11.1% from 18 to 24, 34.1% from 25 to 44, 18.6% from 45 to 64, and 9.7% who are 65 years of age or older. See the Franchise History entry below for full details of the move. The average household size is 2.83 and the average family size is 3.56. Some, however, consider the 1996 Baltimore Ravens and the relocated 1995 Browns as one continuous entity, often using the term The Modell Franchise to denote it (after its long-time owner, Art Modell). 28.5% of all households are made up of individuals and 7.4% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. For that reason, official records and Pro Football Hall of Fame players are attributed to the Browns and not to the Ravens. There are 1,275,412 households out of which 33.5% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.9% are married couples living together, 14.5% have a female householder with no husband present, and 37.4% are non-families. In an agreement between the city of Cleveland and the National Football League, the name, colors and history of the Browns were to remain in Cleveland, while the relocated club would technically be a new league franchise, the Baltimore Ravens. 46.53% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race and 29.75% White, not of Latino/Hispanic origins. In some accounts there may be confusion regarding the team's history due to unusual and unprecedented actions taken following the relocation of the original team to Baltimore, Maryland following the 1995 season. The racial makeup of the city is 46.93% White, 11.24% African American, 0.80% Native American, 9.99% Asian, 0.16% Pacific Islander, 25.70% from other races, and 5.18% from two or more races. The Cleveland Browns are a National Football League team based in Cleveland, Ohio. There are 1,337,706 housing units at an average density of 1,101.1/km² (2,851.8/mi²). Eric Turner. The population density is 3,041.3/km² (7,876.8/mi²). Vinny Testaverde. As of the census2 of 2000, there are 3,694,820 people, 1,275,412 households, and 798,407 families residing in the city. Webster Slaughter. Ethnic enclaves like Chinatown, Koreatown, Little India (Artesia), Little Armenia, Thai Town, Historic Filipinotown and Little Ethiopia give testimony to the polyglot character of Los Angeles. Brian Sipe. is home to people from more than 140 countries, who speak at least 224 different languages. Andre Rison. L.A. Michael Dean Perry. Los Angeles is also home to the largest populations of Japanese and Persians living in the U.S., and has one of the largest Native American populations in the country. Frank Minnifield. Los Angeles hosts the largest populations of Armenians, Cambodians, Filipinos, Guatemalans, Israelis, Koreans, Thais, Mexicans, Hungarians and Salvadorans outside of their respective countries. Eric Metcalf. The Hispanic and Asian American populations are growing particularly quickly — the Asian American population is the largest of any city in the U.S. Clay Matthews. can truly be described as a "world city" — that is, it has one of the largest and most diverse populations of any municipality anywhere. Kevin Mack. L.A. Bernie Kosar. The people of Los Angeles are known as Angelenos. Kelly Holcomb. In addition the groundwater is increasingly threatened by MTBE from gas stations and perchlorate from rocket fuel. Some consider urban sprawl to be a result of the city's transportation system. Leroy Hoard. The Los Angeles Basin and the San Fernando Valley hold in the fumes from automobiles, diesel trucks, shipping, and locomotive engines, as well as manufacturing and other sources. Robert Griffith. Due to the city's geography and the popularity of automobiles, the city suffers from severe air pollution in the form of smog. Bob Golic. Most of these contain sailboats and yachts, like Manhattan Beach, Redondo Beach and Marina-Del-Rey. Hanford Dixon. There are also smaller, non-industrial harbors along L.A.'s western coastline. Tim Couch. The sea ports of the Port of Los Angeles and Port of Long Beach together make up the Los Angeles - Long Beach Harbor, the busiest and overall third largest container shipping port in the world. Ernest Byner. Los Angeles also has the world's busiest general aviation airport, Van Nuys Airport (VNY). 76 Lou Groza. The other major commercial airports are Ontario International Airport (ONT), Bob Hope Airport (BUR) formerly known as Burbank Airport, Long Beach Municipal Airport (LGB), and John Wayne International Airport (SNA). 46 Don Fleming. The main Los Angeles airport is Los Angeles International Airport (LAX), the 5th busiest commercial airport in the world. LAX handled 55 million passengers and 2 million tons of cargo in 2003. 45 Ernie Davis. The Los Angeles area has more airports than any major city in the world, with 5 major commercial airports, and many more general aviation airports. 32 Jim Brown. Rail shipping is handled by Union Pacific and Burlington Northern Santa Fe. 14 Otto Graham. Rail passenger service is provided by Amtrak and Metrolink from historic Union Station. Gary Baxter. The Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority and other agencies operate bus, subway and light railroad lines which together carry over a million passengers a day. Kellen Winslow Jr. freeway system successfully handles millions of commuters as they endure a daily collective migration of about 99 million miles (160,000,000 km). Lee Suggs. is considered to be the home of traffic jams and car culture, the L.A. Dennis Northcutt. While L.A. William Green. Los Angeles is the center of the huge Southern California freeway system. Braylon Edwards. See also: Freeway system of Los Angeles. Trent Dilfer. Main article: Transportation of Los Angeles. André Davis. See the Economy section of the Los Angeles County article for a list of such companies in Los Angeles County. Andra Davis. There are many other well-known companies with headquarters located in the County of Los Angeles or the greater Los Angeles area, but they are far beyond the City of Los Angeles (and the scope of this article). Antonio Bryant. The companies below clearly benefit from their proximity to Los Angeles, while at the same time they also avoid the city's taxes (and other problems). Joe Andruzzi. For example, Los Angeles charges a gross receipts tax based on a percentage of business revenue, while most neighboring cities charge only small flat fees. Bill Willis. Few major companies are headquartered within the boundaries of the City of Los Angeles for a variety of reasons, such as the city's high taxes. Paul Warfield. The ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach are vital to North American trade with the Pacific Rim countries. Ozzie Newsome. The most important industries in Los Angeles are entertainment, adult entertainment, and media production, aerospace, telecommunications, law, tourism, health and medicine, manufacturing and transportation. Marion Motley. Main article: Economy of Los Angeles. Bobby Mitchell. County, Whittier, Long Beach area Signs have been placed on major thoroughfares designating some of the communities, a practice going back decades. Otto Graham. These divisions have no legal status but are of significance to residents for cultural and financial reasons. Frank Gatski. Most of the neighborhood names come either from farm towns that were annexed by the growing city, physical terrain features, major streets, or subdivision names coined by enterprising developers. Len Ford. The city is divided into many neighborhoods. Joe DeLamielleure. There are also unincorporated enclaves which are under Los Angeles County jurisdiction. Paul Brown. territory. Jim Brown. San Fernando in the northern corner of the San Fernando Valley is also a separate city entirely surrounded by L.A. Both Santa Monica and Marina del Rey are surrounded except on their ocean side. except where it shares a boundary with the unincorporated communities of Ladera Heights and Baldwin Hills. Culver City is surrounded by L.A. For example, Beverly Hills and West Hollywood are completely surrounded by the City of Los Angeles except for a small border the two cities share. The city boundaries are quite complicated. The San Pedro/Harbor City area was annexed to the city of Los Angeles so the city could have access and control over the Port of Los Angeles and is only connected by a narrow Corridor with the rest of L.A, which follows the Harbor Freeway for the most part. Many Angelenos consider the Eastside to be the area east of the Los Angeles River, above Orange County. Adjoining areas that are outside the actual city boundaries of the incorporated city of Los Angeles include the South Bay, the San Gabriel Valley and the Foothills. (formerly known as South Central L.A.); and the San Pedro/Harbor City area. Some other areas of Los Angeles include the Westside; South L.A. Or, consider the San Fernando Valley: Lying north-northwest of Downtown L.A., "The Valley" is a 15 mile (24 km) wide basin ringed by mountains. For example, Downtown Los Angeles is the area of Los Angeles roughly enclosed by three freeways and one river: the Harbor Freeway to the west, the Hollywood Freeway to the north, the Los Angeles River to the east, and the Santa Monica Freeway to the south. Some areas are bounded by natural features such as mountains or the ocean; others are marked by city boundaries, freeways, or other constructed landmarks. See also Bunker Hill, Los Angeles, California.. The Los Angeles Downtown News keeps a list of ongoing development projects, updated every quarter, here (http://www.downtownnews.com/development/). For example, Downtown Los Angeles is gaining more skyscrapers (some of which are residential towers), the office vacancy rate is decreasing, and the value of housing units and homes continues to rise. sprawl has reached its geographic limits around 2000 (future expansion of the sprawl will involve leapfrogging across whole mountain ranges), so these numbers are beginning to change as real estate investment becomes focused towards the central areas of the city. However, the L.A. In contrast to this, the extent of the region's suburban sprawl has been so thoroughly cultivated so as to result in a greater metropolitan area with a relatively high density of 7,070 people per square mile (2,730/km²) according to the 2000 census. This decentralization has resulted in the city of Los Angeles having a very low population density compared to other large American cities (less than one-third the density of New York City, and nearly half the density of Chicago). Los Angeles became a real city as automobiles began to be mass-produced, and as a result it developed somewhat less densely. At the same time, the area's reputation for sprawl is more historic than real in today's terms. It is not always meaningful to refer to Los Angeles as a distinct city, but people outside of Southern California commonly refer to the entire region as "L.A.," even though there are five counties, more than 100 distinct municipalities, hundreds of neighborhoods and districts, and more people than any individual state except for Texas, New York, Florida, and, of course, California. Greater Los Angeles (also referred to locally as "Southern California" or "The Southland") is such a sprawling area that residents refer to broad general sub-regions. A major stretch of Wilshire Boulevard has high-rises outside of Century City, such as in the Miracle Mile, Los Angeles, California and Mid-Wilshire. The area around LAX as well as the stretch of Century Boulevard to the direct east of LAX also makes a small, mid-rise skyline. Warner Center in the San Fernando Valley has a small skyline of commercial towers, with the tallest being around 25 stories. Encino, also in the San Fernando Valley, has many towers along Ventura Boulevard and nearby streets that have high-rises with story amounts in the 20's. Downtown has the tallest skyline, however, which mixes a few extremely tall high-rises with many lower high-rises (most around 12 stories) from the times when there was a low height limit. Century City and the parts of Wilshire Boulevard through Westwood together form a rather busy skyline that is often confused with the downtown skyline. The skyline of Los Angeles consists of several different clusters of high-rise buildings; most of these clusters are not directly connected to each other. The recent "rise" of South Park, the low-rise district of downtown south of Bunker Hill (roughly south of 8th Street and north of the Santa Monica Freeway), is bringing skyscrapers that are high enough in quantity and height to create an extended downtown skyline within a few years from 2005. This is a brief list, however, there are many more. Some recent, new examples of skyscraper construction include:. Hence, what the office tower rush in the 1970s and 1980s added to the skyline is now occuring again in the form of residential. Many of the new skyscrapers are housing, especially in Downtown. The skyline has seen rapid growth due to improvements in building standards, which has made some buildings highly earthquake-resistant. Despite its relative decentralization, Los Angeles has one of the largest skylines in the United States. See also: Los Angeles Basin, San Fernando Valley. The major waterway of Los Angeles is the Los Angeles River. Lukens. The highest point in Los Angeles is Sister Elsie Peak, 5,080 feet at the far reaches of the northeastern San Fernando Valley, part of Mt. The total area is 5.86% water. 1,214.9 km² (469.1 mi²) of it is land and 75.7 km² (29.2 mi²) of it is water. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1,290.6 km² (498.3 mi²). The extreme north-south distance is 44 miles (71 km), the extreme east-west distance is 29 miles (47 km), and the length of the city boundary is 342 miles (550 km). has a total area of 472.08 square miles (1,223 km²). L.A. The city is situated in a semitropical Mediterranean climate zone. Main article: Geography of Los Angeles. Notable sister cities include Athens, Jakarta, Berlin, Mumbai, Vancouver, Mexico City, Makati and St. Petersburg. Los Angeles has 20 Sister Cities, more than any other municipality in California. There are crime video games that take place in Los Angeles such as Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas (which has a city named Los Santos which is based on Los Angeles) and True Crime: Streets of LA (which takes place in Los Angeles and is a close replica of the area). One interesting example is a report on ten freeway shootings within two months [3] (http://www.nbc4.tv/news/4449599/detail.html). Numerous instances of all these crimes are documented on the LAPD press release Web site [2] (http://www.lapdonline.org/press_releases/press_releases.htm). Other common crimes include: car-to-car shootings (see road rage), drive-by shootings, thrill killings, hit-and-run accidents, and carjackings. The city's complex freeway system makes it easier to go on for miles, while still remaining in the same general area. In Los Angeles, car chases happen more often than in most major cities (sometimes a few times in one week). Every day, the middle pages of Los Angeles newspapers are packed with reports of violent crimes which would be front page news in almost any other city in the United States. According to a May 2001 Drug Threat Assessment by the National Drug Intelligence Center[1] (http://www.usdoj.gov/ndic/pubs0/668/overview.htm), Los Angeles County is home to 152,000 gang members organized into 1,350 gangs. As a result, people around the world know that the number 187 stands for murder in California. Many movies and songs about Los Angeles depict the fact that the city is home to a large number of gangsters and professional criminals. Supreme Court in Washington, D.C. Of course, the court of last resort for both federal and state cases is the U.S. Federal cases are appealed to the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, which hears them at its branch building in Pasadena. State cases are appealed to the Court of Appeal for the Second Appellate District, which is also headquartered in the Civic Center, and then to the California Supreme Court, which is headquartered in San Francisco but also hears argument in Los Angeles (again, in the Civic Center). In 2003, the tabloid television show Extra (based in nearby Glendale) found itself running so many reports on the legal problems of local celebrities that it spun them off into a separate show, Celebrity Justice. Simpson are frequently seen in Los Angeles courts. Thanks to Hollywood, celebrities like O.J. As a result, both the county superior court and the federal district court are respectively the busiest courts of their type in the nation. Unlike the largest city in the United States, New York, all of the city of Los Angeles and most of its important suburbs are located within a single county. Both are headquartered in a large cluster of government buildings in the city's Civic Center. District Court for the Central District of California hears all federal cases. The Los Angeles County Superior Court has jurisdiction over all cases arising under state law, while the U.S. See also: List of mayors of Los Angeles, California. The first notable achievement of the neighborhood councils was their organized opposition in March 2004 to an 18% increase in water rates by the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (a municipal monopoly), which led the city council to suspend the rate hike pending further study. These and other regulatory requirements have proven frustrating for activists unaccustomed to bureaucratic procedures. Though the councils have little actual power, they are still official government bodies and so must abide by California's Brown Act that strictly governs the meetings of deliberative assemblies. More than 90 neighborhood councils have been formed and all stakeholders in a district may vote for council members. The councils cover districts which are not necessarily identical to the traditional neighborhoods of Los Angeles, the borders of which often reflect those of cities that were annexed to Los Angeles (see Communities, neighborhoods and districts below). These advisory councils were first proposed by city council member Joel Wachs in 1996 and were incorporated in the Charter Reform of 1999. To make the government more responsive and to help encourage the cohesiveness of neighborhood communities, the city council has promoted the formation of neighborhood councils. The main problem seems to be that the city administration in Downtown gives more priority to high-density neighborhoods like Mid-City and Downtown at the expense of its far-flung suburban neighborhoods. The city government has been perceived as inefficient and ineffective by residents of some areas, which ultimately led to an unsuccessful secession movement by the San Fernando Valley and Hollywood in 2002. The district attorney, elected by the county voters, prosecutes misdemeanors in unincorporated areas and in 78 of the 88 cities in the county, as well as felonies everywhere in the county. The city attorney prosecutes misdemeanors within the city limits. Other elected city officials include the city attorney, Rocky Delgadillo, and the city controller, Laura Chick. There are 15 city council districts. The current mayor is James Hahn and the mayor-elect is Antonio Villaraigosa. The city has a mayor-council system. The Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department polices all unincorporated areas of Los Angeles County and some cities which have contracted for law enforcement services because they lack police departments of their own, including Calabasas, West Hollywood, and Compton. The Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) polices the city of Los Angeles. Main article: Law and government of Los Angeles. area, such as Caltech, see Los Angeles County, California#Colleges and universities. Note: For more colleges and universities in the L.A. ++Los Angeles Community College District. Since then, the LAUSD has embarked on an aggressive school construction program to relieve overcrowding, and has developed high-quality magnet schools to nurture talented students and encourage them to remain within the public school system. Wealthy and upper-middle-class parents placed their children in elite private schools like Harvard-Westlake, Crossroads School, The Buckley School, Milken Community High School, Notre Dame High School, Brentwood School (Los Angeles), and Marlborough School, while middle-class families fled into suburban school districts beyond LAUSD boundaries. After Proposition 13 in 1978, urban school districts had considerable trouble with funding and LAUSD became known for its underfunded, overcrowded and poorly maintained campuses. The primary school district that serves Los Angeles is the Los Angeles Unified School District. Maharishi Mahesh Yogi founded the Transcendental Meditation movement in Los Angeles in the late 1950s. Los Angeles has been a destination for Swamis and Gurus as early as 1900, including Paramahansa Yogananda (1920). Gene Scott was based near downtown. Until his death in 2005, Dr. Billy Graham became a celebrity during a successful revival campaign in Los Angeles. In the 1920s, Aimee Semple McPherson established a thriving evangelic ministry, with her Angelus Temple in Echo Park open to both black and white congregants. The city has also been home to some very colorful religious leaders and icons. One wing of the Theosophist movement is centered in Los Angeles, and another is set in neighboring Pasadena. Los Angeles is the home to a number of Neopagans, as well as adherents of various other mystical religions. The Self-Realization Fellowship is also based in Hollywood and has a private park in Pacific Palisades. Today, the Church of Scientology has a major presence in Hollywood. Immigrants from Asia, for example, have formed a number of significant Buddhist congregations. Los Angeles's large multi-ethnic population has fostered some of the less common religions of North America. The Azusa Street Revival (1906–1909) in Los Angeles was a key milestone in the history of the Pentecostal movement. Los Angeles has the second-largest Jewish community in the United States, rivaled only by New York City. A major temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is situated in West Los Angeles. Roger Cardinal Mahony oversaw construction of the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels, completed in 2002 at the north end of downtown. The Roman Catholic Archbishop of Los Angeles leads the largest archdiocese in the country. Los Angeles is home to adherents of many religions. See: List of Los Angeles television stations. Examples include the Daily Breeze (serving the South Bay), and the Long Beach Press-Telegram. Many cities adjacent to Los Angeles also have their own daily newspapers whose coverage and availability overlaps into certain Los Angeles neighborhoods. It strongly supports lowering taxes. Daily News also focuses on business issues, education, and crime. The L.A. Times often does high-quality investigative journalism on important inner-city issues like healthcare and crime, while the L.A. Daily News is usually content to run wire stories on those issues, if it covers them at all. One example of this is that the L.A. Most of the above papers are center-left or left in their political stance with the clear exception of the Daily News, which is center-right. City Beat, Los Angeles magazine, Los Angeles Business Journal, Los Angeles Daily Journal (legal industry paper), Variety, (show-biz industry paper), and Los Angeles Downtown News. (http://www.downtownnews.com) In addition to the English and Spanish language papers, numerous local periodicals serve immigrant communities in their native languages, e.g. Korean, Persian, and Japanese. Los Angeles is served by the Los Angeles Times and La Opinión (the city's major Spanish-language paper.), as well as smaller regional newspapers, alternative weeklies and magazine, including the Los Angeles Newspaper Group's Daily News (which focuses coverage on the Valley), Village Voice Media's L.A. Weekly, L.A. Orchids require special attention in this Mediterranean climate. Wisteria has been known to grow to house-lot-size, and in Descanso Gardens, there are forests of camellia trees. If there were no city here, flower-growing could still flourish as an industry, as it does in Lompoc. There are many exotic flowers and flowering trees that are blooming year-round, with subtle colors, including the jacaranda, hibiscus, phlox, bougainvillea, coral tree blossoms and bird of paradise. Unfortunately, many native species are so rare as to be endangered, such as the Los Angeles sunflower. Native plants include: California poppy, matilija poppy, toyon, coast live oak, giant wild rye grass, and hundreds of others. The largest area is coastal sage scrub, which covers the hillsides in combustible chaparral. With its beaches, dunes, wetlands, hills, mountains, and rivers, the area contains a number of important biological communities. Los Angeles is remarkably rich in native plant species. Across the county a great variety of outdoor activities are available, such as skiing, rock climbing, gold panning, hang gliding, and windsurfing. Numerous outdoor clubs serve these sports, including the Angeles Chapter of the Sierra Club, which annually leads over 4,000 outings in the area. Los Angeles is perhaps the most mountainous metropolis in the world, with four mountain ranges partly inside city boundaries. Thousands of miles of trails crisscross the city and neighboring areas, providing exercise and wilderness access on foot, bike, or horse. Los Angeles has twice played host to the summer Olympic Games: in 1932 and in 1984. Area beaches are popular with surfers, who have created their own subculture. Beach volleyball and windsurfing were both invented in the area (though predecessors of both were first invented in some form by Duke Kahanamoku in Hawaii). Venice, also known as Dogtown, is credited with being the birthplace of skateboarding and the place where rollerblading first became popular. In late December 2004 the name was officially changed to the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim in order to associate with the larger city while still complying with contractual obligations. At various times in history, however, the Angels have been known as the Los Angeles Angels (1961-1965), the California Angels (1965-1997), and the Anaheim Angels (1997-2004); talks in 2004 suggested the team was considering returning to the original name, over loud protests from the Anaheim government. Anaheim, about 25 miles (40 km) to the south-east, is home to the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim hockey team and the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim baseball team. Los Angeles has been without an NFL franchise since 1995 despite being the second biggest television market in North America. Los Angeles is the home of the Los Angeles Dodgers baseball team, the Los Angeles Lakers and Los Angeles Clippers men's basketball teams, the Los Angeles Sparks women's basketball team, the Los Angeles Kings hockey team, the Club Deportivo Chivas USA and Los Angeles Galaxy soccer teams, and the Los Angeles Avengers arena football team. See also: List of sites of interest in the Los Angeles area. The Main Library is located in downtown Los Angeles and has been recognized as a National Historic Site. Residents of the unincorporated areas of Los Angeles County and various cities within the county are served by the County of Los Angeles Public Library The LAPL is funded by voter approved bond and tax levy packages. Residents of the city of Los Angeles are served by the Los Angeles Public Library (LAPL) and its branch locations. For more criticism, see Arts and culture of Los Angeles: Criticism. However, this culture has also inspired criticism that it is not really a unique culture at all. As a major global metropolis, Los Angeles has evolved a unique culture that is well-portrayed in popular media. Despite its young age, Los Angeles is known as the world capital of motion picture production, and it is also an important center for music, art, and architecture. Main article: Arts and culture of Los Angeles. riots, the Northridge earthquake was a severe emotional shock to Southern Californians, in addition to causing billions of dollars in physical damage. Other major earthquakes include the 1987 Whittier Narrows earthquake and the 1971 Sylmar earthquake. Coming less than two years after the L.A. The most recent was the 1994 Northridge earthquake, which was centered in the northern San Fernando Valley. Like most areas of California, Los Angeles's history is punctuated with major earthquakes. A city-wide vote on San Fernando Valley and Hollywood secession was defeated in 2002. The XXIII Olympiad was successfully hosted in Los Angeles in 1984. The city was once again tested by the 1992 Los Angeles riots and the 1994 Northridge earthquake. The Watts riots in 1965 reminded the country of the deep divisions that even the nation's youngest city faced. The postwar years saw an even greater boom as urban sprawl expanded into the San Fernando Valley. This period also saw the arrival of the German Exiles, which included such notables as Thomas Mann, Bertolt Brecht, and Lion Feuchtwagner. World War II brought new growth and prosperity to the city, although many of its Japanese-American residents were transported to internment camps for the duration of the war. The city was the proud host of the 1932 Summer Olympics. In the 1920s the motion picture and aviation industries both flocked to Los Angeles and helped to further develop it. In 1913, William Mulholland completed the aqueduct that assured the city's growth and led to the annexation by the City of Los Angeles, starting in 1915, of dozens of neighboring communities without water supplies of their own. Even more important to the city's growth was water. Oil was discovered in 1892, and by 1923, Los Angeles was supplying one-quarter of the world's petroleum. Railroads arrived when the Southern Pacific completed its line to Los Angeles in 1876. Los Angeles was incorporated as a city in 1850. Yankees gained control after they flooded into California during the Gold Rush and secured the subsequent admission of California into the United States. Mexican independence from Spain was achieved in the 1820s, but the greatest change took place in present day Montebello after the Battle of Rio San Gabriel in 1847, which decided the fate of Los Angeles. It remained a small mission and ranch town for decades. On September 4, 1781, settlers from the San Gabriel Mission founded the town and named it El Pueblo de Nuestra Señora la Reina de los Ángeles de la Porciúncula, "The Town of Our Lady Queen of the Angels of the Small Portion". In 1771, the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel was founded, thus establishing a permanent presence in the area and securing Spanish territory. In 1769, the Spanish returned to California to stay. The Spanish first arrived in 1542, when Juan Cabrillo visited the area. The Los Angeles coastal area was occupied by the Tongva, Chumash, and even earlier Native American peoples for thousands of years. Main Article: History of Los Angeles, California. See also: The Greater Los Angeles Area. People are attracted to the city for its balmy weather, its vibrant lifestyle, and the opportunity to realize the "American Dream.". It is one of the largest entry points for immigrants to the United States, and it contains people from every nation, making it one of world's most culturally-rich places. The economy of Los Angeles is driven by agriculture, petroleum, entertainment (motion pictures, television, and recorded music), aerospace, international trade, and tourism. The Los Angeles Department of Water and Power provides service to city residents and businesses. The Los Angeles Police Department, Los Angeles Public Library System and Los Angeles Unified School District are among the largest such organizations in the country. Los Angeles is governed by a mayor and a 15-member council. In addition, Los Angeles is an "Alpha" world city since it has hosted two Olympic Games and is home to renowned scientific and cultural institutions. The city is also large by geographic standards since it sprawls over more than 465 square miles (1200 square kilometers), making it larger than New York City or Chicago. As of the 2000 census, it has a population of 3,694,820, but a May 1, 2005, California Department of Finance estimate shows the city's population at 3,957,875, with the metropolitan area at 17,545,623. It was incorporated as a city in California on April 4, 1850 and is the county seat of Los Angeles County. The City of Los Angeles (from Spanish Los Ángeles, meaning angels) is the second largest city in the United States in terms of population, as well as one of the world's most important economic, cultural, and entertainment centers. Klein, The History of Forgetting: Los Angeles and the Erasure of Memory, Verso 1997. Norman M. Lynell George, No crystal stair : African Americans in the city of angels, London : Verso, 1992. Mike Davis, City of Quartz: Excavating the Future in Los Angeles, Vintage Books 1992. Ulin (ed), Writing Los Angeles: A Literary Anthology, Library of America 2002. David L. For neighborhood demographics, see Maps of Los Angeles, California. For other cities and unincorporated neighborhoods in the Los Angeles area, see Los Angeles County, California. List of districts and neighborhoods of Los Angeles (sorted by region and then alphabetically). Category page for Los Angeles neighborhoods (sorted alphabetically). Cove[12] (http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=210977)[13] (http://www.covemarinadelrey.com), an 18 story condominium tower in Marina del Rey. 9th and Flower Lofts[11] (http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=214405), a 38 story residential tower at 9th and Flower Streets. NoHo Tower[10] (http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/cs/?id=195925), a 15 story residential tower with bottom floor retail in North Hollywood. Metropolis[9] (http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/cx/?id=112023), a mixed use tri-tower (38, 47, and 52 stories, respectively) at Franciso and 9th Street downtown. The Californian on Wilshire[7] (http://www.thecalifornianonwilshire.com)[8] (http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/cs/?id=192611) which is a 23 story condominium tower on Wilshire Boulevard in Westwood. 11th and Grand[6] (http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=209800), a 27 story tower at 11th and Grand in downtown, opposite Elleven. Elleven[4] (http://www.elleven-south.com)[5] (http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/cs/?id=205060), a tri-tower complex (13, 19, and 23 story towers) at the northwest block from 11th and Grand to 12th and Grand in downtown. University of Phoenix (Private College). Los Angeles Mission College++. Los Angeles Valley College++. Los Angeles Pierce College++. Pepperdine University School of Law. Southwestern University School of Law. Otis College of Art and Design(Otis). Occidental College (Oxy). Los Angeles City College (LACC). Loyola Marymount University (LMU). California State University, Northridge (CSUN). California State University, Los Angeles (CSULA). University of Southern California (USC). University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). |