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Henry Ford

For other people named Henry Ford, see Henry Ford (disambiguation).
Time Magazine, January 14, 1935

Henry Ford (July 30, 1863 – April 7, 1947) was the founder of the Ford Motor Company and is credited with contributing to the creation of a middle class in American society. He was one of the first to apply assembly line manufacturing to the mass production of affordable automobiles. This achievement not only revolutionized industrial production in the United States and the rest of the world, but also had such tremendous influence over modern culture that many social theorists identify this phase of economic and social history as "Fordism."

Background

Ford was born on a prosperous farm in Springwells Township (now in the city of Dearborn, Michigan) owned by his parents, William and Mary Ford, immigrants from County Cork, Ireland. He was the eldest of six children. As a child, Henry was passionate about mechanics, preferring to tinker in his father's shop over doing farm chores. At 13, he saw a self-propelled vehicle, a steam powered thresher, for the first time.

In 1879, he left home for the nearby city of Detroit to work as an apprentice machinist, first with James F. Flower & Bros., and later with the Detroit Dry Dock Co. In 1882, he returned to Dearborn to work on the family farm and became adept at operating the Westinghouse portable steam engine. This led to his being hired by Westinghouse company to service their steam engines. Upon his marriage to Clara Bryant in 1888 Ford supported himself by farming and running a sawmill.

In 1891, Ford became an engineer with the Edison Illuminating Company, and after his promotion to Chief Engineer in 1893, he had enough time and money to devote attention to his personal experiments on internal combustion engines. These experiments culminated in 1896 with the completion of his own self-propelled vehicle named the Quadricycle, which he test-drove on June 4 of that year.

After this initial success, Ford left Edison Illuminating and, with other investors, formed the Detroit Automobile Company. The Detroit Automobile Company went bankrupt soon afterward because Ford continued to improve the design, instead of selling cars. Ford raced his vehicles against those of other manufacturers to show the superiority of his designs. With his interest in race cars, he formed a second company, the Henry Ford Company. During this period, he personally drove his Quadricycle to victory in a race against Alexander Winton, a well-known driver and the heavy favorite on October 10, 1901. Ford was forced out of the company by the investors, including Henry M. Leland in 1902, and the company was reorganized as Cadillac.

Ford Motor Company

Henry Ford, with eleven other investors and $28,000 in capital, incorporated the Ford Motor Company in 1903. In a newly-designed car, Ford drove an exhibition in which the car covered the distance of a mile on the ice of Lake St. Clair in 39.4 seconds, which was a new land speed record. Convinced by this success, the famous race driver Barney Oldfield, who named this new Ford model "999" in honor of a racing locomotive of the day, took the car around the country and thereby made the Ford brand known throughout the U.S. Henry Ford was also one of the early backers of the Indianapolis 500.

The Model T

In 1908, the Ford company released the Model T. From 1909 to 1913, Ford entered stripped-down Model Ts in races, finishing first (although later disqualified) in an "ocean-to-ocean" (across the USA) race in 1909, and setting a one-mile oval speed record at Detroit Fairgrounds in 1911 with driver Frank Kulick. In 1913, Ford attempted to enter a reworked Model T in the Indianapolis 500, but was told rules required the addition of another 1,000 pounds (450 kg) to the car before it could qualify. Ford dropped out of the race, and soon thereafter dropped out of racing permanently, citing dissatisfaction with the sport's rules and the demands on his time by the now-booming production of the Model Ts.

Racing was, by 1913, no longer necessary from a publicity standpoint because the Model T was already famous and ubiquitous on American roads. It was in this year that Henry Ford introduced the moving assembly belts into his plants, which enabled an enormous increase in production. Although Ford is often credited with the idea, contemporary sources indicate that the concept and its development came from employees Clarence Avery, P.E. "Ed" Martin, Charles E. Sorensen, and C.H. Wills.

By 1918, half of all cars in America were Model Ts. The design, fervently promoted and defended by Henry Ford, would continue through 1927 (well after its popularity had faded), with a final total production of fifteen million vehicles. This was a record which would stand for the next 45 years. Ford said, "Any customer can have a car painted any colour that he wants so long as it is black." (See References at bottom)

On January 1, 1919, after unsuccessfully seeking a seat in the United States Senate, [1] Henry Ford turned the presidency of Ford Motor Company over to his son Edsel, although still maintaining a firm hand in its management—few company decisions under Edsel's presidency were made without approval by Henry, and those few that were, Henry often reversed. Also at this time, Henry and Edsel purchased all remaining stock from other investors, thus becoming sole owners of the company. The company remained privately held by the family until 1956, when the family allowed a public offering of a portion of the company without ceding control.

By the mid 1920's, sales of the Model T began to decline due to rising competition. Other auto makers offered payment plans through which consumers could buy their cars, which usually included more modern mechanical features and styling not available with the Model T. Despite urgings from Edsel, Henry steadfastly refused to incorporate new features into the Model T or to form a customer credit plan.

The Model T's key to success was the fact that it had been made in the assembly line, which allowed for many different cars to be made consecutively, identically and much faster than other hand made vehicles. The cars sales triggered the modern era of vehicles. For the first time everyone could own a car, the downside was that every Model T produced after 1913, (the year the assembly line was created) was painted black because the paint dried a lot faster than any other color. The Model T was a very simple car, as simple as it could be made. One screw held 10 or 20 parts. But that's what made it unique. Henry Ford's assembly line was so unique that it turned the Ford Motor Company into a Giant, (and became a tool for every other industry that creates merchandise in the assembly line, of course the assembly line does not use people anymore, but uses robots) while the other car companies were still stuck with the technologies of the earlier days. By 1928 there were about 30 million cars world wide. Half of these were Ford Model Ts.

The Model A and later

By 1926, flagging sales of the Model T convinced Henry of what Edsel had been suggesting for some time: a new model was necessary. The elder Ford pursued the project with a great deal of technical expertise in design of the engine, chassis, and other mechanical necessities, while leaving it to his son to develop the body design. Edsel also managed to prevail over his father's initial objections in the inclusion of a sliding-shift transmission. The result was the highly successful Ford Model A, introduced December, 1927 and produced through 1931, with a total output of over four million automobiles. Subsequently, the company adopted an annual model change system similar to that in use by automakers today.

During the thirties, Ford also overcame his objection to finance companies, and the Ford-owned Universal Credit Company became a major car financing operation.

Henry Ford long had an interest in plastics developed from agricultural products, especially soybeans. Soybean-based plastics were used in Ford automobiles throughout the 1930s in plastic parts such as car horns, in paint, etc. This project culminated in 1942, when on January 13 Ford patented an automobile made almost entirely of plastic, attached to a tubular welded frame. It weighed 30% less than a standard car of the same size, and was said to be able to withstand blows ten times greater than could steel. Furthermore, it ran on grain alcohol (ethanol) instead of gasoline. The design never caught on.

On May 26, 1943, Edsel Ford died, leaving a vacancy in the company presidency. Henry Ford advocated Harry Bennett to take the spot. Edsel's widow Eleanor, who had inherited Edsel's voting stock, wanted her son Henry Ford II to take over the position. The issue was settled for a period when Henry himself, at the age of 79, took over the presidency personally. Henry Ford II was released from the navy and became an executive vice president, while Harry Bennett had a seat on the board and was responsible for personnel, labor relations, and public relations.

The company saw hard times during the next two years, losing $10 million a month. President Franklin D. Roosevelt considered a federal bailout for Ford Motor Company so that wartime production could continue. By 1945 Henry Ford's senility was quite evident, and his wife and daughter-in-law forced his resignation in favor of his grandson, Henry Ford II.

Ford's labor philosophy

Henry Ford had very specific thoughts on relations with his employees. On January 5, 1914 Ford announced his five-dollar a day program. The program called for a reduction in length of the workday from 9 to 8 hours and a raise in minimum daily pay from $2.34 to $5 for qualifying workers. Ford labeled the increased compensation as profit sharing rather than wages. The wage was offered to men over the age of 22, who had worked at the company for 6 months or more, and, importantly, conducted their lives in a manner of which Ford approved. The company established a Sociological Department complete with 150 investigators and support staff in order to verify this last point. Even with these requirements a large percentage of workers were able to qualify for the profit sharing.

In 1926, Ford instituted the five-day, forty-hour work-week, effectively inventing the modern weekend. In granting workers an extra day off, Ford ensured leisure time for the working class. The "short week," as Ford called it in a contemporary interview, was required so that the country could "absorb its production and stay prosperous."

Conversely, Ford was adamantly against labor unions in his plants. To forestall union activity, he promoted Harry Bennett, a former Navy boxer, to be the head of the Service Department. Bennett employed various intimidation tactics to squash union organizing. The most famous incident, in 1937, was a bloody brawl between company security men and organizers that became known as The Battle of the Overpass.

Ford was the last Detroit automaker to recognize the United Auto Workers union (UAW). A sit-down strike by the UAW union on April 2, 1941 closed the River Rouge Plant. Under pressure from Edsel and his wife, Clara, Henry Ford finally agreed to collective bargaining at Ford plants, and the first contract with the UAW was signed in June 1941.

Anti-Semitism and The Dearborn Independent

Henry Ford began publication of a newspaper, The Dearborn Independent, in 1919. The paper ran for eight years, during which it republished "Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion," which has since been discredited by virtually all historians as a forgery. The American Jewish Historical Society describes the ideas presented in it as "anti-immigrant, anti-labor, anti-liquor, and anti-Semitic".

The Independent also published, in Ford's name, several anti-Jewish articles which were released in the early 1920s as a set of four bound volumes, cumulatively titled "The International Jew, the World's Foremost Problem." These volumes were distributed through Ford's car dealerships. Denounced by the Anti-Defamation League (ADL), the articles nevertheless explicitly condemned pogroms and violence against Jews (Volume 4, Chapter 80), preferring to blame incidents of mass violence on the Jews themselves. None of this work was actually penned by Ford, though they required his tacit approval since he was the paper's publisher.

Lawsuits in response to anti-Semitic remarks led Ford to close the Dearborn Independent in December 1927. He later retracted the International Jew and the Protocols. On January 7, 1942, Henry Ford wrote a public letter to the ADL denouncing hatred against the Jews and expressing his hope that anti-Jewish hatred would cease for all time. Some claim that Ford neither wrote nor signed this letter and have questioned the sincerity of his apology. His writings continue to be used as propaganda by various groups, often appearing on anti-Semitic and neo-Nazi websites.

Henry Ford and Nazism

Henry Ford, center, is awarded the Grand Cross of the German Eagle by Nazi diplomats.
AP photo; fair use

Henry Ford spent years bestowing gushing praise on Adolf Hitler's Nazi regime, although this praise abated as the United States entered WWII. There is also some evidence that Henry Ford gave Adolf Hitler direct financial backing when Hitler was first starting out in politics. This can in part be traced to statements from Kurt Ludecke, Germany's representative to the U.S. in the 1920s, and Winifred Wagner, daughter-in-law of Richard Wagner, who said they requested funds from Ford to aid the National Socialist movement in Germany. However, a 1933 Congressional investigation into the matter was unable to substantiate whether contributions were actually sent. Regardless of whether direct financial support was provided, Ford repeatedly voiced his overt approval of Hitler's theories.

Ford's indirect financial backing of the Nazis was also undeniable, as Ford Motor Company was active in Germany's military buildup prior to World War II. In 1938, for instance, it opened an assembly plant in Berlin, the purpose of which was to supply trucks to the Wehrmacht. In July of that year, Ford was awarded (and accepted) the Grand Cross of the Order of the German Eagle (Großkreuz des Deutschen Adlerordens). Ford was the first American and the fourth person given this award, at the time Nazi Germany's highest honorary award given to foreigners. The decoration was given "in recognition of [Ford's] pioneering in making motor cars available for the masses." The award was accompanied by a personal congratulatory message from Adolf Hitler. [Detroit News, July 31, 1938.]

Hobbies and interests

Ford had an interest in what today would be known as "Americana". In the 1920s, Ford began work to turn Sudbury, Massachusetts into an Americana-themed historical village. He moved the schoolhouse from the Mary had a little lamb nursery rhyme from Sterling, Massachusetts and purchased the historical Wayside Inn. This plan never saw fruition, but Ford repeated it with the creation of Greenfield Village in Dearborn, Michigan. It may have inspired the creation of Old Sturbridge Village as well. About the same time, he began collecting materials for his museum, which had a theme of practical technology. It was opened in 1929 as the Edison Institute and, although greatly modernized, remains open today.

Ford also had an interest in American folk music and frequently sponsored square dances, one of his particular interests. Which he shared with his friend Dr. Lloyd Shaw

Ford was an early promoter of aviation, building the Dearborn Inn as the first airport hotel. (The airfield was across the street and is now the site of a Ford Motor Company test track.) He heavily sponsored the Stout Metal Airplane Company, which developed the Ford Tri-Motor, an early airliner.

Ford also maintained a vacation residence (known as the "Ford Plantation") in Richmond Hill, Georgia. He contributed substantially to the community, building a chapel and schoolhouse and employing a large number of local residents. His knowledge of the Ontario town of the same name is believed to have led to the renaming of the Georgia town, formerly known as Ways Station.

The Ford Foundation

Henry Ford, with his son Edsel, founded the Ford Foundation in 1936 as a local philanthropic organization with a broad charter to promote human welfare. The Foundation has grown immensely and, by 1950, had become national and international in scope.[2]

The foundation no longer has any association with the Ford Motor Company, nor with the family or descendants of Henry Ford.

The final days

Ford suffered an initial stroke in 1938, after which he turned over the running of his company to Edsel. Edsel's 1943 death brought Henry Ford out of retirement. In ill health, he ceded the presidency to his grandson Henry Ford II on September 21, 1945, and went into retirement. He died in 1947 of a cerebral hemorrhage at the age of 83 in Fair Lane, his Dearborn estate, and is buried in the Ford Cemetery in Detroit.

Quotations

  • "History is more or less bunk. It's tradition. We don't want tradition. We want to live in the present, and the only history that is worth a tinker's damn is the history we make today." - 1916
  • "The international financiers are behind all war. They are what is called the International Jew -- German Jews, French Jews, English Jews, American Jews. I believe that in all these countries except our own the Jewish financier is supreme... Here, the Jew is a threat." - 1920

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He died in 1947 of a cerebral hemorrhage at the age of 83 in Fair Lane, his Dearborn estate, and is buried in the Ford Cemetery in Detroit. Since his colision in the 2003 ALDS with Damion Jackson, Damon frequently suffers from short-term memory loss, sometimes forgeting simple things like how many outs there are in an inning or what day it is. In ill health, he ceded the presidency to his grandson Henry Ford II on September 21, 1945, and went into retirement. Strangley, before every Red Sox game Johnny Damon gets the team going by doing a few naked full-ups in the locker room. Edsel's 1943 death brought Henry Ford out of retirement. On June 7, 2005, he appeared on the hit Bravo TV series Queer Eye for the Straight Guy with four of his Red Sox teammates ( Jason Varitek, Kevin Millar, Doug Mirabelli, Tim Wakefield). Ford suffered an initial stroke in 1938, after which he turned over the running of his company to Edsel. In 2005, Damon wrote "Idiot: Beating "The Curse" and Enjoying the Game of Life" with Peter Golenbock, and also appeared on Late Night With Conan O'Brien in April during a series against the New York Yankees.

The foundation no longer has any association with the Ford Motor Company, nor with the family or descendants of Henry Ford. However, he redeemed himself on October 20 by hitting two home runs, including a grand slam in the 2nd inning, to help the Boston Red Sox become the first team in Major League history (and just the third in the history of American Pro Sports) to overcome a 3-0 series deficit, in a 10-3 victory over the New York Yankees in game 7. The Foundation has grown immensely and, by 1950, had become national and international in scope.[2]. During the 2004 ALCS, Damon was in a bit of a slump, getting on base much less often than he had been during the regular season and the ALDS. Henry Ford, with his son Edsel, founded the Ford Foundation in 1936 as a local philanthropic organization with a broad charter to promote human welfare. I scared some of the people, seeing a caveman racing after cars," said Damon in a Providence newspaper article early in 2004. His knowledge of the Ontario town of the same name is believed to have led to the renaming of the Georgia town, formerly known as Ways Station. At night I'd wait out there and when a car came by I would race the car home, so I think I can go at least 25 miles an hour.

He contributed substantially to the community, building a chapel and schoolhouse and employing a large number of local residents. "I live on a street (in the Orlando area) where the speed limit is 25 miles an hour and the police enforce it. Ford also maintained a vacation residence (known as the "Ford Plantation") in Richmond Hill, Georgia. As a part of his exercise routine, Johnny admits to pursuing cars from one end of his block to the other on foot. (The airfield was across the street and is now the site of a Ford Motor Company test track.) He heavily sponsored the Stout Metal Airplane Company, which developed the Ford Tri-Motor, an early airliner. He regrew the beard and it remained for the rest of the season. Ford was an early promoter of aviation, building the Dearborn Inn as the first airport hotel. The proceeds from the event went to benefit literacy programs in conjunction with the Boston public library.

Lloyd Shaw.
On May 21, 2004, Johnny shaved his beard in a charity event sponsored by the Gillette razor company. Which he shared with his friend Dr. The song received generally poor reviews, but can still be currently heard as part of the soundtrack for EA Sports' MVP Baseball 2005 video game. Ford also had an interest in American folk music and frequently sponsored square dances, one of his particular interests. Even Bronson Arroyo was seen with a shirt that proclaimed, "What curse? We got Jesus on our side." Arroyo and "Jesus" helped record vocals to the Dropkick Murphys song Tessie before the season. It was opened in 1929 as the Edison Institute and, although greatly modernized, remains open today. Sales of t-shirts that read "W.W.J.D.D." (for "What would Johnny Damon do?") and "Johnny is my homeboy" were robust.

About the same time, he began collecting materials for his museum, which had a theme of practical technology. (Some people also drew comparisons to the late Jim Morrison, the lead singer of The Doors.) Fans with center-field seats at Fenway Park began showing up with fake beards and wigs to support their favorite center fielder. It may have inspired the creation of Old Sturbridge Village as well. His new look, probably coupled with the runaway success of the recently-released Mel Gibson film, The Passion of the Christ, inspired fans and sportswriters to draw good-natured comparisons between his appearance and that of Jesus. This plan never saw fruition, but Ford repeated it with the creation of Greenfield Village in Dearborn, Michigan. So by the time for the 2004 season to begin, he had an uncharacterstic big bushy beard and shoulder length hair. He moved the schoolhouse from the Mary had a little lamb nursery rhyme from Sterling, Massachusetts and purchased the historical Wayside Inn. The headaches came to disrupt his life so much that he stopped shaving and having his hair cut.

In the 1920s, Ford began work to turn Sudbury, Massachusetts into an Americana-themed historical village. For the entire off season after this injury, Damon suffered extremely painful migraine headaches, which he said came every afternoon around two oclock. Ford had an interest in what today would be known as "Americana". For several weeks thereafter, Damon continued to be very disoriented, as even today, Damon has a "spotty" recollection of Game 3 of the 2003 Championship Series against arch rivals the New York Yankees. [Detroit News, July 31, 1938.]. When he came to, Damon was completely disoriented, believing that he was still playing for his old team, the Oakland Athletics. The decoration was given "in recognition of [Ford's] pioneering in making motor cars available for the masses." The award was accompanied by a personal congratulatory message from Adolf Hitler. Damon lay on the field unconscious for approximately five minutes.

Ford was the first American and the fourth person given this award, at the time Nazi Germany's highest honorary award given to foreigners. His long hair and beard actually came from an unlikely cause - his head on collision with Damian Jackson during the 2003 playoffs. In July of that year, Ford was awarded (and accepted) the Grand Cross of the Order of the German Eagle (Großkreuz des Deutschen Adlerordens). Damon gained some notoriety for the prominent beard and long, uncut hairstyle he brought with him to spring training in the 2004 season, contrasting with his previously clean-cut appearance. In 1938, for instance, it opened an assembly plant in Berlin, the purpose of which was to supply trucks to the Wehrmacht. According to Damon's autobiography, he was only the 4th leadoff batter in the history of Major League Baseball to ever drive in more than 90 runs in a season. Ford's indirect financial backing of the Nazis was also undeniable, as Ford Motor Company was active in Germany's military buildup prior to World War II. At the plate, he batted .304 with 20 home runs and 94 RBIs, and showed an improved patience while batting.

Regardless of whether direct financial support was provided, Ford repeatedly voiced his overt approval of Hitler's theories. During the 2004 season, Damon established himself as among the premier lead-off hitters and center fielders in the game today. However, a 1933 Congressional investigation into the matter was unable to substantiate whether contributions were actually sent. On June 27, 2003, Damon joined a very exclusive group of Major League Baseball players by getting three base hits in one inning in a game against the Florida Marlins. in the 1920s, and Winifred Wagner, daughter-in-law of Richard Wagner, who said they requested funds from Ford to aid the National Socialist movement in Germany. He bats and throws left-handed. This can in part be traced to statements from Kurt Ludecke, Germany's representative to the U.S. He played for the Royals from 1995 to 2000, and spent 2001 with the Oakland Athletics before coming to Boston.

There is also some evidence that Henry Ford gave Adolf Hitler direct financial backing when Hitler was first starting out in politics. Phillips High School; he was the 35th pick overall. Henry Ford spent years bestowing gushing praise on Adolf Hitler's Nazi regime, although this praise abated as the United States entered WWII. He was drafted by the Kansas City Royals in the first round of the 1992 amateur draft out of Orlando Dr. His writings continue to be used as propaganda by various groups, often appearing on anti-Semitic and neo-Nazi websites. He was born on an Army base, and spent much of his early childhood as an "Army brat," moving to several bases before his father left the Army and settled the family in the Orlando area. Some claim that Ford neither wrote nor signed this letter and have questioned the sincerity of his apology. His mother Yome is of Thai descent and his father Jimmy is white; they met while his father was serving as a sergeant in the United States Army in Vietnam.

On January 7, 1942, Henry Ford wrote a public letter to the ADL denouncing hatred against the Jews and expressing his hope that anti-Jewish hatred would cease for all time.
Johnny David Damon (born November 5, 1973 in Fort Riley, Kansas) is an outfielder in Major League Baseball with the Boston Red Sox. He later retracted the International Jew and the Protocols.
. Lawsuits in response to anti-Semitic remarks led Ford to close the Dearborn Independent in December 1927. None of this work was actually penned by Ford, though they required his tacit approval since he was the paper's publisher.

Denounced by the Anti-Defamation League (ADL), the articles nevertheless explicitly condemned pogroms and violence against Jews (Volume 4, Chapter 80), preferring to blame incidents of mass violence on the Jews themselves. The Independent also published, in Ford's name, several anti-Jewish articles which were released in the early 1920s as a set of four bound volumes, cumulatively titled "The International Jew, the World's Foremost Problem." These volumes were distributed through Ford's car dealerships. The American Jewish Historical Society describes the ideas presented in it as "anti-immigrant, anti-labor, anti-liquor, and anti-Semitic". The paper ran for eight years, during which it republished "Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion," which has since been discredited by virtually all historians as a forgery.

Henry Ford began publication of a newspaper, The Dearborn Independent, in 1919. Under pressure from Edsel and his wife, Clara, Henry Ford finally agreed to collective bargaining at Ford plants, and the first contract with the UAW was signed in June 1941. A sit-down strike by the UAW union on April 2, 1941 closed the River Rouge Plant. Ford was the last Detroit automaker to recognize the United Auto Workers union (UAW).

The most famous incident, in 1937, was a bloody brawl between company security men and organizers that became known as The Battle of the Overpass. Bennett employed various intimidation tactics to squash union organizing. To forestall union activity, he promoted Harry Bennett, a former Navy boxer, to be the head of the Service Department. Conversely, Ford was adamantly against labor unions in his plants.

The "short week," as Ford called it in a contemporary interview, was required so that the country could "absorb its production and stay prosperous.". In granting workers an extra day off, Ford ensured leisure time for the working class. In 1926, Ford instituted the five-day, forty-hour work-week, effectively inventing the modern weekend. Even with these requirements a large percentage of workers were able to qualify for the profit sharing.

The company established a Sociological Department complete with 150 investigators and support staff in order to verify this last point. The wage was offered to men over the age of 22, who had worked at the company for 6 months or more, and, importantly, conducted their lives in a manner of which Ford approved. Ford labeled the increased compensation as profit sharing rather than wages. The program called for a reduction in length of the workday from 9 to 8 hours and a raise in minimum daily pay from $2.34 to $5 for qualifying workers.

On January 5, 1914 Ford announced his five-dollar a day program. Henry Ford had very specific thoughts on relations with his employees. By 1945 Henry Ford's senility was quite evident, and his wife and daughter-in-law forced his resignation in favor of his grandson, Henry Ford II. Roosevelt considered a federal bailout for Ford Motor Company so that wartime production could continue.

President Franklin D. The company saw hard times during the next two years, losing $10 million a month. Henry Ford II was released from the navy and became an executive vice president, while Harry Bennett had a seat on the board and was responsible for personnel, labor relations, and public relations. The issue was settled for a period when Henry himself, at the age of 79, took over the presidency personally.

Edsel's widow Eleanor, who had inherited Edsel's voting stock, wanted her son Henry Ford II to take over the position. Henry Ford advocated Harry Bennett to take the spot. On May 26, 1943, Edsel Ford died, leaving a vacancy in the company presidency. The design never caught on.

Furthermore, it ran on grain alcohol (ethanol) instead of gasoline. It weighed 30% less than a standard car of the same size, and was said to be able to withstand blows ten times greater than could steel. This project culminated in 1942, when on January 13 Ford patented an automobile made almost entirely of plastic, attached to a tubular welded frame. Soybean-based plastics were used in Ford automobiles throughout the 1930s in plastic parts such as car horns, in paint, etc.

Henry Ford long had an interest in plastics developed from agricultural products, especially soybeans. During the thirties, Ford also overcame his objection to finance companies, and the Ford-owned Universal Credit Company became a major car financing operation. Subsequently, the company adopted an annual model change system similar to that in use by automakers today. The result was the highly successful Ford Model A, introduced December, 1927 and produced through 1931, with a total output of over four million automobiles.

Edsel also managed to prevail over his father's initial objections in the inclusion of a sliding-shift transmission. The elder Ford pursued the project with a great deal of technical expertise in design of the engine, chassis, and other mechanical necessities, while leaving it to his son to develop the body design. By 1926, flagging sales of the Model T convinced Henry of what Edsel had been suggesting for some time: a new model was necessary. Half of these were Ford Model Ts.

By 1928 there were about 30 million cars world wide. Henry Ford's assembly line was so unique that it turned the Ford Motor Company into a Giant, (and became a tool for every other industry that creates merchandise in the assembly line, of course the assembly line does not use people anymore, but uses robots) while the other car companies were still stuck with the technologies of the earlier days. But that's what made it unique. One screw held 10 or 20 parts.

The Model T was a very simple car, as simple as it could be made. For the first time everyone could own a car, the downside was that every Model T produced after 1913, (the year the assembly line was created) was painted black because the paint dried a lot faster than any other color. The cars sales triggered the modern era of vehicles. The Model T's key to success was the fact that it had been made in the assembly line, which allowed for many different cars to be made consecutively, identically and much faster than other hand made vehicles.

Despite urgings from Edsel, Henry steadfastly refused to incorporate new features into the Model T or to form a customer credit plan. Other auto makers offered payment plans through which consumers could buy their cars, which usually included more modern mechanical features and styling not available with the Model T. By the mid 1920's, sales of the Model T began to decline due to rising competition. The company remained privately held by the family until 1956, when the family allowed a public offering of a portion of the company without ceding control.

Also at this time, Henry and Edsel purchased all remaining stock from other investors, thus becoming sole owners of the company. On January 1, 1919, after unsuccessfully seeking a seat in the United States Senate, [1] Henry Ford turned the presidency of Ford Motor Company over to his son Edsel, although still maintaining a firm hand in its management—few company decisions under Edsel's presidency were made without approval by Henry, and those few that were, Henry often reversed. Ford said, "Any customer can have a car painted any colour that he wants so long as it is black." (See References at bottom). This was a record which would stand for the next 45 years.

The design, fervently promoted and defended by Henry Ford, would continue through 1927 (well after its popularity had faded), with a final total production of fifteen million vehicles. By 1918, half of all cars in America were Model Ts. Wills. Sorensen, and C.H.

"Ed" Martin, Charles E. Although Ford is often credited with the idea, contemporary sources indicate that the concept and its development came from employees Clarence Avery, P.E. It was in this year that Henry Ford introduced the moving assembly belts into his plants, which enabled an enormous increase in production. Racing was, by 1913, no longer necessary from a publicity standpoint because the Model T was already famous and ubiquitous on American roads.

Ford dropped out of the race, and soon thereafter dropped out of racing permanently, citing dissatisfaction with the sport's rules and the demands on his time by the now-booming production of the Model Ts. In 1913, Ford attempted to enter a reworked Model T in the Indianapolis 500, but was told rules required the addition of another 1,000 pounds (450 kg) to the car before it could qualify. From 1909 to 1913, Ford entered stripped-down Model Ts in races, finishing first (although later disqualified) in an "ocean-to-ocean" (across the USA) race in 1909, and setting a one-mile oval speed record at Detroit Fairgrounds in 1911 with driver Frank Kulick. In 1908, the Ford company released the Model T.

Henry Ford was also one of the early backers of the Indianapolis 500. Convinced by this success, the famous race driver Barney Oldfield, who named this new Ford model "999" in honor of a racing locomotive of the day, took the car around the country and thereby made the Ford brand known throughout the U.S. Clair in 39.4 seconds, which was a new land speed record. In a newly-designed car, Ford drove an exhibition in which the car covered the distance of a mile on the ice of Lake St.

Henry Ford, with eleven other investors and $28,000 in capital, incorporated the Ford Motor Company in 1903. Leland in 1902, and the company was reorganized as Cadillac. Ford was forced out of the company by the investors, including Henry M. During this period, he personally drove his Quadricycle to victory in a race against Alexander Winton, a well-known driver and the heavy favorite on October 10, 1901.

With his interest in race cars, he formed a second company, the Henry Ford Company. Ford raced his vehicles against those of other manufacturers to show the superiority of his designs. The Detroit Automobile Company went bankrupt soon afterward because Ford continued to improve the design, instead of selling cars. After this initial success, Ford left Edison Illuminating and, with other investors, formed the Detroit Automobile Company.

These experiments culminated in 1896 with the completion of his own self-propelled vehicle named the Quadricycle, which he test-drove on June 4 of that year. In 1891, Ford became an engineer with the Edison Illuminating Company, and after his promotion to Chief Engineer in 1893, he had enough time and money to devote attention to his personal experiments on internal combustion engines. Upon his marriage to Clara Bryant in 1888 Ford supported himself by farming and running a sawmill. This led to his being hired by Westinghouse company to service their steam engines.

In 1882, he returned to Dearborn to work on the family farm and became adept at operating the Westinghouse portable steam engine. Flower & Bros., and later with the Detroit Dry Dock Co. In 1879, he left home for the nearby city of Detroit to work as an apprentice machinist, first with James F. At 13, he saw a self-propelled vehicle, a steam powered thresher, for the first time.

As a child, Henry was passionate about mechanics, preferring to tinker in his father's shop over doing farm chores. He was the eldest of six children. Ford was born on a prosperous farm in Springwells Township (now in the city of Dearborn, Michigan) owned by his parents, William and Mary Ford, immigrants from County Cork, Ireland. .

This achievement not only revolutionized industrial production in the United States and the rest of the world, but also had such tremendous influence over modern culture that many social theorists identify this phase of economic and social history as "Fordism.". He was one of the first to apply assembly line manufacturing to the mass production of affordable automobiles. Henry Ford (July 30, 1863 – April 7, 1947) was the founder of the Ford Motor Company and is credited with contributing to the creation of a middle class in American society. Here, the Jew is a threat." - 1920.

I believe that in all these countries except our own the Jewish financier is supreme.. They are what is called the International Jew -- German Jews, French Jews, English Jews, American Jews. "The international financiers are behind all war. We want to live in the present, and the only history that is worth a tinker's damn is the history we make today." - 1916.

We don't want tradition. It's tradition. "History is more or less bunk.