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| Binomial name |
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| Panthera onca (Linnaeus, 1758) |
The jaguar (Panthera onca) is a large member of the cat family found primarily in the warm regions of the Americas. It is closely related to the lion, tiger, and leopard of the Old World, and is the largest and most powerful feline found in the Americas. [1]
To some, jaguars look very much like leopards but they are sturdier and heavier. The easiest way to distinguish a jaguar from a leopard, beside the jaguar’s much more powerful build, is the rosettes. The rosettes on a jaguar’s coat are larger, fewer in number, and usually darker with thicker lines that enclose smaller spots. The head of the jaguar is much squarer and it has shorter stockier limbs. Because of this the jaguar is sometimes referred to as the “bulldog” of the cat world. [2] The Jaguar, in a recent National Geographic special titled “In Search of the Jaguar,” was named pound for pound the strongest animal in the world. [3]
Jaguars vary from 5.3 to 6 feet (1.62 to 1.83 m) in length, excluding 30 in (0.76 m) tail, stand around 67 to 76 cm (27 to 30 inches) tall at the shoulder, and weigh between 56 and 96 kg (124 and 211 lb) with larger individuals, recorded by scientists, weighing between 131 and 151 kg (288 to 333 lb). Females are typically twenty percent smaller than males. [4] Jaguars in southern Mexico and Central America are typically smaller, 56 kg and 40 kg (123 lb and 90 lb) for males and females respectively. The jaguar has the strongest jaw structure of any feline and second strongest jaw structure of any land carnivore. [5] Relative to size the amount of force exerted by a jaguar's bite is unmatched by other felids. Captive jaguars have been documented putting 1/4 inch (6 mm) dents into bowling balls using their teeth. "They are powerful enough to drag an 800-pound bull 25 feet in its jaws and pulverize the heaviest bones." [6]
The jaguar's habitat ranges from the rain forests of South and Central America to marshy and even desert terrain in Mexico, but they are rarely seen in mountainous regions. The jaguar's wide range means that it should not be in danger of extinction in the foreseeable future. The species has declined in number in some areas, however, mainly due to habitat loss, especially in rain forests and grassland turned into cropland.
Known for their strong swimming abilities, one of the few cats beside tigers that enjoy water, and climbing abilities, they often prefer to live by rivers, in swamps, and in dense forest with thick cover for stalking prey. They are the largest predator in their range. Jaguars, on rare occasions, are seen as far north as the southwestern United States, particularly in Arizona and New Mexico. The historic jaguar range actually extended as far north as southern California and western Texas. As recently as 2004 wildlife officials in Arizona have photographed and documented jaguars in the southern parts of the state. Presently it is unclear whether recent sightings indicate whether there is a permanent population developing in the Southwest or these cats are simply transients straying over the border from Sonora, Mexico. However, jaguars are a protected species in the United States under the Endangered Species Act and are considered nongame, so wherever they are found in the southwest they are by law generally not to be molested. Fossils of jaguars from as far north as Missouri confirm these cats inhabited much of the Southern U.S. These prehistoric jaguars grew 20% larger than their modern counterparts and must have been quite ferocious. A skull of a glyptodon was discovered in Arizona with puncture holes made by the fangs of a big cat. The jaguar was the first suspect in this case because of its trademarked habit of killing prey by biting through the skull, instead of the neck like other cats.
The ecological role of the jaguar most closely resembles the tiger. They are considered an umbrella species. An umbrella species is defined as: species that generally cover large areas in their daily or seasonal movements. They serve as "mobile links" at the landscape scale, through predation, seed dispersal or pollination. Protecting enough habitat and connectivity to assure viable population of these organisms benefits many other species more restricted in their range. The jaguar is an apex predator.
Jaguars are solitary hunters that do not associate with one another outside the breeding season. They hunt around 85 species including deer, caiman, tapirs, and peccaries, but they are opportunists and will take anything from frogs and mice to birds, fish, and domestic livestock. A jaguar's bite can pierce the shell of a turtle (Emmons, 1987). Jaguars can run quite quickly, but do not have much endurance and rarely engage in long chases.
The jaguar uses a different killing method from most cats to kill its prey. Instead of biting the neck, to suffocate or sever the spinal cord, the jaguar delivers a fatal bite directly to the skull. It is because of this killing technique that jaguars often break teeth as they progress in age.
Young jaguar males reach sexual maturity at about three to four years of age, females about a year earlier. Females give birth to as many as four cubs after a 90 to 110 day gestation, but raise no more than two of them to adulthood. The young are born blind and can see after two weeks. They remain with their mother for up to two years before leaving to establish a territory for themselves, which can be anywhere between 25 and 150 square kilometers in size (depending on the availability of suitable prey). Typical lifespan is 10 or 11 years in the wild; in captivity, jaguars have lived up to 20 years.
The word jaguar comes from the South American Tupi-Guarani language. According to one early European explorer, jaguara meant "a beast that kills its prey with one bound." The original and complete indigenous name for the species is Jaguarete. Curiously, Jagua means "dog" in Guarani. Jaguar is also a royal title bestowed to a royal prince, princess or ruling monarch in some Maya traditions such as that of the Lencas.
People in Central and South America see the jaguar as a symbol of power and strength. During Mayan civilization, the jaguar was believed to communicate between the living and the dead, as well as protect the royal household. The Maya saw these powerful felines as their companions in the spiritual world. The Aztec civilization also had the same image of the jaguar as the representative of the ruler and as a warrior. The Aztecs formed an elite warrior class known as the jaguar knights. Human sacrifices carried out by the knights would end with the victim’s heart being fed to a jaguar.
The background of the coat is usually an orange-yellow in colour, with numerous rings or rosettes on the flanks and spots on the head and neck. A condition known as melanism occasionally occurs and can create jaguars that appear entirely black (although the spots are still visible if one looks closely). These are known as black panthers, but do not form a separate species.
Jaguars are occasionally mated with other big cats such as the lion, tiger and leopard. These hybridizations are usually carried out in controlled environments. For more information hybrid cats see Panthera hybrid.
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For more information hybrid cats see Panthera hybrid. A condition known as melanism occasionally occurs and can create jaguars that appear entirely black (although the spots are still visible if one looks closely). He passed for 285 yards, three touchdowns, and posted a quarterback rating of 115.9 for the game. The background of the coat is usually an orange-yellow in colour, with numerous rings or rosettes on the flanks and spots on the head and neck. Louis. Human sacrifices carried out by the knights would end with the victim’s heart being fed to a jaguar. After playing fairly well in two losses (including passing for a total of nearly 700 yards), Warner proved he could still be successful by defeating his former team, the Rams, 38-28, in St. The Aztecs formed an elite warrior class known as the jaguar knights. But after McCown struggled in two straight games, Green re-inserted Warner into the starting lineup. The Aztec civilization also had the same image of the jaguar as the representative of the ruler and as a warrior. The change in Warner's status led many sports analysts (including Marino) to conclude that Warner's days of being a starting quarterback in the NFL were over. The Maya saw these powerful felines as their companions in the spiritual world. Given the fact that Warner had not won a single game as a Cardinal, and that McCown was leading the Cardinals to wins, Green named McCown the starter and relegated Warner to the backup role. During Mayan civilization, the jaguar was believed to communicate between the living and the dead, as well as protect the royal household. McCown played in two games in which he had terrific numbers, and Green and the Cardinals faced a quarterback controversy of their own. People in Central and South America see the jaguar as a symbol of power and strength. However, Warner struggled and posted three very mediocre games before injuring his groin and being replaced by former starter Josh McCown. Jaguar is also a royal title bestowed to a royal prince, princess or ruling monarch in some Maya traditions such as that of the Lencas. In early 2005, Warner signed a one-year, $4 million contract with the Arizona Cardinals, and was quickly named the starter by coach Dennis Green. Curiously, Jagua means "dog" in Guarani. After the 2004 season, Warner was still the NFL's all-time leader in passer rating and completion percentage. According to one early European explorer, jaguara meant "a beast that kills its prey with one bound." The original and complete indigenous name for the species is Jaguarete. Coach Tom Coughlin later stated that he regretted starting Warner and should have played Manning from the start in order to give him experience and build his confidence. The word jaguar comes from the South American Tupi-Guarani language. Warner started the 2004 season as the Giants' starting quarterback, winning five of the first seven games, but following a short losing streak, rookie Eli Manning was given the starting job and Warner was again relegated to the bench. Typical lifespan is 10 or 11 years in the wild; in captivity, jaguars have lived up to 20 years. Louis with a slight fracture of his right hand that never fully healed stemming from his broken pinkie finger of 2002, and that made it difficult to hold onto the ball or throw it with the same range of motion than he did in his MVP years. They remain with their mother for up to two years before leaving to establish a territory for themselves, which can be anywhere between 25 and 150 square kilometers in size (depending on the availability of suitable prey). Warner later revealed that he had played in St. The young are born blind and can see after two weeks. Ironically, it was largely Warner's performance against the Giants in the 2003 season opener, in which he lost much of his credibility by fumbling six times, one shy of an NFL record, that cost him his job with the Rams. Females give birth to as many as four cubs after a 90 to 110 day gestation, but raise no more than two of them to adulthood. Two days later, he signed a two-year deal to be the quarterback for the New York Giants. Young jaguar males reach sexual maturity at about three to four years of age, females about a year earlier. After two injury-riddled seasons in 2002 and 2003, during which Bulger established himself as the Rams' starter, the Rams released Warner for salary cap reasons on June 1, 2004. It is because of this killing technique that jaguars often break teeth as they progress in age. Despite an on-going controversy all year and a playoff loss with three interceptions by Bulger, Martz made it clear that this time there would be no controversy: Warner was definitely the odd man out. Instead of biting the neck, to suffocate or sever the spinal cord, the jaguar delivers a fatal bite directly to the skull. Even though Warner declared the next week that the concussion was a minor one and he was fine--an opinion also backed up by the medical staff-- he would not see the field again until the final game of the season, while in between Bulger again put up decent numbers (22 touchdowns, but also 22 interceptions). The jaguar uses a different killing method from most cats to kill its prey. It was a disaster: Warner fumbled six times, threw an interception, and it was later learned that he had played the game with a concussion. Jaguars can run quite quickly, but do not have much endurance and rarely engage in long chases. Nonetheless, Martz supported Warner and gave him the first start of 2003, against the New York Giants. A jaguar's bite can pierce the shell of a turtle (Emmons, 1987). Of course, the local and national media turned Brenda's call into a controversy, and Warner was compelled to give interviews in which he minimized his wife's comments as just those of a loving and concerned wife. They hunt around 85 species including deer, caiman, tapirs, and peccaries, but they are opportunists and will take anything from frogs and mice to birds, fish, and domestic livestock. In fact, Brenda stated that she (as a registered nurse) was the one who told Warner he had to go to an orthopedist and get a second opinion. Jaguars are solitary hunters that do not associate with one another outside the breeding season. Martz stood by the erstwhile Warner despite fans' calls to replace him with Bulger — and an embarrassing situation in which Warner's wife, Brenda, called a local radio station to complain that the Rams organization and Martz did not provide Warner sufficient medical care when his hand was broken. The jaguar is an apex predator. Louis after the season over which QB should lead the Rams in 2003. Protecting enough habitat and connectivity to assure viable population of these organisms benefits many other species more restricted in their range. Naturally, controversy brewed in St. They serve as "mobile links" at the landscape scale, through predation, seed dispersal or pollination. Meanwhile, Warner's understudy, Marc Bulger, looked like the Warner of old: accurate, quick to read coverages, and deadly in the red zone. An umbrella species is defined as: species that generally cover large areas in their daily or seasonal movements. Having entered the year with a 103.4 career passer rating, Warner posted a miniscule 67.4 rating in 2002. They are considered an umbrella species. On September 29, 2002, Warner broke his right pinkie finger, effectively ending his season. The ecological role of the jaguar most closely resembles the tiger. Warner went 0-6 as a starter to begin the regular season, posting a horrific 3:11 touchdown-to-interception ratio. The jaguar was the first suspect in this case because of its trademarked habit of killing prey by biting through the skull, instead of the neck like other cats. Going into 2002, pundits felt that Warner's Super Bowl XXXVI meltdown was an aberration, but observers noticed a distinct loss of velocity on Warner's throws in the 2002 preseason. A skull of a glyptodon was discovered in Arizona with puncture holes made by the fangs of a big cat. Despite his foibles, Warner finished the game with 365 passing yards, second only to his own performance two years earlier. These prehistoric jaguars grew 20% larger than their modern counterparts and must have been quite ferocious. Still, Warner ran for a touchdown early in the 4th quarter, and he threw a touchdown pass to Ricky Proehl that tied the score with 1:30 remaining in regulation (though Vinatieri would kick a last-second field goal for the win on the ensuing possession). Fossils of jaguars from as far north as Missouri confirm these cats inhabited much of the Southern U.S. Martz was determined to beat New England with the pass, but Warner turned skittish and mistake-prone when the blocking broke down: he tossed two interceptions in the game (one was returned for a touchdown by Ty Law), and was sacked several times as well. However, jaguars are a protected species in the United States under the Endangered Species Act and are considered nongame, so wherever they are found in the southwest they are by law generally not to be molested. Belichick's game plan disrupted Warner's timing with the fleet Ram receivers by jamming them at the line, and the Patriot defense's constant attention to Marshall Faulk made Warner's job that much harder. Presently it is unclear whether recent sightings indicate whether there is a permanent population developing in the Southwest or these cats are simply transients straying over the border from Sonora, Mexico. The defensive-minded Belichick approached the game as a sort of chess match with Martz, a coach considered to be an offensive genius. As recently as 2004 wildlife officials in Arizona have photographed and documented jaguars in the southern parts of the state. Patriots coach Bill Belichick, determined to slow down Martz's high-flying, Warner-led attack, blitzed early and often, confusing the normally in-control Warner throughout the game. The historic jaguar range actually extended as far north as southern California and western Texas. For the second time, he was named the league's Most Valuable Player, but fans will always look at Super Bowl XXXVI as the moment when Warner's career began to go downhill. Jaguars, on rare occasions, are seen as far north as the southwestern United States, particularly in Arizona and New Mexico. Warner led the "Greatest Show on Turf" to a 14-2 record and returned the Rams to the Super Bowl in 2002, though the team lost to the New England Patriots on a last-second Adam Vinatieri field goal. They are the largest predator in their range. Though his season lagged behind his fantastic 1999, Warner still turned heads with his Joe Montana-esque blend of accuracy and timing, amassing 36 TD passes and 4,800 passing yards, a total second only to Dan Marino all-time. Known for their strong swimming abilities, one of the few cats beside tigers that enjoy water, and climbing abilities, they often prefer to live by rivers, in swamps, and in dense forest with thick cover for stalking prey. Warner quickly returned to form in the 2001 season. The species has declined in number in some areas, however, mainly due to habitat loss, especially in rain forests and grassland turned into cropland. Louis reloaded for another Super Bowl run. The jaguar's wide range means that it should not be in danger of extinction in the foreseeable future. In response to the poor defensive performance, nine of the Rams' eleven defensive starters would be cut during the offseason, as St. The jaguar's habitat ranges from the rain forests of South and Central America to marshy and even desert terrain in Mexico, but they are rarely seen in mountainous regions. Due to a very poor defensive unit, though, the Rams were eliminated from the playoffs in the Wild Card round despite one of the most productive offensive years by a team ever. "They are powerful enough to drag an 800-pound bull 25 feet in its jaws and pulverize the heaviest bones." [6]. Still, an injured Warner was one of the most formidable passers in the NFL. Captive jaguars have been documented putting 1/4 inch (6 mm) dents into bowling balls using their teeth. For the first time in his short career, though, Warner showed a disturbing tendency to lock onto receivers and force turnovers; his TD-INT ratio was a pedestrian 21-18 that season. [5] Relative to size the amount of force exerted by a jaguar's bite is unmatched by other felids. Warner and Green's combined gross passing yard total was 5,492, which if held by only one, would easily surpass 5,084 yards, the single-season record set by Dan Marino. The jaguar has the strongest jaw structure of any feline and second strongest jaw structure of any land carnivore. Warner broke his hand and missed the middle of the 2000 campaign, but Trent Green was able to step in and the Warner/Green duo led the Rams to the highest team passing yard total in NFL history, with 5,232 net yards. [4] Jaguars in southern Mexico and Central America are typically smaller, 56 kg and 40 kg (123 lb and 90 lb) for males and females respectively. Their relationship would start off warm (like that between Warner and Vermeil) and would remain that way for the next few years. Females are typically twenty percent smaller than males. Louis Offensive Coordinator Mike Martz replaced the retired Dick Vermeil as Rams' head coach. Jaguars vary from 5.3 to 6 feet (1.62 to 1.83 m) in length, excluding 30 in (0.76 m) tail, stand around 67 to 76 cm (27 to 30 inches) tall at the shoulder, and weigh between 56 and 96 kg (124 and 211 lb) with larger individuals, recorded by scientists, weighing between 131 and 151 kg (288 to 333 lb). Also in 2000, former St. [3]. Warner started the 2000 season red-hot, racking up 300 or more passing yards in each of his first 6 games (tying Steve Young's record) and posting 19 touchdown passes in that stretch. [2] The Jaguar, in a recent National Geographic special titled “In Search of the Jaguar,” was named pound for pound the strongest animal in the world. The others are Bart Starr in 1966, Terry Bradshaw in 1978, Joe Montana in 1989, Emmitt Smith in 1993, Steve Young in 1994. Because of this the jaguar is sometimes referred to as the “bulldog” of the cat world. He was Super Bowl MVP in 1999, becoming one of the select few to win both the League MVP and Super Bowl MVP in the same year. The head of the jaguar is much squarer and it has shorter stockier limbs. He threw for a record 414 passing yards that game including a 73 yard touchdown strike to Bruce when the game was tied with just over 2 minutes to play. The rosettes on a jaguar’s coat are larger, fewer in number, and usually darker with thicker lines that enclose smaller spots. Louis Rams to a Super Bowl XXXIV victory against the Tennessee Titans. The easiest way to distinguish a jaguar from a leopard, beside the jaguar’s much more powerful build, is the rosettes. In the NFL playoffs, Warner led the St. To some, jaguars look very much like leopards but they are sturdier and heavier. The offense registered the first in a string of 3 consecutive 500 point seasons, an NFL record. . Warner became the symbol of the Rams' giant turn-around in 1999. [1]. The accurate-throwing Warner, running back Marshall Faulk, and wide receivers Isaac Bruce and Torry Holt were part of the high-scoring offense nicknamed "The Greatest Show on Turf." Warner's magical season, in which he tossed a staggering 41 touchdown passes, is regarded as one of the top seasons by a quarterback in NFL history. It is closely related to the lion, tiger, and leopard of the Old World, and is the largest and most powerful feline found in the Americas. Of course, Warner proved Vermeil wrong about his concerns. The jaguar (Panthera onca) is a large member of the cat family found primarily in the warm regions of the Americas. In fact, at a press conference, Vermeil said that he was hoping Warner could hold the team together and win a game or two while they waited for Justin to be ready to play. Ironically, coach Dick Vermeil was not very happy or confident about putting in Warner as the starter and would not have done so if the more experienced backup quarterback Paul Justin had not been injured. When the starting quarterback, Trent Green, was injured in the preseason, Warner took over as the starter. Louis Rams during the preseason of the 1999-2000 season. Warner was the backup quarterback for the St. Louis Rams in 1998, and was allocated to the Amsterdam Admirals of the NFL Europe. Warner left the Barnstormers to sign with the NFL's St. Warner was named to the AFL's All-Arena First Team in 1996 and 1997 as he led the Barnstormers to ArenaBowl appearances in both seasons. Later he worked at the Cedar Falls Hy-Vee Food Store stocking shelves before being signed by the Iowa Barnstormers of the Arena Football League, in 1995. After college, he attended the Green Bay Packers training camp in 1994, but was released from the team. Warner and Brenda are both born-again Christians. They also have 5 children of their own: sons Elijah and Kade, daughter Jada Jo, and twin girls Sierra Rose and Sienna Rae born in December 2005. During college, he met his future wife Brenda (who also grew up in an abusive family situation and had an abusive previous marriage), whom he married in 1997 and adopted her two children, son Zachary & daughter Jesse. Warner studied and played football at Regis High School in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, and went on to do the same at University of Northern Iowa. He grew up in an abusive family situation and, after years of anonymity and tribulation, he developed into a very successful NFL quarterback. Warner's story is considered one of the most inspirational in the history of American sports. . Kurtis Eugene Warner (born June 22, 1971 in Burlington, Iowa) is an American football quarterback currently playing for the Arizona Cardinals of the NFL. Warner's number 13 was retired by the Amsterdam Admirals before the 2003 season started. Warner's number 13 was retired by the Iowa Barnstormers during halftime of a 2000 home game against the Tampa Bay Storm. |