Lee

See also Leigh. Business jets are typically flown by commercial pilots, although there is a new generation of small jets arriving soon for private pilots.
. Piston-powered propeller aircraft (single-engine or twin-engine) are especially common for both private and commercial general aviation, but even private pilots occasionally own and operate helicopters like the Bell JetRanger or turboprops like the Beechcraft King Air. . Commercial general aviation pilots use aircraft for a wide range of tasks, such as flight training, pipeline surveying, passenger and freight transport, policing, crop dusting, and medical transport (medevac). Lee may mean:. Usually these private pilots own their own aircraft and take out loans from banks or specialized lenders to purchase them.

Also, the name is on the list of tropical cyclone names for storms in the Atlantic Ocean and was the name of the twelfth storm in 2005. Private pilots use aircraft primarily for personal travel, business travel, or recreation. A jean company: see Lee (Jeans). Within general aviation, the major distinction is between private flights (where the pilot is not paid for time or expenses) and commercial flights (where the pilot is paid by a customer or employer). Sophie Lee, Australian actress. The vast majority of flights flown around the world each day belong to the general aviation category, ranging from recreational balloon flying to civilian flight training to business trips to firefighting to medevac flights to cargo transportation on freight aircraft. Stan Lee, an American writer and editor of comic books. Civil aviation includes both scheduled airline flights and general aviation, a catch-all covering other kinds of private and commercial use.

Spike Lee, African-American movie director. By the time of the Vietnam War, helicopters had come into widespread military use, especially for transporting and supporting ground troops. Lee , a Confederate general in the American Civil War. Tankers were developed after World War II to refuel other aircraft in mid-air, thus increasing their operational range. Robert E. In order to prevent the enemy from bombing, fighter aircraft were developed to intercept and shoot down enemy aircraft. Jim Lee, Contemporary musician & painter born in Ohio. During World War I many types of aircraft were adapted for attacking the ground or enemy vehicles/ships/guns/aircraft, and the first aircraft designed as bombers were born.

Jim Lee, a Korean American comic book artist and publisher. Combat aircraft themselves, though used a handful of times for reconnaissance and surveillance during the Italo-Turkish War, did not come into widespread use until the Balkan War when first air-dropped bomb was invented and widely used by Bulgarian air force against Turkey. Various people called Henry Lee. In the past, gliders and balloons have also been used as military aircraft; for example, balloons were used for observation during the American Civil War and World War I, and cargo gliders were used during World War II to land intruding German troops in many European countries in the 1940/42 period, while Allied troops used them in Europe after D-Day . Harper Lee, American novelist (1926-). Even the little fabric-covered two-seater Piper J3 Cub had a military version, the L-4 liaison, observation and trainer aircraft. Charles Lee, United States Attorney General. military and the Dakota in Britain and the Commonwealth.

Charles Lee, a general in the American Revolutionary War. Many civil aircraft have been produced in separate models for military use, such as the civil Douglas DC-3 airliner, which became the military C-47/C-53/R4D transport in the U.S. Bruce Lee, a late Chinese American martial artist and actor. Combat aircraft like fighters or bombers represent only a minority of the category. Brandon Lee, actor. The major distinction in aircraft usage is between military aviation, which includes all uses of aircraft for military purposes (such as combat, patrolling, search and rescue, reconnaissance, transport, and training), and civil aviation, which includes all uses of aircraft for non-military purposes. Bernard Lee, an actor best known for portraying M in the James Bond films. They are restricted to rather specialised niches, such as spaceflight, where no oxygen is available for combustion (rockets carry their own oxygen).

Ann Lee, English pop singer ("Two Times"). Rocket aircraft have occasionally been experimented with. Ann Lee, leader of the Shaker movement. In addition to turbine engines like the turboprop and turbojet, other types of high-altitude, high-performance engines have included the ramjet and the pulse jet. Lee Hsien Loong, third Prime Minister of Singapore; Current Prime Minister of Singapore from 2004. Helicopters also typically use turbine engines. One of the most influential leaders in Asia. Pressurised aircraft, however, are more likely to use the turbine engine, since it is naturally efficient at higher altitudes and can operate above 40,000 ft.

Lee Kuan Yew, first Prime Minister of Singapore; Prime Minister of Singapore from 1959 to 1990. During the forties and especially following the 1973 energy crisis, development work was done on propellers with swept tips or even scimitar-shaped blades for use in high-speed commercial and military transports. Lee Wells, artist and founding member of IFAC (International Fine Arts Consortium). Piston engines normally become less efficient above 7,000-8,000 ft (2100-2400 m) above sea level because there is less oxygen available for combustion; to solve that problem, some piston engines have mechanically powered compressors (blowers) or turbine-powered turbochargers or turbonormalizers that compress the air before feeding it into the engine; these piston engines can often operate efficiently at 20,000 ft (6100 m) above sea level or higher, altitudes that require the use of supplemental oxygen or cabin pressurisation. Lee Marvin, American actor. Piston engines typically operate using avgas or regular gasoline, though some new ones are being designed to operate on diesel or jet fuel. Lee Majors, American actor. Water cooled V engines, as used in automobiles, were common in high speed aircraft, until they were replaced by jet and turbine power.

Various places named Leesville. (See also: Aircraft engine.) The piston engine is still used in the majority of aircraft produced, since it is efficient at the lower altitudes used by small aircraft, but the radial engine (with the cylinders arranged in a circle around the crankshaft) has largely given way to the horizontally-opposed engine (with the cylinders lined up on two sides of the crankshaft). Various places named Leesburg. Until World War II, the internal combustion piston engine was virtually the only type of propulsion used for powered aircraft. Various places named Fort Lee. Airships combine a balloon's buoyancy with some kind of propulsion, usually propeller driven. Various counties named Lee County. For gliders, takeoff takes place from a high location, or the aircraft is pulled into the air by a ground-based winch or vehicle, or towed aloft by a powered "tug" aircraft.

Lee, New York. Balloons drift with the wind, though normally the pilot can control the altitude either by heating the air or by releasing ballast, giving some directional control (since the wind direction changes with altitude). Lee Township, Minnesota. Some types of aircraft, such as the balloon or glider, do not have any propulsion. Lee Township, Michigan. These designs may have potential but are not yet practical. Lee, New Hampshire. And finally the flapping-wing ornithopter is a category of its own.

Lee, Massachusetts. It is (2005) in development in the United Kingdom. River Lee also spelled Lea. This uses a fixed wing with a forced airflow produced by cylindrical fans mounted above. Lee, Shropshire. A recent innovation is a completely new class of aircraft, the fan wing. Lee, London. A further category might encompass the wing-in-ground-effect types, for example the Russian ekranoplan also nicknamed the "Caspian Sea Monster" and hovercraft; most of the latter employing a skirt and achieving limited ground or water clearance to reduce friction and achieve speeds above those achieved by boats of similar weight.

Lee, Lancashire. Some craft have reaction-powered rotors with gas jets at the tips but most have one or more lift rotors powered from engine-driven shafts. Lee, Hampshire. The best-known examples are the helicopter, the autogyro and the tiltrotor aircraft (such as the V-22 Osprey). Lee, Devon. Here, the lift is provided by rotating aerofoils or rotors. Lee, Buckinghamshire. A second category of aerodynamically lifted aircraft are the rotary-wing aircraft.

Lee, Argyll & Bute. So far the only significant practical application of the lifting body is in the Space Shuttle, but many aircraft generate lift from nothing other than wings alone. River Lee, in County Kerry (Irish: Lí). The lifting body configuration is where the body itself produce lift. River Lee, in County Cork (Irish: Laoi). A variable geometry ('swing-wing') has also been employed in a few examples of combat aircraft (the F-111, Panavia Tornado, F-14 Tomcat and B-1 Lancer, among others). See Lee (France). the B-2 Spirit).

A commune of Pyrénées-Atlantiques département, France. Other possibilities include the delta-wing, where lift and horizontal control surfaces are often combined, and the flying wing, where there is no separate vertical control surface (e.g. See Lee (English name). This is principally an improvement in structures and not aerodynamics. In English-speaking countries, a common family name and given name. Subsequently most aircraft are monoplanes. See Lee (Korean name). The number of lift surfaces varied in the pre-1950 period, as biplanes (two wings) and triplanes (three wings) were numerous in the early days of aviation.

The second most common Korean family name (after Kim). Canards are becoming more common as supersonic aerodynamics grows more mature and because the forward surface contributes lift during straight-and-level flight. A Mandarin Chinese transliteration of the common Chinese family name 李; also commonly transliterated as Li (Chinese name) or Lei (Chinese name in Macau). The other configuration is the canard where small horizontal control surfaces are placed forward of the wings, near the nose of the aircraft. See leeward (at sea) and lee waves (on land). In a "conventional" configuration, the lift surfaces are placed in front of a control surface or tailplane. A place protected from wind or other environmental hazards by an intervening object. Much aerodynamic work was done with kites until test aircraft, wind tunnels and now computer modelling programs became available.

Kites depend upon the tension between the cord which anchors it to the ground and the force of the wind currents. The forerunner of these type of aircraft is the kite. Among aerodynamically lifted aircraft, most fall in the category of fixed-wing aircraft, where horizontal airfoils produce lift, by profiting from airflow patterns determined by Bernoulli's equation and, to some extent, the Coanda effect. With engine lift, the aircraft defeats gravity by use of vertical Examples of engine lift aircraft are rockets, and VTOL aircraft such as the Hawker-Siddeley Harrier.

In the case of aerodynamic lift, the aircraft is kept in the air by wings or rotors (see aerodynamics). In heavier-than-air aircraft, there are two ways to produce lift: aerodynamic lift and engine lift. Several accidents, such as the Hindenburg fire at Lakehurst, NJ, in 1937 led to the demise of large rigid airships. The most successful type of rigid airship was the Zeppelin.

Examples of lighter-than-air aircraft include non-steerable balloons, such as hot air balloons and gas balloons, and steerable airships (sometimes called dirigible balloons) such as blimps (that have non-rigid construction) and rigid airships that have an internal frame. A first division by design among aircraft is between lighter-than-air, aerostat, and heavier-than-air aircraft, aerodyne. Below, we describe classifications by design, propulsion and usage. There are several ways to classify aircraft.

Aircraft fall into two broad categories:. . An aircraft is any machine capable of atmospheric flight. The distinction between a balloon and an airship is that an airship has some means of controlling both its forward motion and steering itself, while balloons are carried along with the wind.

In particular, these aircraft use a relatively low density gas such as helium, hydrogen or heated air, to displace the air around the craft. Aerostats use buoyancy to float in the air in much the same manner as ships float on the water. Lighter than air aerostats: hot air balloons and airships. Mainly used internationally.

STOL stands for Short Take Off and Landing. The abbreviation VTOL is applied to aircraft other than helicopters that can take off or land vertically. Helicopters and autogyros use a spinning rotor (a rotary wing) to provide lift; helicopters also use the rotor to provide thrust. For a glider to maintain its forward speed it must descend in relation to the air (but not necessarily in relation to the ground).

Exceptions are gliders which have no engines and gain their thrust, initially, from winches or tugs and then from gravity and thermal currents. The movement of air over the airfoil produces lift that causes the aircraft to fly. Fixed-wing aircraft generally use an internal-combustion engine in the form of a piston engine (with a propeller) or a turbine engine (jet or turboprop), to provide thrust that moves the craft forward through the air. Heavier than air aerodynes, including autogyros, helicopters and variants, and conventional fixed-wing aircraft: aeroplanes in Commonwealth English (excluding Canada), airplanes in North American English.