This page will contain discussion groups about Lion King, as they become available.The Lion KingThe Lion King is the thirty-second animated feature in the Disney animated feature canon, and the highest-grossing traditionally animated feature film ever released in the United States. It was produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation, originally released to selected cities by Walt Disney Pictures and Buena Vista Distribution on June 15, 1994, and put into general release on June 24, 1994. A digitally retouched and enhanced Special Edition version of the film was released in IMAX format on December 25, 2002. The film is about a young lion cub named Simba who learns about his place on the throne of Pride Rock and his role in the circle of life. It is frequently alleged that The Lion King was based on Osamu Tezuka's 1960s animated series Kimba the White Lion, although the filmmakers deny this. The filmmakers do, however, acknowledge the prominent influences of both Shakespeare's play Hamlet and the 1942 Disney animated feature Bambi. Unlike previous Disney animated films, which featured only a select few famous voice actors alongside lesser-known performers, nearly all of the voice acting work for this film was done by well-known actors, including Matthew Broderick, James Earl Jones, Jeremy Irons, Jonathan Taylor Thomas, Nathan Lane, Ernie Sabella, Robert Guillaume, Moira Kelly, Rowan Atkinson, Whoopi Goldberg, Cheech Marin and Jim Cummings. The Lion King is a musical film, with songs written by composer Elton John and lyricist Tim Rice, and a film score by Hans Zimmer. Many of the John/Rice tunes became Disney standards or pop hits in their own right, and Zimmer's score also drew substantial praise. About the filmThe Lion King, though a very humanistic story, remains the only Disney film to lack any trace of human existence. Robin Hood featured only anthropomorphized animals who lived like humans, while Bambi featured only unseen human characters; whether this makes The Lion King Walt Disney's first "non-human animals-only" film is open to interpretation, but it is one film that is free of "human elements". The film was also the first Disney animated feature to have a non-villain main character die on-screen. Computer animation was used extensively in the creation of the movie, particularly during the "Circle of Life" and the technologically innovative stampede sequences. During its production, The Lion King was considered a secondary project to Pocahontas, which was in production at the same time. Many of the Disney Feature Animation staffers preferred to work on Pocahontas, thinking that film would be the more prestigious and successful of the two. However, as the film was being marketed, the studio noticed that the released teaser, which consisted of the entire opening sequence featuring the song, "Circle of Life", was getting a strongly enthusiastic reaction from audiences. Furthermore, when the film was in limited release in two major theatres, the film did very impressive business which suggested that this "secondary project" promised to be popular. Upon general release, the film more than confirmed that suspicion by becoming the most successful film of the year and the most successful animated feature film ever at the time (though with inflation factored in it would be fourth). The film made $328,541,776 in domestic gross income and $783,841,776 worldwide. With hindsight, the film can be seen as marking the peak of the popular success of the late-80s-to-mid-90s "renaissance" of Disney animation. Elton John and Tim Rice wrote five original songs for this film. John performs "Can You Feel the Love Tonight" during the end credits. However, the major musical praise focused on Hans Zimmer's score which was supplemented with traditional African music and choir elements arranged by Lebo M, which many critics felt played a crucial role in establishing the grand mythic tone of the African story. Plot synopsis2002 IMAX re-release poster of The Lion King. Spoiler warning: Plot and/or ending details follow.Simba's father, King Mufasa, is the lion king. He rules the kingdom with kindness and wisdom. However, Mufasa's younger brother Scar is jealous of his nephew's position as heir and so plots to usurp the throne. Mufasa teaches Simba about the Circle of Life and that everything is connected in a balance. Scar allies himself with some starving hyenas in an attempt to overthrow his brother. Together with his hyenas, he engineers a wildebeest stampede in which Mufasa rescues Simba but he himself is lost in the stampede. However as all hope seems lost, Mufasa makes one last great leap to cling to the rockface. As Mufasa climbs higher, he looks up to see Scar standing on the ledge above him. Mufasa pleads to Scar for help, who gazes down on his brother and then suddenly latches his sharp claws into Mufasa's paws. Scar throws Mufasa back off the rock with the mocking words, "Long live the king." Mufasa is crushed under the hooves of the wildebeest. Scar manipulates Simba into thinking he is responsible for his father's death by getting caught in a stampede, and advises him to "run away and never return." As a sobbing, devastated Simba runs off, Scar orders his hyena henchmen to kill Simba. In the chase that follows, Simba escapes the hyenas who fear Scar's wrath and lie to him, saying that they captured and killed the young prince. Scar accepts the story, and assumes the throne, becoming the lion king. Exhausted, Simba collapses in the desert. There the cub is saved and befriended by Timon and Pumbaa (a meerkat and warthog respectively), who teach Simba their philosophy of "hakuna matata" (no worries). After growing up with the pair, the adult Simba encounters his childhood friend, a beautiful and formidable young lioness named Nala, who has fled Scar's dictatorial rule to seek help. She urges Simba to return to the Pride Lands and retake his rightful throne, but he refuses, happy with his new "no worries" lifestyle -- and still traumatized by the false belief that he caused his father's death. Although the pair have fallen in love, they part: Nala angry with what she sees as Simba's irresponsibility, and Simba angry with Nala for scorning him. After Rafiki the witch doctor mandrill (referred to as a baboon in the film) shows Simba that Mufasa's spirit still lives on inside him, and Mufasa appears to him as a ghost and demands of him to look inside himself and understand that he is the only rightful king, Simba decides to go back home. When he arrives, Simba is incensed to find that his once joyful and prosperous kingdom has crumbled into a barren wasteland under King Scar's rule. With the support of Nala who has rallied the lionesses (including Simba's aged and yet still proud mother, the erstwhile Queen Sarabi), Simba confronts his uncle. Scar remains confident and with his hyenas forces Simba to confess to his responsibility for the death of Mufasa. Then Scar backs Simba to the edge of the cliff as lightning ignites the kingdom. Simba slips and hangs onto the rock as Mufasa did years before. Scar recalls Mufasa's death and just as the dictator had done to Mufasa, latches into Simba's paws with his claws. Just before Scar kills Simba the same way he killed Mufasa, he whispers the awful truth to Simba: that it was he, Scar, who killed Mufasa. Simba, enraged at the truth of the murder and how he was played a fool in it, leaps upon Scar and forces the tyrant to publicly confess to his crime. The battle begins, and as the lionesses and hyenas fight, Simba does battle with Scar on the summit. Scar attempts to blame everything on the hyenas (who hear this); Simba shows mercy and tells Scar to run away from the kingdom and never return. Scar remembers those words; they were the exact words that he used to manipulate Simba after Mufasa died. Scar begins to slink off when he throws some burning embers into Simba's face. Simba is surprised at this and Scar attacks once again. There is a climactic battle and Simba is thrown to the edge of the cliff. Scar jumps through the flames to finish Simba off but it is Simba who throws his uncle over the cliff edge and watches as Scar's former hyena allies turn on the dictator, after hearing him tell Simba they were 'the enemy'. In a powerful and beautifully depicted climax, Simba is finally declared the true lion king and leads the Pride Lands back into times of prosperity and glory. Simba and Nala have a baby cub that is presented in a triumphant ceremony mirroring the film's beginning. A major point of contention among fans of Japanese anime and in particular Osamu Tezuka - is the fact that many of the characters, key scenes and story are almost identical to "Jungle Taitei" - translated as "The Jungle Emporer" or as we know it - "Kimba the White lion". See: Dreamland and Kimba The Lion. The official Disney company response, as reported in the Chronicle, was that The Lion King was an original work, and that none of the people involved in creating The Lion King "were aware of Kimba or Tezuka." Animators - or anyone for that matter - not being aware of the creator of "Kimba the White Lion" and other works such as Atom Boy (Astro Boy) is very hard to believe indeed. The plot also bears similarities to both Shakespeare's play Hamlet and the 1942 Disney animated feature Bambi. (See == Controversies == below) Voice castSinging voices Key charactersMufasa, Simba's father and King of the Pridelands.
Sequels and spin-offsThe Festival of the Lion King in Disney's Animal Kingdom. Timon is visible.The Lion King was so successful that Disney's television animation arm created a direct-to-video sequel (as it did with numerous other succesful animated films) called The Lion King II: Simba's Pride (1998), focusing on Simba's daughter Kiara. A spin-off television series called Timon and Pumbaa focused on the Meerkat and Warthog duo, and implied that the story took place during the mid Twentieth Century through the appearance of humans, human clothing and technology. A second direct-to-video sequel (or perhaps midquel), The Lion King 1½ (also known as The Lion King 3: Hakuna Matata), was released on February 10, 2004, and takes place on a parallel time line that interweaves with the original Lion King, but from Timon and Pumbaa's perspective. On October 7, 2003, the original film was released as The Lion King: 2-Disc Special Edition, part of Disney's Platinum Edition line of DVDs. The DVD release featured a remastered version of the film created for the IMAX release. Among the extra features on the disc was an extended version of one scene, where a short conversation has been replaced with a complete song, "The Morning Report", which was originally written for the stage musical (see below). By means of seamless branching, the movie could be viewed either with or without the extra scene. A boxed set of the three films (in double-disc Special Edition formats) was released on December 6, 2004. The Lion King II: Simba's Pride was re-released in a 2 disc Special Edition on August 31, 2004. MusicalThe Lion King on BroadwayThe movie was also adapted into an award-winning Broadway stage musical with the same title, directed by Julie Taymor, featuring actors in animal costumes as well as giant, hollow puppets. The stage show first opened on July 31st, 1997 in Minneapolis at the Orpheum Theatre, and was an instant and tremendous success, moving permanently to the New Amsterdam Theater on Broadway in New York that October. A version later opened in London, and another in Toronto, playing there until January 2004. In June of 2006, the Broadway production will move to the Minskoff Theater to make way for the musical version of Mary Poppins. There are currently two U.S. touring productions. The tour version is very similar to the original Broadway production; however, certain scenic elements which rise out of the stage floor (such as Pride Rock, the stampede, and the grasslands) were converted to less costly configurations for the touring productions. International productions of the show are now playing in London, England; Melbourne, Australia; Hamburg, Germany; Tokyo, Japan; and Scheveningen, Netherlands. The show is produced by Disney Theatrical. The Lion King was nominated for the following Tony Awards in 1997:
Sound trackAside from the John/Rice songs, the incidental music was by Hans Zimmer with additional material arranged by Lebo M. Also, very few of the voice actors in the movie were able to do their own singing, and a majority of the songs were done by vocal doubles. For instance, Jason Weaver sang for Jonathan Taylor-Thomas as the young Simba, and Joseph Williams sang for Matthew Broderick as the adult Simba. Hamburg, Germany: Lion King TheaterA soundtrack CD was sold separately from the film. In the original United States version, this CD had the following tracks:
In most international releases of the CD, Elton John's versions were removed except for the bottom one, and an additional track, "Hyenas" (instrumental by Hans Zimmer) was included. More recently, with the making of the Special Edition and its extra song, "The Morning Report", newer CDs include this track:
On 28 February 1995, Disney released an album entitled Rhythm of the Pridelands, which featured songs and performances inspired by, but not featured in, the film. The album -- with many tracks composed by Lebo M -- focused primarily on the African influences of the film's original music, with most songs being sung either partially or entirely in various African languages. Several songs featured on the album would later have incarnations in other Lion King-oriented projects, such as the stage musical or the direct-to-video sequels. Rhythm of the Pridelands was printed in a very limited quantity, and as such has become something of a collectors item. The Lion King Complete ScoreThe cover of The Lion King Complete ScoreThe official soundtrack released by Disney contained very little of Hans Zimmer's instrumental score. The tracks included were pieced together from various parts of the film and therefore not entirely representative of the scenes linked to them. It was assumed that the vast amounts of missing score had been lost, but relatively recently a bootleg CD containing all of the missing score has come to light. The quality is not what one would expect from an official Disney CD, as the tracks were recorded at a slower rate than normal, many of the tracks are in monaural and the tracks are not ordered correctly with their appearance in the film, but it has been a relief to many fans that the music had been placed into CD form. The CD is titled The Lion King Complete Score or Lion King Expanded Score and was first mentioned on Hans-Zimmer.com. The CD itself is difficult to obtain, but it has been sighted on eBay, and high-quality downloads of the tracks can be found online. Role in the Disney CanonTo many, The Lion King represents the peak of the late 1980's to mid 1990's Disney Renaissance in animation. The Renaissance featured a return to traditional Disney standard storytelling modes and motifs, a reliance on ever-expanding filmmaking technology, and a strong influence of musical theater. Although not specifically based on any previous film, The Lion King borrows the archetypical Disney story of an orphan battling a villain (usually a relative) for control of his or her birthright. This is seen in classic films such as Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film), Bambi, and Cinderella (1950 movie). Significant use of computer-aided designed help the filmmakers on use the old story structure in new, visual ways. The most notable use of computer-aided animation is in the famous "wildebeast stampede" sequence. Several distinct wildebeast chracters were drawn into a computer program, multiplied into the hundreds, and given randomized paths down a mountainside to simulate the real, unpredictable movement of a herd. Similar multiplication occurs in the "Be Prepared" musical number with identical marching hyenas. Computers also aided in the implementation of a classic Disney animation technique called "multiplaning" that was prominently featued in Bambi. With six major musical numbers (including a repeated "Circle of Life" at film's beginning and end), The Lion King is heavily influenced by American musical theater. The film's look changes drastically from the "realistic" world of the drama and the stylized world of the musical numbers. For instance, the "I Just Can't Wait to Be King" number transitions from a background of natural savannah to abstact blue and pink African tribal patterns the instant the singing begins--and just as quickly back out of it when the music ends. Also, in the "Hakuna Matata" number, the characters sing in a jungle surrounding, lit by spotlights that follow them from the sky. ControversiesJungle Emperor (ジャングル大帝), a.k.a. Kimba the White LionThe Lion King was claimed to be the first animated Disney movie to be based on an original story, although the accuracy of this has become disputed. The Lion King bears a striking resemblance to a famous Japanese animated television show, Kimba the White Lion [2], and claims have been made that The Lion King was inspired by it. Most characters in Kimba have an analogue in The Lion King, and various individual scenes are nearly identical in composition and camera angle. Disney's official stance is that any resemblances are a coincidence, and the directors Roger Allers and Rob Minkoff claim they were well into the development process before someone pointed out the Kimba similarity. The family of Osamu Tezuka, Kimba's creator, have not filed suit against Disney. There are recurring assertions of a resemblance to Shakespeare's Hamlet. In fact, Christopher Vogler in his book The Writer's Journey, Second Edition: Mythic Structure for Writers (ISBN 0941188701) describes how Disney approached him with a copy of Hamlet asking how to improve the plot of The Lion King by incorporating ideas from Shakespeare. Relationship between the two plots includes: The brother to the king (Scar to Mufasa; Claudius to King Hamlet) kills the king (this occurs before the play Hamlet begins). The rightful heir does not avenge his father's death (Simba to Hamlet). Later, at the urging of his father's ghost, the prince recalls his duty (although Hamlet vacillates between action and inaction) and ultimately returns from exile to kill his uncle (but Hamlet was not in exile at the time, and Simba does not kill Scar). Much of Hamlet's plot has no parallel in The Lion King, however. Vogler claims that several further ideas were suggested to Disney but not incorporated into the movie, including possibly a fight of young Simba with some dangerous animal to mark his transition from a child to mature hero. The Hamlet argument appears to have been promoted by Disney personnel after the Kimba controversy started. The contribution of Vogler itself raised controversy. At the time of the film's release, studios were clamoring to utilize Vogler's theories on applying mythic structure to screenplays to streamline story development. There was backlash by critics who felt that Vogler's treatises on story structre--which actually only codified basic mythic structure--was an industry-wide attempt at making all films formulaic. The Lion King, in particular, because of Vogler's involvement and its near-perfect adherence to mythic structure, was cited as a major culprit of the trend. The 'SEX' frameIn one scene of the movie it appears as if animators had embedded the word "sex" into several frames of animation, which conservative activist Donald Wildmon asserted was a subliminal message intended to promote sexual promiscuity. According to Disney, however, it is supposed to read "SFX" (a common abbreviation of "special effects"), and was a sort of innocent "signature" signed by the effects animation team to the work they did. An examination of the actual frames in question supports this latter claim, as the lower part of the alleged "E" is indeed astray. During the restoration of the film for IMAX and DVD, the frames were altered to not include the word. The use of the song "The Lion Sleeps Tonight" has led to disputes between Disney and the family of South African Solomon Linda, who composed the song (originally titled "Mbube") in 1939. In July 2004 the family filed suit, seeking $1.6 million in royalties. The Kimba controversy is mentioned in The Simpsons episode "'Round Springfield".It has been said part of a scene was removed from the American version of The Lion King stage musical. When Mufasa dies, the lionesses cry over his dead body: this is enacted using a Japanese bunraku puppet mourning technique in which ribbons flow out of the eyes to symbolize tears. To some, the story goes, this looks like the lionesses were crying toilet paper, causing the audience to laugh at an inappropriate moment. However, although the scene can provoke laughter and confusion, the scene was not actually removed. The story can therefore be dismissed as an urban legend. The Land Before Time has a few concepts that were apparently borrowed for use in The Lion King. When Littlefoot is crying over his mother, an old reptile gives him advice, mentioning "The Great Circle of Life." In the last part of the movie, Littlefoot's mother's ghost appears to him in cloud form and speaks to him; similar to how Mufasa speaks to Simba. Video gamesTwo video games based on the film have been released. The first was published in 1994 by Virgin and was released on SNES, Game Boy, Sega Megadrive, Game Gear, PC and Amiga. The second was published in 2000 by Activision and was released on Playstation and Game Boy Color. A third game was published in 2004 simply called "The Lion King" for GBA but was in fact a game based on the third move with Timon and Pumbaa as the playable characters
Both games received an enthusiastic reception from players and critics alike. However, the first game was criticized for being too difficult, even for seasoned gamers. Simba makes an appearance in the PlayStation 2 game Kingdom Hearts as well as Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories as a summon. Simba makes a third appearance in the series in Kingdom Hearts II, along with many other characters from the The Lion King. Simba himself temporarilly joins the protagonists' party, all of whom are transformed into wild animal versions of themselves.(Sora is a black lion cub, Donald Duck is a less anthromorphic, Zazu-esque bird, and Goofy, a tortoise.). This page about Lion King includes information from a Wikipedia article. Additional articles about Lion King News stories about Lion King External links for Lion King Videos for Lion King Wikis about Lion King Discussion Groups about Lion King Blogs about Lion King Images of Lion King |
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Simba himself temporarilly joins the protagonists' party, all of whom are transformed into wild animal versions of themselves.(Sora is a black lion cub, Donald Duck is a less anthromorphic, Zazu-esque bird, and Goofy, a tortoise.). (Doing so is known as cross-dressing, and is generally stigmatized.). Simba makes a third appearance in the series in Kingdom Hearts II, along with many other characters from the The Lion King. In terms of outward appearance, few men in Western cultures wear cosmetics or clothing generally associated with female gender roles. Simba makes an appearance in the PlayStation 2 game Kingdom Hearts as well as Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories as a summon. home) until the 19th century, beginning with industrialization. However, the first game was criticized for being too difficult, even for seasoned gamers. A number of the above stereotypes were not perceived in the same way as today (i.e., their applications to particular aspects and spheres of life, such as work vs. Both games received an enthusiastic reception from players and critics alike. All should be taken with a grain of salt, given the enormous variations among actual men and women. A third game was published in 2004 simply called "The Lion King" for GBA but was in fact a game based on the third move with Timon and Pumbaa as the playable characters. Some of these differences have been supported by scientific research; others have not. The second was published in 2000 by Activision and was released on Playstation and Game Boy Color. Below are a few stereotypical claims sometimes made about men in relation to women:. The first was published in 1994 by Virgin and was released on SNES, Game Boy, Sega Megadrive, Game Gear, PC and Amiga. These differences are very difficult to quantify for both scientific and political reasons. Two video games based on the film have been released. Enormous debate in Western societies has focused on perceived social, intellectual, or emotional differences between men and women. When Littlefoot is crying over his mother, an old reptile gives him advice, mentioning "The Great Circle of Life." In the last part of the movie, Littlefoot's mother's ghost appears to him in cloud form and speaks to him; similar to how Mufasa speaks to Simba. However, although the scene can provoke laughter and confusion, the scene was not actually removed. For example, several men have been born without a typical male physiology (estimates range between one in 2,000 and one in 100,000), or some individuals with XY chromosomes can have an hormonal or genetic difference (such as androgen insensitivity syndrome), or another intersex condition; some of those intersex people, and others, who have had a sex assigned at birth seek reassignment later in their lives. To some, the story goes, this looks like the lionesses were crying toilet paper, causing the audience to laugh at an inappropriate moment. Biological factors are usually not the sole determinants of whether a person considers themselves a man or is considered a man or not. When Mufasa dies, the lionesses cry over his dead body: this is enacted using a Japanese bunraku puppet mourning technique in which ribbons flow out of the eyes to symbolize tears. As well, some age-related disorders such as Alzheimer's disease appear to be more common among men, though whether this is due to a genuinely higher incidence or because men have lower life expectancies than women is uncertain. It has been said part of a scene was removed from the American version of The Lion King stage musical. For example, autism and color blindness are more common in men than women. In July 2004 the family filed suit, seeking $1.6 million in royalties. However, there are some sex-related illnesses that occur only, or more frequently, in men. The use of the song "The Lion Sleeps Tonight" has led to disputes between Disney and the family of South African Solomon Linda, who composed the song (originally titled "Mbube") in 1939. In general, men suffer from many of the same illnesses as women. During the restoration of the film for IMAX and DVD, the frames were altered to not include the word. Most, but not all, men have the karyotype 46/XY. An examination of the actual frames in question supports this latter claim, as the lower part of the alleged "E" is indeed astray. The study of male reproduction and associated organs is called andrology. According to Disney, however, it is supposed to read "SFX" (a common abbreviation of "special effects"), and was a sort of innocent "signature" signed by the effects animation team to the work they did. In contrast to women, men have sex organs that are mostly considered to be external, although many parts of the male reproductive system are internal as well (such as the prostate). In one scene of the movie it appears as if animators had embedded the word "sex" into several frames of animation, which conservative activist Donald Wildmon asserted was a subliminal message intended to promote sexual promiscuity. But these secondary traits are also often related to reproduction in some manner. The Lion King, in particular, because of Vogler's involvement and its near-perfect adherence to mythic structure, was cited as a major culprit of the trend. The secondary sex characteristics, such as body hair and muscle growth, are involved in attracting a mate or in defeating rivals. There was backlash by critics who felt that Vogler's treatises on story structre--which actually only codified basic mythic structure--was an industry-wide attempt at making all films formulaic. The concept of fatherhood and family exists in every human society. At the time of the film's release, studios were clamoring to utilize Vogler's theories on applying mythic structure to screenplays to streamline story development. Since sperm that enters a woman's uterus and then fallopian tubes goes on to fertilize an egg which develops into a fetus or child, the male reproductive system plays no necessary role during the gestation. The contribution of Vogler itself raised controversy. The male reproductive system is oriented around producing and ejaculating semen which carries sperm and thus genetic information. The Hamlet argument appears to have been promoted by Disney personnel after the Kimba controversy started. Just as in women, the sex organs of a man are part of the reproductive system, consisting of the penis, testicles, vas deferens and other sperm cords, and the prostate gland. Vogler claims that several further ideas were suggested to Disney but not incorporated into the movie, including possibly a fight of young Simba with some dangerous animal to mark his transition from a child to mature hero. In terms of sex, men have various sexual characteristics that differentiate them from women. Much of Hamlet's plot has no parallel in The Lion King, however. For this reason, many avoid using either man or boy to describe a young man and prefer colloquial terms such as bloke, chap, fellow, guy or the like. Later, at the urging of his father's ghost, the prince recalls his duty (although Hamlet vacillates between action and inaction) and ultimately returns from exile to kill his uncle (but Hamlet was not in exile at the time, and Simba does not kill Scar). For many, the word man implies a certain degree of maturity and responsibility that young men in particular often feel unprepared for; yet they may also feel too old to be called a boy. The rightful heir does not avenge his father's death (Simba to Hamlet). A boy is a male human child. Relationship between the two plots includes: The brother to the king (Scar to Mufasa; Claudius to King Hamlet) kills the king (this occurs before the play Hamlet begins). Many cultures have rites of passage to symbolize a man's coming of age, such as confirmation in some branches of Christianity, bar mitzvah in Judaism, or even just the celebration of the eighteenth or twenty-first birthday. In fact, Christopher Vogler in his book The Writer's Journey, Second Edition: Mythic Structure for Writers (ISBN 0941188701) describes how Disney approached him with a copy of Hamlet asking how to improve the plot of The Lion King by incorporating ideas from Shakespeare. Manhood is the period in a male's life after he has transitioned from a boy. There are recurring assertions of a resemblance to Shakespeare's Hamlet. have all come to refer mainly to males, with residual generic meaning. The family of Osamu Tezuka, Kimba's creator, have not filed suit against Disney. Interestingly, exactly the same thing has happened to the Latin word homo: in the Romance languages, homme, uomo, hombre, homem etc. Disney's official stance is that any resemblances are a coincidence, and the directors Roger Allers and Rob Minkoff claim they were well into the development process before someone pointed out the Kimba similarity. In the 20th century, the generic meaning of man declined still further (but survives in compounds mankind, everyman, no-man's land, etc), and it is probable that future generations will see it as totally archaic, and use it solely to mean "adult male". Most characters in Kimba have an analogue in The Lion King, and various individual scenes are nearly identical in composition and camera angle. [1]. The Lion King bears a striking resemblance to a famous Japanese animated television show, Kimba the White Lion [2], and claims have been made that The Lion King was inspired by it. Man does continue to carry its original sense of "human" however, resulting in an asymmetry sometimes criticized as sexist. The Lion King was claimed to be the first animated Disney movie to be based on an original story, although the accuracy of this has become disputed. In Middle English man displaced wer as term for "male human," whilst wyfman (which eventually evolved into woman) was retained for "female human". Also, in the "Hakuna Matata" number, the characters sing in a jungle surrounding, lit by spotlights that follow them from the sky. In Old English the words wer and wīf (also wǣpmann and wīfmann) were used to refer to "a man" and "a woman" respectively, while mann was gender neutral. For instance, the "I Just Can't Wait to Be King" number transitions from a background of natural savannah to abstact blue and pink African tribal patterns the instant the singing begins--and just as quickly back out of it when the music ends. The original sense of the word is preserved in mankind, from Old English mancynn. The film's look changes drastically from the "realistic" world of the drama and the stylized world of the musical numbers. were-wolf and were-gild). With six major musical numbers (including a repeated "Circle of Life" at film's beginning and end), The Lion King is heavily influenced by American musical theater. Restricted use in the sense "adult male" only began to occur in late Old English, around 1000 AD, and the word formerly expressing male sex, wer had died out by 1300 (but survives in e.g. Computers also aided in the implementation of a classic Disney animation technique called "multiplaning" that was prominently featued in Bambi. Sometimes, the word is connected with the root *men- "to think" (cognate to mind). Similar multiplication occurs in the "Be Prepared" musical number with identical marching hyenas. Sanskrit/Avestan manu-, Russian муж (muzh) "man, male"). Several distinct wildebeast chracters were drawn into a computer program, multiplied into the hundreds, and given randomized paths down a mountainside to simulate the real, unpredictable movement of a herd. It is derived from a Proto-Indo-European root *man- (cf. The most notable use of computer-aided animation is in the famous "wildebeast stampede" sequence. also German Mann, Old Norse maðr, Gothic manna "man"). Significant use of computer-aided designed help the filmmakers on use the old story structure in new, visual ways. The word developed into Old English man, mann "human being, person," (cf. This is seen in classic films such as Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film), Bambi, and Cinderella (1950 movie). This is indeed the oldest usage of "man". Although not specifically based on any previous film, The Lion King borrows the archetypical Disney story of an orphan battling a villain (usually a relative) for control of his or her birthright. The term "man" (from Proto-Germanic mannaz "man, person") and words derived from it can designate any or even all of the human race regardless of their gender or age. The Renaissance featured a return to traditional Disney standard storytelling modes and motifs, a reliance on ever-expanding filmmaking technology, and a strong influence of musical theater. . To many, The Lion King represents the peak of the late 1980's to mid 1990's Disney Renaissance in animation.
It was assumed that the vast amounts of missing score had been lost, but relatively recently a bootleg CD containing all of the missing score has come to light. Connell, Masculanities, Cambridge : Polity Press, 1995. The tracks included were pieced together from various parts of the film and therefore not entirely representative of the scenes linked to them. Robert W. The official soundtrack released by Disney contained very little of Hans Zimmer's instrumental score. Pierre Bourdieu, Masculine Domination, Paperback Edition, Stanford University Press 2001. Rhythm of the Pridelands was printed in a very limited quantity, and as such has become something of a collectors item. Andrew Perchuk, Simon Watney, Bell Hooks, The Masculine Masquerade: Masculinity and Representation, MIT Press 1995. Several songs featured on the album would later have incarnations in other Lion King-oriented projects, such as the stage musical or the direct-to-video sequels. [2]. The album -- with many tracks composed by Lebo M -- focused primarily on the African influences of the film's original music, with most songs being sung either partially or entirely in various African languages. Less tidy (dirtier) than women. On 28 February 1995, Disney released an album entitled Rhythm of the Pridelands, which featured songs and performances inspired by, but not featured in, the film. More prone to abstract thinking than women. More recently, with the making of the Special Edition and its extra song, "The Morning Report", newer CDs include this track:. More technically and organizationally skilled than women. In most international releases of the CD, Elton John's versions were removed except for the bottom one, and an additional track, "Hyenas" (instrumental by Hans Zimmer) was included. More self-controlled and less emotional. In the original United States version, this CD had the following tracks:. More self-confident (even proud) and exhibit better leadership skills than women. A soundtrack CD was sold separately from the film. More competitive but also more stubborn than women. For instance, Jason Weaver sang for Jonathan Taylor-Thomas as the young Simba, and Joseph Williams sang for Matthew Broderick as the adult Simba. More courageous and adventuresome than women. Also, very few of the voice actors in the movie were able to do their own singing, and a majority of the songs were done by vocal doubles. Men do tend to be more aggressive outside of the home. Aside from the John/Rice songs, the incidental music was by Hans Zimmer with additional material arranged by Lebo M. However, in interpersonal relationships, most research has found that men and women are equally aggressive. The Lion King was nominated for the following Tony Awards in 1997:. More aggressive than women. The show is produced by Disney Theatrical. International productions of the show are now playing in London, England; Melbourne, Australia; Hamburg, Germany; Tokyo, Japan; and Scheveningen, Netherlands. The tour version is very similar to the original Broadway production; however, certain scenic elements which rise out of the stage floor (such as Pride Rock, the stampede, and the grasslands) were converted to less costly configurations for the touring productions. touring productions. There are currently two U.S. In June of 2006, the Broadway production will move to the Minskoff Theater to make way for the musical version of Mary Poppins. A version later opened in London, and another in Toronto, playing there until January 2004. The stage show first opened on July 31st, 1997 in Minneapolis at the Orpheum Theatre, and was an instant and tremendous success, moving permanently to the New Amsterdam Theater on Broadway in New York that October. The movie was also adapted into an award-winning Broadway stage musical with the same title, directed by Julie Taymor, featuring actors in animal costumes as well as giant, hollow puppets. The Lion King II: Simba's Pride was re-released in a 2 disc Special Edition on August 31, 2004. A boxed set of the three films (in double-disc Special Edition formats) was released on December 6, 2004. By means of seamless branching, the movie could be viewed either with or without the extra scene. Among the extra features on the disc was an extended version of one scene, where a short conversation has been replaced with a complete song, "The Morning Report", which was originally written for the stage musical (see below). The DVD release featured a remastered version of the film created for the IMAX release. On October 7, 2003, the original film was released as The Lion King: 2-Disc Special Edition, part of Disney's Platinum Edition line of DVDs. A second direct-to-video sequel (or perhaps midquel), The Lion King 1½ (also known as The Lion King 3: Hakuna Matata), was released on February 10, 2004, and takes place on a parallel time line that interweaves with the original Lion King, but from Timon and Pumbaa's perspective. A spin-off television series called Timon and Pumbaa focused on the Meerkat and Warthog duo, and implied that the story took place during the mid Twentieth Century through the appearance of humans, human clothing and technology. The Lion King was so successful that Disney's television animation arm created a direct-to-video sequel (as it did with numerous other succesful animated films) called The Lion King II: Simba's Pride (1998), focusing on Simba's daughter Kiara. Singing voices. (See == Controversies == below). The plot also bears similarities to both Shakespeare's play Hamlet and the 1942 Disney animated feature Bambi. The official Disney company response, as reported in the Chronicle, was that The Lion King was an original work, and that none of the people involved in creating The Lion King "were aware of Kimba or Tezuka." Animators - or anyone for that matter - not being aware of the creator of "Kimba the White Lion" and other works such as Atom Boy (Astro Boy) is very hard to believe indeed. See: Dreamland and Kimba The Lion. A major point of contention among fans of Japanese anime and in particular Osamu Tezuka - is the fact that many of the characters, key scenes and story are almost identical to "Jungle Taitei" - translated as "The Jungle Emporer" or as we know it - "Kimba the White lion". Simba and Nala have a baby cub that is presented in a triumphant ceremony mirroring the film's beginning. In a powerful and beautifully depicted climax, Simba is finally declared the true lion king and leads the Pride Lands back into times of prosperity and glory. Scar jumps through the flames to finish Simba off but it is Simba who throws his uncle over the cliff edge and watches as Scar's former hyena allies turn on the dictator, after hearing him tell Simba they were 'the enemy'. There is a climactic battle and Simba is thrown to the edge of the cliff. Simba is surprised at this and Scar attacks once again. Scar begins to slink off when he throws some burning embers into Simba's face. Scar remembers those words; they were the exact words that he used to manipulate Simba after Mufasa died. Scar attempts to blame everything on the hyenas (who hear this); Simba shows mercy and tells Scar to run away from the kingdom and never return. The battle begins, and as the lionesses and hyenas fight, Simba does battle with Scar on the summit. Simba, enraged at the truth of the murder and how he was played a fool in it, leaps upon Scar and forces the tyrant to publicly confess to his crime. Just before Scar kills Simba the same way he killed Mufasa, he whispers the awful truth to Simba: that it was he, Scar, who killed Mufasa. Scar recalls Mufasa's death and just as the dictator had done to Mufasa, latches into Simba's paws with his claws. Simba slips and hangs onto the rock as Mufasa did years before. Then Scar backs Simba to the edge of the cliff as lightning ignites the kingdom. Scar remains confident and with his hyenas forces Simba to confess to his responsibility for the death of Mufasa. With the support of Nala who has rallied the lionesses (including Simba's aged and yet still proud mother, the erstwhile Queen Sarabi), Simba confronts his uncle. When he arrives, Simba is incensed to find that his once joyful and prosperous kingdom has crumbled into a barren wasteland under King Scar's rule. After Rafiki the witch doctor mandrill (referred to as a baboon in the film) shows Simba that Mufasa's spirit still lives on inside him, and Mufasa appears to him as a ghost and demands of him to look inside himself and understand that he is the only rightful king, Simba decides to go back home. Although the pair have fallen in love, they part: Nala angry with what she sees as Simba's irresponsibility, and Simba angry with Nala for scorning him. She urges Simba to return to the Pride Lands and retake his rightful throne, but he refuses, happy with his new "no worries" lifestyle -- and still traumatized by the false belief that he caused his father's death. After growing up with the pair, the adult Simba encounters his childhood friend, a beautiful and formidable young lioness named Nala, who has fled Scar's dictatorial rule to seek help. There the cub is saved and befriended by Timon and Pumbaa (a meerkat and warthog respectively), who teach Simba their philosophy of "hakuna matata" (no worries). Exhausted, Simba collapses in the desert. Scar accepts the story, and assumes the throne, becoming the lion king. In the chase that follows, Simba escapes the hyenas who fear Scar's wrath and lie to him, saying that they captured and killed the young prince. Scar manipulates Simba into thinking he is responsible for his father's death by getting caught in a stampede, and advises him to "run away and never return." As a sobbing, devastated Simba runs off, Scar orders his hyena henchmen to kill Simba. Scar throws Mufasa back off the rock with the mocking words, "Long live the king." Mufasa is crushed under the hooves of the wildebeest. Mufasa pleads to Scar for help, who gazes down on his brother and then suddenly latches his sharp claws into Mufasa's paws. As Mufasa climbs higher, he looks up to see Scar standing on the ledge above him. However as all hope seems lost, Mufasa makes one last great leap to cling to the rockface. Together with his hyenas, he engineers a wildebeest stampede in which Mufasa rescues Simba but he himself is lost in the stampede. Scar allies himself with some starving hyenas in an attempt to overthrow his brother. Mufasa teaches Simba about the Circle of Life and that everything is connected in a balance. However, Mufasa's younger brother Scar is jealous of his nephew's position as heir and so plots to usurp the throne. He rules the kingdom with kindness and wisdom. Simba's father, King Mufasa, is the lion king. However, the major musical praise focused on Hans Zimmer's score which was supplemented with traditional African music and choir elements arranged by Lebo M, which many critics felt played a crucial role in establishing the grand mythic tone of the African story. John performs "Can You Feel the Love Tonight" during the end credits. Elton John and Tim Rice wrote five original songs for this film. With hindsight, the film can be seen as marking the peak of the popular success of the late-80s-to-mid-90s "renaissance" of Disney animation. The film made $328,541,776 in domestic gross income and $783,841,776 worldwide. Upon general release, the film more than confirmed that suspicion by becoming the most successful film of the year and the most successful animated feature film ever at the time (though with inflation factored in it would be fourth). Furthermore, when the film was in limited release in two major theatres, the film did very impressive business which suggested that this "secondary project" promised to be popular. However, as the film was being marketed, the studio noticed that the released teaser, which consisted of the entire opening sequence featuring the song, "Circle of Life", was getting a strongly enthusiastic reaction from audiences. Many of the Disney Feature Animation staffers preferred to work on Pocahontas, thinking that film would be the more prestigious and successful of the two. During its production, The Lion King was considered a secondary project to Pocahontas, which was in production at the same time. Computer animation was used extensively in the creation of the movie, particularly during the "Circle of Life" and the technologically innovative stampede sequences. The film was also the first Disney animated feature to have a non-villain main character die on-screen. Robin Hood featured only anthropomorphized animals who lived like humans, while Bambi featured only unseen human characters; whether this makes The Lion King Walt Disney's first "non-human animals-only" film is open to interpretation, but it is one film that is free of "human elements". The Lion King, though a very humanistic story, remains the only Disney film to lack any trace of human existence. . Many of the John/Rice tunes became Disney standards or pop hits in their own right, and Zimmer's score also drew substantial praise. The Lion King is a musical film, with songs written by composer Elton John and lyricist Tim Rice, and a film score by Hans Zimmer. Unlike previous Disney animated films, which featured only a select few famous voice actors alongside lesser-known performers, nearly all of the voice acting work for this film was done by well-known actors, including Matthew Broderick, James Earl Jones, Jeremy Irons, Jonathan Taylor Thomas, Nathan Lane, Ernie Sabella, Robert Guillaume, Moira Kelly, Rowan Atkinson, Whoopi Goldberg, Cheech Marin and Jim Cummings. The filmmakers do, however, acknowledge the prominent influences of both Shakespeare's play Hamlet and the 1942 Disney animated feature Bambi. It is frequently alleged that The Lion King was based on Osamu Tezuka's 1960s animated series Kimba the White Lion, although the filmmakers deny this. The film is about a young lion cub named Simba who learns about his place on the throne of Pride Rock and his role in the circle of life. A digitally retouched and enhanced Special Edition version of the film was released in IMAX format on December 25, 2002. It was produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation, originally released to selected cities by Walt Disney Pictures and Buena Vista Distribution on June 15, 1994, and put into general release on June 24, 1994. The Lion King is the thirty-second animated feature in the Disney animated feature canon, and the highest-grossing traditionally animated feature film ever released in the United States. The Lion King: Simba's Mighty Adventure (developed by Activision). The Lion King (developed by Virgin). "The Morning Report" (James Earl Jones, Jeff Bennett, Evan Saucedo). "Can You Feel The Love Tonight" (Elton John Remix). "Can You Feel The Love Tonight End Title" (Elton John). "I Just Can't Wait To Be King" (Elton John). "Circle Of Life" (Elton John). "King Of Pride Rock" (instrumental, by Hans Zimmer). "Under The Stars" (instrumental, by Hans Zimmer). "To Die For" (instrumental, by Hans Zimmer). "This Land" (instrumental, by Hans Zimmer). "Can You Feel The Love Tonight" (Joseph Williams, Sally Dworsky, Nathan Lane, Ernie Sabella, Kristle Edwards). "Hakuna Matata" (Nathan Lane, Ernie Sabella, Jason Weaver, Joseph Williams). "Be Prepared" (Jeremy Irons, Whoopi Goldberg, Cheech Marin, Jim Cummings). "I Just Can't Wait To Be King" (Jason Weaver, Rowan Atkinson, Laura Williams). "Circle Of Life" (by Carmen Twillie). Tony Award for Best Orchestrations. Tony Award for Best Direction of a Musical (Julie Taymor) WINNER. Tony Award for Best Choreography WINNER (Garth Fagan). Tony Award for Best Lighting Design of a Musical WINNER. Tony Award for Best Costume Design of a Musical (Julie Taymor) WINNER. Tony Award for Best Scenic Design of a Musical WINNER. Tony Award for Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Musical (Tsidii Le Loka). Wright). Tony Award for Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Musical (Samuel E. Tony Award for Best Original Score. Tony Award for Best Book of a Musical. Tony Award for Best Musical WINNER. News from the underground.") but is generally designated as a minor role. This is in contrast to the gopher who also speaks only one line ("Zazu, Sir. Nevertheless, the end credits as well as the vast majority of fan material appear to consider her a major character. Her name is never spoken in the movie, and indeed her dialogue consists only of a single line ("Hm, what do you think, Sarabi?"). Sarafina - Nala's mother. Sarabi - Mother of Simba and Mufasa's mate (Swahili for "mirage"). Shenzi is Swahili for "uncouth"; banzai means "skulk" or "lurk.". However in the end, it is these three devious hyenas who kill Scar. Shenzi, Banzai and Ed - Three hyenas who assist Scar in murdering Mufasa and exiling Simba. Zazu - A pompous hornbill who is King Mufasa's majordomo (advisor). The film never specifies this, for obvious reasons of taste, though it is consistent with the real-life behavior of lions. According to co-director Rob Minkoff, speaking in 2004, the general assumption during production was that Nala was the offspring of either Scar or Mufasa. Nala (Niketa Calame (cub) and Moira Kelly (adult)) - Friend and future mate of Simba (Swahili for "gift"). Rafiki's tree is a baobab tree; baobab trees are occasionally known colloquially as "monkey-bread trees". Rafiki - Mandrill and wise old shaman, Simba's spiritual guide (Swahili for "friend"). Pumbaa means "simpleton" in Swahili. Pumbaa - Clumsy warthog who adopts Simba with Timon. Timon could be named after a Greek philosopher or after the title character of Shakespeare's play Timon of Athens. They adopt and raise Simba under the philosophy of "Hakuna Matata" (Swahili for "no worries"). Timon - Comical meerkat who is best friends with warthog Pumbaa. Scar rules as a tyrant and goes unchallenged until Simba returns years later to reclaim his birthright. He succeeds in killing Mufasa, but his henchmen the hyenas allow Simba to escape. The villain of the movie, Scar aspires to become king by overthrowing Mufasa and Simba. Scar - Brother of Mufasa and Simba's uncle. Mufasa was reportedly the name of the last king of the Bagada people, who were dispersed during the English colonization of Kenya (see [1]). Tragically, his reign is cut short by his jealous brother Scar. Mufasa - King of the Pride Lands, father of Simba and mate of Sarabi, a wise and fair ruler, who understands and rules according to The Circle of Life. The word simba in the Swahili language means "lion.". Simba - The future ruler of the Pride Lands, son of Mufasa, who exiled himself after his father is killed. |