Jade

Type A treatment is the only acceptable enhancement by professional collectors. ISBN 89-7300-1167. There are three main methods, sometimes referred to as the ABC Treatment System:. Women of Korea: A History from Ancient Times to 1945, Ewha Womans University Press, 1976. Jade may be enhanced (sometimes call "stabilized"). ISBN 0-393-31681-5 Kim, et al. Other names for jade in China are: "Honan jade," "Metajade" and "Xinjiang jade.". Korea's Place in the Sun, Norton, 1997.

"Korean jade," "Suzhou jade," "Styrian jade," "Canadian jade," "Olive jade" and "New jade" are all really serpentine; "Transvaal jade" is grossularite. Cumings, Bruce. Some of these are: serpentine (also bowenite), carnelian, aventurine quartz, glass, grossularite, Vesuvianite, soapstone (and other steatites such as shoushan stone) and recently, Australian chrysoprase. The two Koreas competed separately, however. Many minerals are sold as jade in China. In the summer of 2002, the FIFA World Cup was hosted jointly by South Korea and Japan with 10 stadiums in each country. In Asian culture, wearing jade is considered to bring good luck. As of the 2006 Asian Games, South Korean officials have announced the countries shall compete in the same unified sporting teams as well.

Jade, Beilstein, Grave Jade, Kidney Stone, Lapis Nephriticus, Nephrit, Nephrita, Nephrite (of Werner), New Zealand Greenstone, New Zealand Jade, Spinach Jade, Talcum Nephriticus, Tomb Jade. A unified Korean team marched under the Unification Flag in the opening ceremonies of the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, the 2002 Asian Games in Busan, the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, and the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin but competed separately in sporting events. Aotea, Axe-stone, B.C. A unified Korean team competed under the Unification Flag in 1991 in both the 41st World Table Tennis Championship in Chiba, Japan and in the 6th World Youth Soccer Championship in Lisbon, Portugal. Agate verdâtre, Feitsui, Jadeit, Jadeita, Natronjadeit, Yunnan Jade, Yu-stone, Sinkiang jade. At the time, North Korea boycotted the event on the grounds that it was not made co-host. Besides the terms already mentioned, jadeite and nephrite are sometimes referred to by the following:. South Korea hosted the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, giving the country an economic boost through increased tourism and greater world recognition.

In New Zealand, where it is known as greenstone or pounamu, nephrite was fashioned for centuries by Maori to make weapons and ornaments, and is still widely used to make carved jewellery although the mining of it is restricted and closely monitored. Also, during this time, the world's first ironclad warships, the Geobukseon (or "Turtle ship") were invented. Jadeite with its bright emerald-green, pink, lavender and brown colors was imported from Burma to China only after the 17th century and became known as Feitsu or Kingfisher (feathers) Jade. In the Joseon era, Korea advanced traditional arts and crafts, such as white celadon glazes, fine silk, and paper. From the Kingdom of Khotan, on the southern leg of the Silk Road, yearly tribute payments consisting of the most precious white jade were made to the Chinese Imperial court and there transformed into objets d'art by skilled artisans as jade was considered more valuable than gold or silver. During the Joseon period, Korean silk was considered by China to be the best in the world and Korean pottery made with blue-green celadon was highly valued in Japan. River jade collection was concentrated in the Yarkand, the White Jade (Yurungkash) and Black Jade (Karakash) Rivers. The world's first self-striking water clock was invented in 1434 by Chang Yong-sil, who later developed an even more complicated water-dock with additional astronomical devices.

There, white and greenish nephrite jade is found in small quarries and as pebbles and boulders in the rivers flowing from the Kuen-Lun mountain range northward into the Takla-Makan desert area. Hangul, one of the world's most scientifically phonetic written scripts, was created by King Sejong in 1443. From about the earliest Chinese dynasties until present, the jade deposits in most use were from the region of Khotan in the Western Chinese province of Xinjiang. Though Koreans used wooden printing blocks by 751, this was a significant development in printing allowing continued use of the same type. Jade was used to create many utilitarian and ceremonial objects, ranging from indoor decorative items to jade burial suits. The world's first metal movable type was invented in Korea in 1232, before Johann Gutenberg developed metal letterset type (Cumings 1997: 65). During Neolithic times, the key known sources of nephrite jade in China for utilitarian and ceremonial jade items were the now depleted deposits in the Ningshao area in the Yangtze River Delta (Liangzhu jade culture 3400–2250 BC) and in an area of the Liaoning province in Inner Mongolia (Hongshan culture 4700–2200 BC). It served as the world's first astronomical tower for heavenly observations.

. One of the best known artifacts of Korea's history of science and technology is Cheomsongdae, a 9-meter high observatory built in 633. Jade is the official gemstone of British Columbia, where it is found in large deposits in the Lillooet and Cassiar regions. See also Korean cuisine. Nephrite jade was used mostly in China, Myanmar and New Zealand. Chili peppers are also commonly used in Korean cuisine, which has given it a reputation for being spicy. Of the two, jadeite is rarer, and is the form of jade mostly used in Central America. Korean cuisine is known for its traditional dish called kimchi which uses a distinctive fermentation process of preserving vegetables.

Nephrite can be found in a creamy white form as well as a green color, while jadeite shows more color variation. Festivities showcase vibrant colors, which are attributed to Mongolian influences; bright red, yellow, and green often mark traditional Korean motifs [5]. Jade has a Mohs hardness of between 6.5 and 7.0 [1]. From the 10th century through to the end of the 19th century, the social status of a man's father and mother determined which civil service examination, if any, he could take but did not guarantee him a post. Later, as other materials could replace jade as a weapons material, it became appreciated for its beauty. Until the 10th century, a man's "bone rank" (determined by the rank of his father and his mother) defined his social status and what government post he would be appointed to. It is an exceptionally tough material, and was first used for things such as axe heads, knives, and weapons. Until modern times, Koreans placed a lot of emphasis on hereditary status.

The two are quite similar in appearance and it wasn't until 1863 that the two forms of this gemstone were distinguished. Koreans valued scholarship and rewarded education and study of Chinese classic texts; Yangban boys were highly educated in Hanja. Jadeite has the formula NaAlSi₂O₆. Since the middle of the 20th century, however, Christianity has competed with Buddhism to be the dominant religious force in South Korea. Nephrite has the formula Ca₂(Mg, Fe)₅Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂. Although about half of the population is non-religious, Confucian tradition has dominated Korean thought, along with contributions by Buddhism, Taoism, and Korean Shamanism. The second, the mineral jadeite, is a pyroxene. In 554, the Korean kingdom of Baekje sent doctors, herb and calendar specialists, and diviners to Japan, and in 602, Kwalluk, a Baekje monk, was dispatched to Japan to deliver books on astronomy calendar-making, geography, and divination.

Nephrite is a form of the amphibole actinolite (a mineral that also includes a form of asbestos). According to Japanese records, Chinese knowledge and technology, including Chinese characters and the major classics, such as the Confucian Analects, were introduced to Japan by Korean scholars. An ornamental stone, jade is a name applied to two different silicate minerals. Muslims who arrive there by accident are so attracted by its character that they stay there forever and do not want to leave.". In any case, translucency is usually lost. As early as 845, Arab traders mentioned Korea saying, "Over the sea beyond China lies a mountainous country called 'Silla', rich in gold. The effects are somewhat uncontrollable and may result in a dull brown. During the 7th and 8th centuries, land and sea trading networks connected Korea to Arabia.

The red color of Red jade can be enhanced with heat. In ancient Chinese texts, Korea is referred to as "Rivers and Mountains Embroidered on Silk" (錦繡江山) and "Eastern Nation of Decorum" (東方禮儀之國). Type C jade has been artificially stained or dyed. Main article: Culture of Korea. Currently, infrared spectroscopy is the only test for the detection of polymer in jadeite. The combined population (including North and South Korea) of the Korean Peninsula is about 73,000,000 people. This results in a significant improvement of transparency and color of the material. Foreign workforce in South Korea is estimated at over half a million.

Type B treatment involves exposing a promising but stained piece of jadeite to chemical bleaches and/or acids and impregnating it with a clear polymer resin. (See also: Demographics of South Korea) The Korean Peninsula is populated almost exclusively by ethnic Koreans, although a significant minority of ethnic Chinese (about 20,000 [3]) exists in South Korea, and small communities of ethnic Chinese and Japanese are said to exist in North Korea ([4]). Type A jadeite has not been treated in any way except surface waxing. Vast tidal flats are developing on the south and west coastline of the Korean Peninsula. In addition to the complex coastline, the western coast of the Korean peninsula has an extremely high tidal amplitude (at Incheon, around the middle of the western coast, it is as high as 9 m). Its complicated coastline provides mild seas, and the resulting calm environment allows for safe navigation, fishing, and seaweed farming.

It is known as Dadohae in Korean. The southern and southwestern coastline of the Korean Peninsula is a well-developed Lias coastline. These rivers have vast flood plains and they provide an ideal environment for rice cultivation. Important rivers running westward include the Yalu, Cheongcheon River, Daedong River, Han River, Geum River, and Yeongsan River.

Two exceptions are the southward-flowing Nakdong River and the Seomjin River. Because the mountainous regions are biased toward the eastern part of the peninsula, the main rivers tend to flow to westwards. The volcanic islands tend to be younger as one moves westward. Ulleung-do and the Dok-do are volcanic islands in the Sea of Japan, whose composition is more feslic than Jeju.

Halla (1950 m). Jeju-do, situated off the south coastline of the Korean Peninsula, is a large volcanic island whose main mountain is Mt. As opposed to the old mountains on the mainland, some important islands in Korea were formed by volcanic activity in the recent Cenozoic. They are developed along the tectonic line of Mesozoic orogeny and their directions are NW, NWW.

There are several lower, secondary mountain series whose direction is almost perpendicular to that of Baekdudaegan. Some significant mountains include Sobaeksan (2,184 m), Baeksan (1,724 m), Geumgangsan (1,638 m), Seoraksan (1,708 m), Taebaeksan (1,567 m) and Jirisan (1,915 m). This series of mountains is named Beakdudaegan. To the south of Gaema Gowon, successive high mountains are located along the eastern coast of the Korean Peninsula.

This highland was mainly raised during the Cenozoic orogeny and partly covered by volcanic matter. Baekdu is a highland called Gaema Gowon. The southern extension of Mt. The border with China runs through the mountain.

Baekdu (2744m, Changbaishan in chinese). The highest mountain in Korea is Mt. The southern part and western part of the Korean mainland have well developed plains, while the eastern and northern parts are mountainous. Notable islands include Jeju-do, Ulleung-do, and Dok-do.

The Yellow Sea is to the west, the South China Sea is to the south, and the Sea of Japan (East Sea) is to the east of Korea. To the northwest, the Yalu River separates Korea from China and to the north, the Tumen River separates Korea from Russia. It is bound by two countries and three seas. Korea is located on the Korean Peninsula in North-East Asia.

Both states still officially retain the two separate national flags that they have used since their foundings in 1948. While this flag may represent Korea at international sporting events, it is not the official flag of either North Korea or South Korea. Recently, in effort to promote reconciliation, the two Koreas have adopted a single Unification Flag. Since the 1990s, with progressively liberal South Korean administrations, as well as the death of North Korean founder Kim Il-sung, the two sides have taken halting, symbolic steps towards cooperation, in international sporting events, reunification of separated family members, and tourism.

Both Korean states proclaim eventual reunification as a goal, and a united Korea is very much a part of Korean ethno-cultural identity. The two countries never signed a peace treaty. This boundary was set as the demilitarized zone which constitutes the border between the two countries. After three devastating years of fighting, the war ended in a ceasefire agreement at approximately the same boundary, though South Korea gaining slightly more territory than it lost.

Millions of Koreans died, and the United States waged a bombing campaign over North Korea that effectively destroyed most cities: "There were simply 'no more cities in North Korea'" (Cumings 1997: 298). and then Chinese intervention. The North Korean army invaded the South, prompting U.S. The Korean War began in June 1950 and lasted until 1953.

The politics of the Cold War resulted in the 1948 establishment of two separate governments. In 1945, in the aftermath of WWII, the United Nations developed plans for a trusteeship administration, the United States effectively began administering the peninsula south of the 38th parallel and the Soviet Union administering north. The United States supported Korean nationalists who opposed Communism, funded and staffed the South Korean army, and influenced the United Nations to support the South Korean military (Cumings 1997). The Korean War resulted directly from the United States policy of Containment.

Main articles: Korean War, History of North Korea, History of South Korea, Korean reunification. Communism began to take hold in Korea, and Koreans who had fought along with Communist China gained power and fame. Koreans faced bitter divisions: former collaborators were widely mistrusted and hated by Koreans, yet they possessed the most experience and remained in power. The Soviet Union supported the North Korean government, which was also associated with Communist China; the United States was closely allied to South Korea, helping Koreans with experience under the Japanese occupation to gain power and suppress Communists.

With the defeat of Japan in 1945, the Japanese colonial government was immediately replaced with American and Soviet presence. Main article: Division of Korea. Anti-Japanese sentiment still runs strong in Korea, as a result of what Koreans see as continuing unrepentant actions. Japanese occupation lasted until 1945 when it was defeated by the Allied Forces at the end of World War II.

Although statistics are difficult to verify, around 60,000 Korean laborers in Japan are known to have died between 1939 and 1945. During the Pacific War (World War II), Koreans were used by Japanese to support the Japanese war effort; Koreans were conscripted into Japanese military, used as forced laborers, and as sex slaves, called "comfort women" (Cumings 1997). During the suppression of the independence movement in 1919, 7,000 Koreans were killed by Japanese police and soldiers. The Japanese occupation built Shinto shrines in Korea.[1] replaced use of Korean with the Japanese language, and　obligated name-changes to Japanese family names.[2] Koreans resisted the colonization, which led to police actions, and economic exploitation.

His death was followed by the full annexation of Korea in 1910 with the Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty. In 1909, the former Resident-General Ito Hirobumi was assassinated by a Korean nationalist An Jung-geun. 1976). In 1895, Empress Min of Korea was murdered by the Japanese under Miura Goro (Kim et al.

Beginning in the 1870s, Japan began to force Korea away from China's sphere of influence. Main article: Korea under Japanese rule. The Yi dynasty of Joseon was perhaps the longest-lived actively ruling dynasty in East Asia, and one of the longest of continuously ruling royal dynasties in world history. Korea then enjoyed more than two centuries of peace before foreign troops again penetrated Korea's border in the second half of the 19th century.

The Korean rulers agreed to recognize the legitimacy of the new Qing Dynasty emperors. However, in the 1620s and 1630s the Joseon dynasty was not able to defeat invading Manchu troops. With the help of Ming Chinese troops and the ironclad warships of Admiral Yi Sunsin, Joseon forces were able to push the Japanese back to Japan. During the late 1590s, Japan invaded Korea in two failed attempts, known together as the Seven-Year War, inflicting great destruction.

In 1392 Yi Seong-gye established the Joseon Dynasty, moving the capital to Hanseong (now Seoul). Main article: Joseon Dynasty. At this time a General named Yi Seong-gye distinguished himself by repelling Japanese pirates who were constantly stealing mainland technology from Korean and Chinese merchant ships. Korea was at last able to forge political reform without mongol interference.

In the 1340s, the Mongol Empire declined rapidly due to internal struggles. Under the control of the Mongols, Goryeo participated two failed attempts of the Mongol invasions of Japan. As a result, a treaty was signed between the two kingdoms in favor of the Mongols. In 1238, the Mongols invaded Goryeo and laid the kingdom in ruins as resistance continued on and off for almost thirty years.

This led to an uprising by military and forced some military officials to migrate to other areas. Conflict increased between civil and military officials in Goryeo as the latter were degraded and poorly paid. In the 10th and 11th centuries, Goryeo continued to be plagued by attacks from Jurchen and Khitan tribes on the northern borders. Buddhism flourished throughout the peninsula.

During this period, laws were codified, and a civil service system was introduced. Many members of the Balhae ruling class joined the newly founded Goryeo, which established boundaries of Korea to a little more than where they exist today (See Gando region which is now occupied by the Chinese). The kingdom of Goryeo (918 - 1392) replaced Silla. In the 10th century Balhae was conquered by the Khitans.

Eventually, Balhae's territory would extend from the Sungari and Amur Rivers in northern Manchuria all the way down to the northern provinces of modern Korea. The general founded the state of Balhae (Bohai in Chinese) as the successor to Goguryeo and regained control of lost northern territory. After the fall of Goguryeo, General Dae Joyeong led a group of his people to the Jilin area in Manchuria. In the late 9th century, Unified Silla gave way to the brief Later Three Kingdoms period.

Silla ("Unified Silla" hereon) thus came to control most of the Korean peninsula by the 8th century. Silla eventually repulsed Tang from Goguryeo territory, although the northern part regrouped as Balhae. Silla first annexed Gaya, then conquered Baekje and Goguryeo with Tang assistance. Silla was the least advanced of the Three Kingdoms, but had established a fierce military called the Hwarang.

The Sui fall from power in China was partly due to Goguryeo. Emperor Yang-ti of Sui, with one million troops, invaded Goguryeo, but in 612 AD, General Eulji Mundeok pushed the Chinese force into retreat. Goguryeo was the most dominant power, but was at constant war with the Chinese Sui and Tang. Sophisticated state organizations developed under Confucian and Buddhist paradigms.

The three kingdoms Goguryeo, Silla, and Baekje (the latter two arising from the Samhan) competed with each other as minor statelets fell or merged with these regional powers. In the north, the expanding Goguryeo united Buyeo, Okjeo, and Dongye in the former Gojoseon territory, and then destroyed the last Chinese commandery in 313 AD. It was followed by Samhan, three loose confederacies, that variously claimed descent from Jin. Although very little is known about its political organization, bronze artifacts from the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC are found in the region.

Korean and Chinese sources describe a state called Jin in southern Korea during this period. Three of those commanderies fell to Korean resistance after only a few decades. In 108 BC, the Chinese Han dynasty defeated Gojoseon and installed four commanderies in northern Korea and Manchuria primarily as commercial outposts. Chinese records indicate conflict between Gojoseon and China in the 2nd century BC.

Gojoseon cultural artifacts and walled cities are found throughout Korea and Manchuria. Gojoseon was founded in 2333 BC, according to the Dangun legend. There is archaeological evidence that people were living on the Korean peninsula around 700,000 years ago, during the Lower Paleolithic.^  The earliest known Korean pottery dates to around 7000 BC, and the Neolithic period begins around 6000 BC. Main article: History of Korea.

In the Korean language, Korea as a whole is referred to as Chosŏn (조선) by North Korea and Han(-)guk (한국, "Han Nation") by South Korea. "Korea" derives from the Goryeo (고려) period of Korean history, which in turn referred to the ancient kingdom of Goguryeo (고구려). Main article: Names of Korea. .

"Korea" may often refer to South Korea, or less commonly, North Korea individually. South Korea is a capitalist liberal democracy. North Korea is a Communist state, often described as Stalinist and isolationist. Korea was partitioned following World War II.

The homogeneous ethnic group, the Koreans, speak a distinct language (Korean) and use the unique script hangul. It is situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia, bordering China to the northwest and Russia to the northeast. Korea refers to South Korea and North Korea together, which were a unified country until 1948. EJ 376 894.

"The Arts and Literature of Korea." The Social Studies 79 (July-August 1988): 153-60. Lee Sang-sup. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1984. A New History Of Korea.

Lee Ki-baik. 1, Fall 1986. Special Issue: "Korea: A Teacher's Guide." No. Focus On Asian Studies.

New York: Foreign Policy Association, 1984. The Two Koreas. Cumings, Bruce. EJ 368 177.

"Korea in the Pacific Community." Social Education 52 (March 1988), 182. Chun, Tuk Chu.