Johann Gutenberg

The Gutenberg Galaxy and Project Gutenberg commemorate Gutenberg's name. See also: A&E's Biography of the Millennium. There are many statues of Gutenberg in Germany, one of the more famous being a work by Thorvaldsen, in Mainz, which is also home to the Gutenberg Museum. Pincus's work may be some of the most influential science of the twentieth century. The term incunabulum refers to a western printed book produced between the first work of Gutenberg and the end of the year 1500. The social, religious, ethical, and medical ramifications of this discovery are still being felt throughout the world, and his discoveries also led to the burgeoning sciences of steroidal hormone research, sex hormone research, and new forms of oncology. Gutenberg's inventions are sometimes considered the turning point from the Mediaeval Era to the Early Modern Period. Pincus's successes led to Searle introducing the first widely available oral contraceptive ("the pill").

Literacy also increased as a result. In May 1960, the FDA approved Envoid for contraceptive use. It fed the growing Renaissance, and since it greatly facilitated scientific publishing, was a major factor in originating the scientific revolution. The trails went on and were expanded to Haiti, despite high attrition rates, due to the large number of women eager to try this form of contraception. Although Gutenberg was financially unsuccessful in his lifetime, his invention spread quickly, and news and books began to travel across Europe far faster than before. Pincus disagreed. The Bible was not Gutenberg's first printed work, for he produced approximately two dozen editions of Ars Minor, a portion of Aelius Donatus's schoolbook on Latin grammar, the first edition of which is believed to have been printed between 1451 and 1452. Rice-Wray wrote Pincus and reported that Envoid "gives one hundred percent protection against pregnancy" but causes "too many side reactions to be acceptable".

As of 2003, the Gutenberg Bible census includes 11 complete copies on vellum, 1 copy of the New Testament only on vellum, 48 substantially complete integral copies on paper, with another divided copy on paper, and an illiminated page (the Bagford fragment). Women, once again, experienced severe side effects from "the pill" (Envoid). The Gutenberg Bibles surviving today are sometimes called the oldest surviving books printed with movable type, although the oldest surviving book was published in Korea in 1377. Edris Rice-Wray. Gutenberg was also known to spend what little money he had on alcohol, so the Archbishop arranged for him to be paid in food and lodging, instead of coin. Trails began there in 1956 and were supervised by Dr. Gutenberg was subsidized by the Archbishop of Mainz until his death. Puerto Rico was selected as a trial site in 1954, in part because there was an existing network of 67 birth control clinics servicing low-income women on the island.

So, while Gutenberg ran a print shop until just before his death in Mainz in 1468, Fust became the first printer to publish a book with his name on it. There was a high incidence of side effects, which led to the Massachusetts trials being abandoned when the women refused to continue taking the contraceptive. Fust sued, and the court's ruling not only effectively bankrupted Gutenberg, it awarded control of the type used in his Bible, plus much of the printing equipment, to Fust. These were initiated on medical students and institutionalized patients in Massachusetts. The money Gutenberg earned at the fair was not enough to pay Fust back for his investments. In order to prove the safety of "the pill," human trials had to be conducted. The one copy of the Biblia Sacra dated 1455 went to Paris and was dated by the binder. Pincus had to establish long term safety, as well as efficacy, of his progesterone contraceptive.

This was the equivalent of approximately three years' wages for an average clerk, but it was significantly cheaper than a handwritten Bible, which could take a single monk 20 years to transcribe. However, despite early success in preventing ovulation, and therefore fertilization, a study with beagle dogs that had been on the pill for three years showed an incidence of breast tissue nodules. In 1455 Gutenberg demonstrated the power of the printing press by selling copies of a two-volume Bible (Biblia Sacra) for 300 florins each. Pincus, along with Min-Chueh Chang, investigated and established that progesterone would act as an inhibitor to ovulation. His first efforts enabled him to mass-produce indulgences, printed slips of paper sold by the Catholic Church to remit the temporal punishments in Purgatory for sins committed in this life. In 1953, Margaret Sanger and Katherine McCormick sought out Pincus for a project involving contraception. Knowing that wood-block type involved a great deal of time and expense to reproduce because it had to be hand carved, Gutenberg concluded that metal type could be reproduced much more quickly once a single mould had been fashioned. His experiments involving parthenogenesis produced a rabbit that appeared on the cover of Look magazine in 1937 and led to his dismissal from Harvard University.

Gutenberg began experimenting with metal typography after he had moved from his native town of Mainz to Strassburg (then in Germany, now Strasbourg, France) around 1430. Pincus's first breakthrough came early, when he was able to produce in vitro fertilization in rabbits in 1934. Gutenberg was a poor businessman, and made little money from his printing system. He was instrumental in persuading Searle to fund this research, at a time when Pfizer and Parke-Davis were reluctant to fund human trials. Gutenberg certainly introduced efficient methods into book production, leading to a boom in the production of texts in Europe, in large part due to the popularity of the Gutenberg Bibles, the first mass-produced work, starting on February 23, 1455. Pincus began studying hormonal biology and steroidal hormones early in his career. Some also claim Dutchman Laurens Coster as the first European to invent movable type. Gregory Goodwin Pincus (April 9, 1903 - August 22, 1967), American physician, biologist, and researcher, was co-inventor of the contraceptive pill.

It is not clear whether Gutenberg knew of these existing techniques or invented them independently. ISBN 080903817X. The Koreans and Chinese knew about movable metal types at the time, but due to the complex nature of the Chinese writing system, printed material was not as abundant as that of Renaissance Europe. New York: Hill and Wang, A Division of Farrar, Strauss and Giroux. Block printing, whereby individual sheets of paper were pressed into wooden blocks with the text and illustrations carved in, was in use in Europe and East Asia long before Gutenberg. Devices and Desires. . Tone, Andrea (2001).

Gutenberg was born in the German city of Mainz, as the son of a merchant named Friele Gensfleisch zur Laden, who adopted the surname "zum Gutenberg" after the name of the neighborhood into which the family had moved. ISBN 0520232585. By combining these elements into a production system, he allowed for the rapid printing of written materials and an information explosion in Renaissance Europe. Los Angeles: University of California Press. Tradition credits him with inventing movable type in Europe, an improvement on the block printing already in use there. Imperialism in Puerto Rico. Johannes Gensfleisch zur Laden zum Gutenberg (circa 1398 – February 3, 1468), a German metal-worker and inventor, achieved fame for his contributions to the technology of printing during the 1440s, including a type metal alloy and oil-based inks, a mould for casting type accurately, and a new kind of printing press based on presses used in wine-making. Reproducing Empire: Race, Sex, Science, and U.S.