Jeep

The Jeep brand currently produces three models:. They were once thought by early astronomers to be literal lakes. Historical Jeep models:. There are dark basaltic plains on the Moon, similar to lunar maria but smaller, that are called lacus (singular lacus, Latin for "lake").
. Some photographs taken during the Galileo mission appear to show lakes of liquid sulfur on the surface. Nearly every civilian Jeep has a 'xJ' designation, though not all are as well-known as the classic CJ. Jupiter's small moon Io is volcanically active due to tidal stresses, and as a result sulfur deposits have accumulated on the surface.

Jeep vehicles have "model designations" in addition to their common names. Under current conditions this water will quickly evaporate or freeze unless insulated in some manner, such as by a coating of volcanic ash. Jeep vehicles are also produced in Beijing, China, by Beijing Jeep Corporation, Ltd., a joint venture between Beijing Automobile Industry Corporation, DaimlerChrysler and DaimlerChrysler China Invest Corporation, established on January 15, 1984. It is also possible that volcanic activity on Mars will occasionally melt the subsurface ice, forming large lakes. Finally, Chrysler merged with Daimler-Benz in 1998 to form DaimlerChrysler. However geologic evidence appears to confirm that ancient lakes once formed on the surface. The Chrysler Corporation bought out AMC in 1987, shortly after the Jeep CJ was replaced with the AMC-designed Jeep Wrangler or YJ. At present the surface of the planet Mars is too cold to permit pooling of liquid water on the surface.

American Motors bought the company in 1970. As of 2005, it is again rapidly losing water, giving rise to the fear that it will be completely dried up by 2010. Willys was sold to Kaiser in 1953, which became Kaiser-Jeep in 1963. Neusiedler See, located in Austria and Hungary, dried up several times for a number years during the past centuries. The marque has gone through many owners, starting in 1941 with Willys, which produced the first Civilian Jeep (CJ). News sources reported government officials theorized that this strange phenomena may have been caused by a shift on soil underneath the lake which drained water to channels leading to Oka River. The original 9 slot grill associated with all WW2 jeeps was designed by Ford for their GPW, and because it weighed less than the original "Slat Grill" of Willys, (an arrangement of flat bars) was incorporated into the "Standardized jeep" design. On June 3, 2005 in Bolotnikovo, Russia, a lake called White Lake vanished in a short period of time (minutes).

A division of DaimlerChrysler, the most recent successor company to Willys, now holds trademark status on the word "Jeep" and the distinctive 7 slot front grille design. A prime example of this is Lake Cerknica in Slovenia. Pre-WWII History... Some lakes can also disappear seasonally; they are called Intermittent lakes and are typical of karstic terrain. More History.. In the very last stages of succession, more trees would grow in, eventually turning the wetland into a forest. Bantan Car / Jeep Jeep History.. In lowland river valleys (allowing the river to meander), the presence of peat is explained by the closing of historical oxbow lakes.

In the United States military, the jeep has been supplanted by a number of vehicles (e.g., Ford's M151, nicknamed the Mutt) of which the latest is the High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle ("Humvee"). Gradually, the lake closes, and young peat may form, forming a fen. As part of the war effort, Jeeps were also supplied to the Soviet Red Army during World War II. They become a new habitat for other plants (like peat moss, when conditions are right) and animals, many of which are very rare. The jeep was widely copied in countries around the world, including in France (by Hotchkiss) and in the Netherlands (by Nekaf.) There were several different versions created, including a railway jeep and an amphibious jeep. A "disappearing" lake (barely noticeable on a human timescale) typically has a water's edge with extensive plant mats. Combined production by Willys and Ford, under the direction of Charles E Sorensen, (Vice-President of Ford during World War II) produced more than 600,000 vehicles. Turbid lakes, and lakes with much plant-eating fish, tend to disappear slower.

government allowed jeeps to be built by the Ford Motor Company, who designated the vehicle as model GPW (G indicated a governmental vehicle, P indicated the wheelbase, and W refferd to the Willys design). Large water plants (typically reeds) accelerate this closing process significantly because they trap sediment. Based on these two concerns, the U.S. An important difference exists between lowland and highland lakes: lowland lakes are more placid, are less rocky/more sedimentary, have a less sloping bottom, and generally contain more plant life. The military was also concerned about Willys-Overland's single manufacturing facility--something that would make the newly-produced military vehicle's factory even more susceptible to sabotage. A lake may be infilled with deposited sediment, and gradually, the lake becomes a wetland, such as a swamp or marsh. Like American Bantam, Willys-Overland was a small company and, likewise, the military was concerned about their ability to produce large quantities of the vehicle. In the daytime, the lake can cool the land beside it with local winds, resulting in a sea breeze; in the night, it can warm it, forming a land breeze.

Willys thus designed what would become the standardized jeep, designating it a model MB military vehicle and building it at their plant in Toledo, Ohio. A lake moderates the surrounding region's temperature and climate because water has a very high specific heat capacity (4186). During the bidding process for 16,000 "jeeps", Willys-Overland offered the lowest bid and won the initial contract. It is commonly used to test eutrophication. Quantities (1500) of each of the three models were then extensively field tested. The depth at which the disk is no longer visible, is the Secchi depth, and is a measure for transparency. Some people believe that Ford and Willys also had access to Bantam's technical paperwork. This is a 20 cm disk with alternating white and black quadrants.

The American Bantam Car Company actually built and designed the vehicle that first met the Army's criteria, but the Army felt that the company was too small to supply the number needed and it allowed Willys and Ford to make second attempts on their designs after seeing Bantam's vehicle in action. The light depth or transparency is measured by using a Secchi disk. The first prototype was built for the Department of the Army by American Bantam, followed by two other competing prototypes produced by Ford and Willys-Overland. Piscivorous fish eat plant-eating (planktonivorous) fish, thus increasing the number of algae (see aquatic trophic cascade). When test driver Irving "Red" Housman was asked by a bystander "What is this thing?" he responded simply with "It's a jeep." Hillyer heard this and used the name in her column which was printed around the country. Bottom-dwelling detritivorous fish are responsible for turbid waters, because they stir the mud in search for food. The Army brought a jeep to the Capitol in order for it to climb the front steps of the building and show off the vehicle's power. The turbidity is a decisive factor in the transparency of the water.

Hillyer had been assigned to cover a publicity stunt and Senate photo op where the jeep was presented to the public. A sediment particle is in suspension if its weight is less than the random turbidity forces acting upon it. The term went into widespread public use because of a syndicated news column written by Kathryn Hillyer who was working for the Washington Daily News. Biological particles are algae and detritus. Sanders, a dictionary of military slang, published in 1942, in the library at The Pentagon gives the following definition:. In very shallow water bodies, iron oxides make water reddish brown. Words of the Fighting Forces by Clinton A. Decaying plant matter for instance is responsible for a yellow or brown color, while algae result in greenish water.

The vehicle had many other nicknames at this time such as Peep, Pygmy, and Blitz-Buggy although because of the Eugene association, Jeep stuck in people's minds better than any other term. These particles can be sedimentary or biological in origin and are responsible for the color of the water. They most likely were familiar with the character of Eugene the Jeep and therefore began to credit Eugene with the name. The depth which light can reach in lakes depends on the density and motion of particles. Civilian engineers and test drivers who were at the camp during this time were not aware of the military slang term. Limnology divides lakes in three zones: littoral zone, which is a sloped area that is close to land; open-water zone, where sunlight is abundant; and deep-water zone, where little sunlight can reach. Therefore the soldiers on the test project called it a jeep. Artificial lakes can also be made deliberately by digging one or by flooding an open-pit mine.

When the first models of the jeep came to Camp Holabird for tests, the vehicle didn't have a name yet. Some of the world's largest lakes are reservoirs. The term would eventually be used as slang to refer to an airplane, a tractor used for hauling heavy equipment, and an autogyro. A reservoir (French: réservoir) is an artificial lake created by flooding land behind a dam. He went on to say that the slang word had these definitions as late as the start of World War II. Carbon dioxide is heavier than air, and the released carbon dioxide flows down the river valley. Hogan. Under these circumstances even carbon dioxide is toxic.

P. As the water surfaces, and the pressure drops, a vast amount of gas cab comes out of solution. E. The amount of gas that can be dissolved in water is pressure related. Army magazine, Quartermaster Review, which was written by Maj. Exceptional events, like earthquakes or landslides, which do cause mixing, that brings up the deep layers, can release a vast cloud of toxic gas. This is according to a history of the vehicle for an issue of the U.S. The deeper layer becomes oxygen starved, and can become saturated with carbon dioxide, and possibly other gases, like sulfur dioxide, if there is even a trace of volcanic activity.

It was during World War I that soldiers used "jeep" as a slang word for new recruits as well as new, unproven vehicles. Since the water of deep tropical lakes never reaches the temperature where water reaches its maximum density, there is no process that makes the water mix. The first common use of the term "jeep" predates both of these by roughly 20 years. The reservoir of deep, cold water allows cities to tap that reservoir for deep lake water cooling. The character of "Eugene the Jeep" was created in 1936. Deep Temperate lakes can maintain a reservoir of cold water year-round. The manuals quoted were published in 1943. When the density of surface water differs from that of the deeper water there is a marked barrier layer, the thermocline, that prevents mixing.

The following two reasons for the name "jeep", although they make interesting and memorable stories, aren't quite accurate. When the temperature of the water at the surface of a lake reaches the temperature at which water is most dense all the water in the lake can mix, bringing oxygen starved water up from the depths, and bringing oxygen down to decomposing sediments. There are many stories about where the name "jeep" came from. Fresh water is most dense at about 4 degrees Celsius. . Because of the unusual relationship between water's temperature and its density, the water in lakes in temperate climates mixes twice a year. McCall. The are kept liquid because the overlying ice acts as a thermal insulator retaining energy introduced to its underside by friction, water percolating through crevasses, by the pressure from the mass of the ice sheet above or by geothermal heating below.

The most famous is perhaps Black Bear Road, made famous in the song of the same name by C.W. There are many such lakes, but Lake Vostok in Antarctica is by far the largest. A road that is only suitable for off-road vehicles is often called a jeep trail. They can occur under glaciers and ice caps or ice sheets. The army jeep was one of the vehicles that led to the SUV era of the 1980s. A subglacial lake is one which is permanently covered by ice. The term is also sometimes used to refer generically to what are now known as SUVs, whether the vehicle in question bears the Jeep nameplate or not. A periglacial lake is one in which part of its margin is formed by an ice sheet, ice cap or glacier, the ice having obstructed the natural drainage of the land.

The term was first applied to a military vehicle, the Bantam BRC, Willys-Overland, Ford Motor Company for the United States Army during World War II. Such lakes are of little use, and have a poor ecosystem. Unlike Band-Aid and Xerox, however, jeep did not start out as a trademark. Lakes typically reach this condition due to human activities, such as heavy use of fertilizers in the lake catchment area. Jeep, like Band-Aid and Xerox, is rapidly becoming a genericized trademark. These lakes typically have poor clarity and are subject to algal blooms. The marque, like all other Chrysler subsidaries, became part of DaimlerChrysler when Daimler-Benz merged with the Chrysler Corporation in 1998. A hypertrophic lake is a water body that has been highly enriched with nutrients.

Jeep is an automobile marque (and registered trademark) of DaimlerChrysler. Eutrophic lakes are enriched with nutrients, resulting in good plant growth and possible algal blooms. 2007 Jeep Patriot - A small SUV based on the Dodge Caliber architecture. Mesotropic lakes have good clarity and an average level of nutrients. 2007 Jeep Compass - A small crossover SUV based on the Dodge Caliber architecture. Nutrient poor lakes are said to be oligotrophic, and are generally clear, having a low concentration of plant life. Jeep Commander - XK - Newest model in the Jeep line, it is a seven passenger SUV. Lakes can be categorized on the basis of their richness of nutrients, which typically effects plant growth.

Jeep Liberty - KJ - A small SUV (called Cherokee outside North America). As climate conditions and human water requirements vary, these will create fluctuations in the lake level. WK - The newest Grand Cherokee, 2006-present ("WK" is the designator for the new Grand Cherokee, it is one of the few non-J-designated Jeeps). Output sources are evaporation from the lake; surface and groundwater flows, and any extraction of lake water by humans. Jeep Grand Cherokee - large family-oriented SUV.