Hawaii

The issue has often been a source of friction in situations where correct naming conventions are mandated, as people frequently disagree over which spelling is correct or incorrect, and where it is correctly or incorrectly applied. In addition, numerous TV movies and "B-movies" have been filmed in Dallas, as well as a few lesser known, short-lived TV series. The nuances in the Hawaiian language debate are often not obvious or well-appreciated outside Hawai‘i. (Source: [1] (http://dallasmetropolis.com)). While in local Hawaiian society the spelling and pronunciation of Hawai‘i is preferred in nearly all cases, even by standard English speakers, the federal spelling is used for purposes of interpolitical relations between other states and foreign governments. However, it is on a natural N-S migratory route and the fact that the Dallas sits on the relatively fresh Trinity, flanked by the larger but undrinkably saline Red and Brazos rivers gave the Dallas-Fort Worth advantage over other natural sites of habitation in the region, and advantage that was readily magnified by shrewd city fathers. Private entities, including local mass media, also have shown a preference for the use of the ‘okina. Most great cities have obvious natural advantages - harbors, especially - and Dallas has no obvious advantages.

Official government publications, as well as department and office titles, use the traditional Hawaiian spelling. The reason that one of the great cities of the world is situated in the middle of the prairie is not clear. However, many state and municipal entities and officials have recognized Hawai‘i to be the correct state name. cities with teams from four major sports. As prescribed in the Admission Act of 1959 that granted Hawaiian statehood, the federal government recognizes Hawaii to be the official state name. See also: U.S. A somewhat divisive political issue that has arisen since the Constitution of Hawai‘i adopted Hawaiian as an official state language is the exact spelling of the state's name. who play in Reunion Arena, and.

Laborer emigrants from different countries — China, Japan, Korea, Philippines, Portugal — began composing their own words and phrases based on their own language traditions merged with Hawaiian and Hawaiian English. who play in the Cotton Bowl but will be moving to Frisco in 2005. Hawaiian Pidgin finds its origins in the sugarcane and pineapple plantations as laborers from different cultures were forced to find their own ways of communicating and understanding each other. all three of which play at the American Airlines Center, and. Over the course of Hawaiian history, a third language was developed that is in common use throughout the state today. Originally considered a mere dialect of Hawaiian English, cultural anthropologists have recently reached consensus that Hawaiian Pidgin is a distinct language on its own. Dallas is home to:. Municipal codes were altered in favor of Hawaiian place and street names for new civic developments. See: List of Dallas Mayors.

Also, the University of Hawai‘i System developed the only Hawaiian language graduate studies program in the world. Also, the Fort Worth-Star Telegram is based in Fort Worth, Texas, and the Northside People and Park Cities People are based in other Dallas surburbs. With the help of the Office of Hawaiian Affairs, also created by the 1978 constitutional convention, specially designated Hawaiian language immersion schools were established where students would be taught in all subjects using Hawaiian. As with large cities, the city has Catholics, Jews, Muslims, and other groups inside the city. Public and independent schools throughout the state began teaching Hawaiian language standards as part of the regular curricula, beginning with preschool. Baptist churches dot the landscape, fish emblems are seen on car trunks, and many local Christian radio stations and television stations are on the airwaves. As a result of the constitutional provision, interest in the Hawaiian language was revived in the late 20th century. Dallas is located in the "Bible Belt", and there is a large Protestant influence on the community.

For these reasons, careful writers use the modern Hawaiian orthography. Other parts of Dallas extend into Carrollton-Farmers Branch Independent School District, Duncanville Independent School District, Highland Park Independent School District, Mesquite Independent School District, Plano Independent School District, Richardson Independent School District, and Wilmer-Hutchins Independent School District. This can be a problem in interpreting 19th century Hawaiian texts recorded in the older orthography. Most of Dallas is a part of the Dallas Independent School Disrict. However, when spelled as lānai it means veranda while Lāna‘i refers to an island. The city of Dallas is also home to several institutions of higher learning, including:. For example, the word lanai means stiff-necked. Even though on a world-scale, they are about equal, Houston tends to boast because of a higher municipal population (the city encompasses most of its metropolitan area), and Dallas tends to boast because of a much higher metropolitan population (the city of Dallas is bounded by suburbs, so much of the new growth occurs outside of Dallas proper.) Even the adult industry is compared—Houston has the lead (that is, in adult entertainment), but both have a strong show of billboards and venues.

Omission of the ‘okina and kahakō in printed texts can even obscure the meaning of the word. One major comparison is the populations of the two cities. When a Hawaiian word is spelled without any necessary ‘okina and kahakō, it is impossible for someone who does not already know the word to guess at the proper pronunciation. Selected characteristics of them are often compared. The ‘okina indicates a glottal stop while the macron called kahakō signifies a long vowel sound. Because Dallas and Houston are the two major economic centers of Texas, they enjoy a friendly rivalry. Later, additional characters were added to clarify pronunciation. Detroit, Michigan has a higher crime rate, but it, after losing population, dropped out of the 1,000,000+ ranking and Dallas was pushed to the top.) Police Chief Terrell Bolton was fired by then—city manager Ted Benavides, and was replaced by David Kunkle, who was tasked with helping the city lose this designation.

The missionaries assigned letters from the English alphabet that roughly correspond to the Hawaiian sounds. One drawback is that the city of Dallas has the highest crime rate among cities of 1,000,000 people or more (as of 2005, only nine cities in the United States do. The first written form of Hawaiian was developed by American Protestant missionaries in Hawai‘i during the early 19th century. Sports calendars and other memorabilia are very common, and on Sundays people tend to watch sports games on television. Before the arrival of Captain James Cook, the Hawaiian language was purely a spoken language. The Cowboys are well loved by the locals, even after many lackluster or losing seasons, and even if another local team is a leader in its sport. Hawaiian is legally acceptable in all legal documents, from depositions to legislative bills. Dallasites are very fond of their local teams especially "America's Team," the Dallas Cowboys.

Standard Hawaiian English, a subset of American English, is also commonly used for other formal business. Dallas has two times the number of restaurants per person than New York City. Article XV, Section 4 requires the use of Hawaiian in official state business such as public acts, documents, laws and transactions. states or countries worldwide. Dallasites eat out about four times every week, which is the third highest rate in the country. The state of Hawai‘i has two official languages as prescribed by the Constitution of Hawai‘i adopted at the 1978 constitutional convention: Hawaiian and English. Dallasites are said to consider themselves more sophisticated than those in other parts of Texas, especially Fort Worth. Because of the economic prowess of the region, many who live there had come from other U.S. Main article: Hawaiian language. Uptown:.

The resolution was passed by Congress and signed by President Bill Clinton. South Dallas:. The movement's most prominent success was the passage of the Apology Resolution of 1993 that made redress for American actions leading to the overthrow of the kingdom. Oak Cliff:. Regrets over the demise of the Hawaiian monarchy produced several political organizations that are collectively known as the Hawaiian sovereignty movement. North Dallas:. Prevalent in post-statehood Hawai‘i was an increase in combative attitudes by some native Hawaiians towards the federal government, which is seen by some as an occupying power. East Dallas:.

In addition, they sought to promote native control over Hawaiian issues by creating the Office of Hawaiian Affairs.
Downtown:. Its delegates created programs that sought to revive the indigenous Hawaiian language and culture. See List of Dallas freeways for detailed information on each freeway, such as official name, route, and termination points.. The Hawai‘i State Constitutional Convention of 1978 heralded what some called a Hawaiian renaissance.


. The state also worked toward restoring the native Hawaiian culture that was suppressed after the overthrow. Although the system is increasingly popular, most people in the Metroplex still choose to drive their vehicles rather than take public transportation.

In its place, the Hawai‘i Democratic Party dominated state politics for forty years. Fort Worth's smaller public transit system connects with Dallas' via a commuter rail line (The TRE) connecting downtown Dallas (Union Station) with downtown Fort Worth (Intermodal Transit Center) and several points in between. The system of light rail transit, especially through downtown, has skyrocketed land values and has sparked a residential living boom in Downtown. The Hawai‘i Republican Party, which was strongly supported by the plantation owners, was voted out of office. The DART light rail system remained the only light rail system in Texas until Houston opened its starter light rail system (one line running less than 10 miles) in 2004. After statehood, Hawai‘i quickly became a modern state with a construction boom and rapidly growing economy. Further ambitions include expanding the commuter rail network in the region to over 250 miles; expanding the DART light rail network to over 150 miles with a downtown subway included; expanding the M-Line streetcar; starting a modern streetcar line in Fort Worth; utilizing the elevated Las Colinas Automated Personal Transit system with DART rail connections. On March 18, 1959, President Dwight Eisenhower signed the Admission Act which made Hawai‘i the 50th state of the Union, a law that became effective on August 21, 1959. The Yellow line will meet Denton County's future commuter rail system.

Expecting to gain full voting rights, they actively campaigned for statehood for the Hawaiian Islands. This will connect southeast Dallas to far north Carrollton and LBJ Freeway to DFW Int'l Airport; both via Dallas Love Field. Because they were born in a United States territory, they were legal American citizens. Two more lines will be in service by the end of the decade bringing the light rail transit mileage to at least 93, the orange and purple. The power of the plantation owners was finally broken by activist descendants of original immigrant laborers. The red and blue lines are conjoined in between 8th & Corinth Station (In Oak Cliff) and Mockingbird Station (in North Dallas.) The two lines service Cityplace Station, the only subway station in the Southwest United States. Plantation owners, like those that comprised the so-called Big Five, found territorial status convenient, enabling them to continue importing cheap foreign labor; such immigration was prohibited in various other states of the Union. The blue line goes through South Dallas, Downtown, Uptown, North Dallas, and Garland.

Though several attempts were made to achieve statehood, Hawai‘i remained a territory for sixty years. The red line goes through Oak Cliff, Downtown, Uptown, North Dallas, Richardson, and Plano. In 1900, it was granted self-governance and retained Iolani Palace as the territorial capitol building. Currently, two light rail lines are in service. The Newlands Resolution was passed on July 7, 1898, formally annexing Hawai‘i as a United States territory. DART began operating the first light rail system in Texas (and the Southwest United States) in 1996 and continues to expand its coverage. Main article: Territory of Hawai‘i. Dallas Area Rapid Transit (DART) is the Dallas area public transportation company, providing buses, rail, and HOV lanes.

. (See Love Field Airport for a history of the Wright Amendment.). During the kingdom era and subsequent republican regime, Iolani Palace — the only official royal residence in the United States today — served as the capitol building. Ongoing efforts to relax or abandon these restrictions have not succeeded so far. His sister, Lili'uokalani, succeeded him to the throne and ruled until her dethronement in 1893, a coup d'état orchestrated by American plantation owners with the help of an armed militia and the United States Marine Corps. Governance was again passed, this time into the hands of a provisional government and then to an independent Republic of Hawaii. As such, Southwest and Continental Express are the only major airlines flying out of that airport. King Kalākaua reigned until his death in 1891. Under the Federal "Wright Amendment" and "Shelby Amendment" laws, no large jet air service is allowed from Dallas Love Field to any point beyond Texas, Louisiana, Arkansas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, Kansas, Mississippi, and Alabama.

Among other things, it stripped the king of his administrative authorities and deprived native Hawaiians of the right to vote in elections. Love Field is located within the city limits of Dallas, 6 miles (10 km) northwest of downtown, and is headquarters to Southwest Airlines. However, American interests effectively rendered the monarchy powerless by enacting the Bayonet Constitution. DFW is also home base to American Airlines, the world's largest airline. After him, governance was passed on to the House of Kalākaua. In terms of traffic, DFW is the busiest in the state, fourth busiest in the United States, and sixth busiest in the world. The death of the bachelor King Kamehameha V who did not name an heir resulted in the election of King Lunalilo. In terms of size, DFW is the largest airport in the state, the second largest in the United States, and third largest in the world.

That led to the Edict of Toleration that established religious freedom in the Hawaiian Islands. DFW International Airport is located in the suburbs north of and equidistant to downtown Fort Worth and downtown Dallas. One of the most important events during those years was the suppression of the Hawaii Catholic Church. Two more general aviation airports are located in the outer suburb of McKinney, and on the west side of the Metroplex, two general aviation airports are located in Fort Worth. He established the House of Kamehameha, a dynasty that ruled over the kingdom until 1872. In addition, Dallas Executive Airport (formerly Redbird Airport), is a general aviation airport located within the city limits, and Addison Airport is another general aviation airport located just outside the city limits in the suburb of Addison. After a series of battles that ended in 1795 and peaceful cession of the island of Kaua‘i in 1810, the Hawaiian Islands were united for the first time under a single ruler who would become known as King Kamehameha the Great. Dallas is served by two commercial airports: Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport (known as DFW International) and Dallas Love Field.

Main article: Kingdom of Hawai‘i. Halliburton Energy Services was once based in Dallas, but moved to Houston in 2003. Cook named his discovery the Sandwich Islands in honor of one of his sponsors, John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich. Sabre Holdings, the owner of the Sabre System, is headquartered in Southlake. Historians credited Cook with the discovery after he was the first to plot and publish the geographical coordinates of the Hawaiian Islands. is headquartered in Carrollton. Vague reports by various European explorers suggest that Hawai‘i was visited by foreigners well before the 1778 arrival of British explorer Captain James Cook. FUNimation is headquartered in North Richland Hills. Educational Products, Inc.

The general trend was towards chiefdoms of increasing size, even encompassing whole islands. Electronic Data Systems, Frito Lay, Dr Pepper and JCPenney are headquartered in Plano. Warfare was endemic. ExxonMobil, Michael's Stores, and Zale Corporation are headquartered in Irving. Local chiefs called ali‘i ruled their settlements and fought to extend their sway and defend their communities from predatory rivals. AMR Corporation (parent company of American Airlines), Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railway, Radio Shack, and Pier 1 Imports are based in Fort Worth. id Software is based in Mesquite. Relations with other Polynesian groups were sporadic during the early migratory periods, and Hawai‘i grew from small settlements to a complex society in near isolation. Companies based in the Dallas city limits:.

These first peoples preserved memories of the early migrations orally through genealogies and folk tales, like the stories of Hawai‘iloa and Pa‘ao. Although the Telecom industry was hit hard in the latest recession, most businesses in Dallas performed better on average than other regional economies. Anthropologists believe that Polynesians from the Marquesas and Society Islands first populated the Hawaiian Islands approximately 1500 years ago. According to the Dallas Women's Covenant, there are more than 81,000 women-owned firms in metropolitan Dallas. Main article: Ancient Hawai‘i, Hawaiian mythology, Polynesian mythology. Central Dallas is supported by more than 100 miles (160 km) of fiber optic cable.
. Also, there are more than 40,000 telecommunication employees in the "Telecom Corridor" housing such companies as Southwestern Bell, AT&T, Alcatel, Ericsson, Fujitsu, MCI, Nortel Networks, Rockwell, and Sprint.

Other large cities and towns include Hilo, Kahului and Līhu‘e. The Dallas/Fort Worth area is sometimes called "Texas' Silicon Valley". The largest city, Honolulu, was the one chosen by King Kamehameha III as the capital of his kingdom due to the natural harbor there, the present-day Honolulu Harbor. For a list of surrounding cities and towns, see:. The movement of the Hawaiian royal family from the Island of Hawai‘i to Maui and subsequently to O‘ahu explains why certain population centers exist where they do today. While most areas are peaceful, certain neighborhoods are avoided after dusk; near large tourist attractions, as well as sections of south Oak Cliff near the Dallas Zoo, neighborhoods around Fair Park and south Dallas (mostly everything south of I-30), and areas around large concentrations of older apartments (>10 years old). Those conditions created made Mount Wai‘ale‘ale the wettest place on earth; it averages 11.7 m (460 in) of rain annually. The crime rate in Dallas has been ranked first in the country's largest cities from 1998 to 2003.

The volcanic activity and subsequent erosion created impressive geological features. Out of the total population, 25.1% of those under the age of 18 and 13.1% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. The isolation of the Hawaiian Islands in the middle of the Pacific Ocean and the wide range of environments to be found on high islands located in and near the tropics has resulted in a vast array of endemic flora and fauna. 17.8% of the population and 14.9% of families are below the poverty line. The newest volcano to form is Lo‘ihi, deep below the waters off the south coast of the Island of Hawai‘i. The per capita income for the city is $22,183. The last volcanic eruption outside the Island of Hawai‘i happened at Haleakala on Maui in the late 18th century. Males have a median income of $31,149 versus $28,235 for females.

This explains why only volcanoes on the the southern half of the Island of Hawai‘i are presently active. The median income for a household in the city is $37,628, and the median income for a family is $40,921. All of the Hawaiian Islands were formed by volcanoes arising from the sea floor through a vent described in geological theory as a hotspot. The theory maintains that as the tectonic plate beneath much the Pacific Ocean moves in a northwesterly direction, the hot spot remains stationary, slowly creating new volcanoes. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 100.5 males. These islands are, in order from the northwest to southeast, Ni‘ihau, Kaua‘i, O‘ahu, Moloka‘i, Lāna‘i, Kaho‘olawe, Maui and the Island of Hawai‘i. For every 100 females there are 101.6 males. The main islands are the eight high islands at the southeastern end of the island chain. The median age is 30 years.

Nineteen islands and atolls extending across a distance of 2,400 km (1,500 mi) comprise the Hawaiian Archipelago. In the city the population is spread out with 26.6% under the age of 18, 11.8% from 18 to 24, 35.3% from 25 to 44, 17.7% from 45 to 64, and 8.6% who are 65 years of age or older. Main article: Hawaiian Islands. The average household size is 2.58 and the average family size is 3.37.
. 32.9% of all households are made up of individuals and 6.5% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. Hawai‘i Aloha is the unofficial state song, often sung in official state events. There are 451,833 households out of which 30.3% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.8% are married couples living together, 14.9% have a female householder with no husband present, and 41.0% are non-families.

The state song is Hawai‘i pono‘i, written by King Kalākaua and composed by Henri Berger. As Mexicans flood into southern Dallas along the I-35 corridor through Laredo, Texas and San Antonio, Hispanics outnumbered African-Americans for the first time in the 2000 census as the largest minority group in Dallas. Hawaiian Pidgin is an unofficial language. 35.55% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. The official languages are Hawaiian and Hawaiian English. The racial makeup of the city is 50.83% White, 25.91% Black or African American, 0.54% Native American, 2.70% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 17.24% from other races, and 2.72% from two or more races. The constitution declares the state motto to be Ua mau ke ea o ka aina i ka pono, a pronouncement of King Kamehameha III meaning, "The life of the land is perpetuated in righteousness." It was also the motto of the kingdom, republic and territory. There are 484,117 housing units at an average density of 545.7/km˛ (1,413.3/mi˛).

The primary symbol is the state flag, Ka Hae Hawai‘i, influenced by the Union Jack and features eight horizontal stripes representing the eight major Hawaiian Islands. The population density is 1,339.7/km˛ (3,469.9/mi˛). Included are the two statues representing Hawai‘i in the United States Capitol. As of the census² of 2000, there are 1,188,580 people, 451,833 households, and 266,581 families residing in the city. These include a state bird, state fish, state flower, state gem, state mammal and state tree.
. The state constitution and various other measures of the Hawai‘i State Legislature established official symbols meant to embody the distinctive culture and heritage of Hawai‘i.

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Hawaii is also the namesake and backdrop of a popular 1959 novel by James Michener and its 1966 movie adaptation. Texans generally agree Houston is significantly more humid and Dallas is slightly hotter, although given Houston's humidity it may have a higher heat index than Dallas. Ethnically, it is the only state that does not have a white majority (and one of only three in which non-Hispanic whites do not form a majority) and has the largest percentage of Asian Americans. Ecologically and agriculturally, it is the endangered species capital of the world and is the only industrial producer of coffee in the nation. Ongoing comparisons are made between Dallas' summer weather and Houston's. As one of two states outside the contiguous United States (the other being Alaska), it is the only one without territory on the mainland of any continent and is the only state that continues to grow due to active lava flows, most notably from Kīlauea. Yet many events are also scheduled for the more volatile season of spring. In addition to possessing the southernmost point in the United States, it is the only state that lies completely in the tropics. Many consider autumn, around late September and October, to be the best time to visit the Metroplex.

This state most recently admitted into the Union has many distinctions. The cliche about volatile climates popular in various parts of the US—"if you don't like the weather, wait a little while and it'll change"—applies well to Dallas' spring weather. Honolulu is the largest city and the state capital. In the spring the weather can also be quite volatile and change quickly in a matter of minutes. Census had a population of 1,211,537 people. However short the season is, residents and visitors appreciate the beauty of the vibrant wildflowers (such as the bluebonnet, Indian paintbrush and other flora) which bloom in spring and are planted around the highways throughout Texas. Hawaii constitutes the 50th state of the United States, and as of the 2000 U.S. Spring and fall and the pleasant, moderate temperatures accompanying those seasons are somewhat short-lived in Dallas.

Hawaii (Hawaiian/Hawaiian English: Hawai‘i, with the ‘okina) is the archipelago of the Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific Ocean. Dallas winters are occasionally interspersed with Indian summers. Regardless, winters are relatively mild compared to the Texas Panhandle and other states to the north. A few inches of snow for a day or two falls about once each winter, and about every other winter the cool air from the north and the humid air from the south lead to freezing rain, which usually causes the city to come to a screeching halt for a day or two if the roads and highways become dangerously slick. In the winter, the winds are cool, which can cause the region to fall below freezing occasionally.

The climate of Dallas is classified a humid subtropical climate, yet this part of Texas also tends to get hot, dry winds from the north and west in the summer. Dallas gets about 30 inches (760 mm) of rain per year, much of which is delivered in the spring time. When these fronts meet over Dallas, severe storms are generated with spectacular lightning shows, torrents of rain, large hail and, at times, tornadoes. In the spring, cool fronts moving from Canada collide with warm, humid air streaming in from the Gulf Coast.

Dallas lies near the bottom of a tornado region that runs through the prairie lands of the midwest. The lake also boasts the 66 acre (270,000 m˛) Dallas Arboretum and Botanical Garden on its shore. The lake and surrounding park is a popular destination in the Lake Highlands/Casa Linda neighborhoods for boaters, joggers, bikers, skaters and for related activities. White Rock Lake is Dallas's other significant water feature.

Miller won in part based on her platform she would focus on the city's basic needs like roads and other infrastructure and city employees' pay; services some claimed were neglected at the cost of special projects like the American Airlines Center. Senate. His successor, mayor Laura Miller—sometimes referred to as Dallas' first reform mayor—won the vacancy left by Kirk when he ran unsuccessfully for the U.S. Ron Kirk, Dallas' first African American mayor, championed the project during his term as mayor as he did the new American Airlines Center in downtown.

Residents barely approved a bond proposal in 1998 to fund the Trinity River Project and work has progressed slowly towards implementing it. Some critics charge the project is a facade to serve special, financial interests of businessmen. Some proponents claim this development would bring more life, commerce, revenue and lower crime to downtown Dallas and poorer, southern Dallas. Businesses and businessmen, like Belo and Ross Perot, Jr., have pushed in recent years to build a multi-million-dollar, landmark bridge over the river and convert that section of the river into a park area with nearby commercial and retail services somewhat similar to the River Walk in San Antonio or Townlake in Austin.

Several bridges traverse the river connecting southern Dallas to downtown Dallas. The river is flanked on both sides with a 50 foot (15 m) earthen levee to keep that part of the city from flooding. The Trinity River is a major Texas waterway that passes from the northwest right by the southern portion of downtown Dallas as it heads southeast to Houston. An escarpment rises another 200 feet (60 m) in southern Dallas in the neighborhoods of Oak Cliff and Cockrell Hill, Texas and continues through the city of Cedar Hill.

Dallas, and its surrounding area, is mostly flat and lies at an elevation ranging from 450 to 550 feet (140 to 170 m). About one in every four Texans lives in the DFW metroplex. In fact, Dallas is a small part of the much larger urbanized area called the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex. These statistics are only for the city of Dallas proper.

887.2 km˛ (342.5 mi˛) of it is land and 110.0 km˛ (42.5 mi˛) of it is water. The total area is 11.03% water. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 997.1 km˛ (385.0 mi˛). In the 1990s, Dallas became known as Texas' Silicon Valley, or the "Silicon Prairie.". By the 1980s, when the oil industry mostly relocated to Houston, Dallas was beginning to benefit from a burgeoning technology boom (driven by the growing computer and telecom industries), while continuing to be a center of banking and business.

Then in 1958 the integrated-circuit computer chip was invented in Dallas by Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments. In 1930, oil was discovered 100 miles (160 km) east of Dallas and the city quickly became the financial center for the oil industry in Texas and Oklahoma. As it entered the 20th century, Dallas transformed from an agricultural center to a center of banking, insurance, and other businesses. Dallas quickly became the center of trade in cotton, grain, and even buffalo.

The major north-south and east-west Texas railroad routes intersected in Dallas in 1873, thus ensuring its future as a commercial center. A year later, Dallas leaders could not pay off the Texas and Pacific Railroad and so tricked it into running its east-west line though Dallas by having a rider attached to a state law which required the railroad to build its tracks through Browder Springs—which turned out to be just south of Main Street. They paid the Houston and Central Texas Railroad $5,000 to shift its route 20 miles (32 km) to the west and build its north-south tracks through Dallas, rather than through Corsicana as planned. In 1871, railroads were beginning to approach the area and Dallas city leaders did not intend to be left out.

Dallas also boasts an active music scene, with numerous venues in the Deep Ellum and lower Greenville Avenue areas. In the 1970s, Reunion Arena and Reunion Tower (a trademark of the skyline) were named in honor of the La Reunion colony. Today, Dallas is home to a healthy theater community, with room for both traditional and experimentatal works. When that venture collapsed in 1857, many of the artists moved to Dallas where they established the base of the artist culture that exists today in the Deep Ellum neighborhood near downtown. In 1855, a group of European artists and musicians set up a utopian community west of Dallas called La Reunion.

Dallas was formally incorporated as a town in 1856, and in 1871 became a city. Dallas was so called by its residents at least as early as 1843 and there are four theories as to the origin of the city's name:. However, the origin of the city's name is debatable. Dallas County was established five years later in 1846 and was named after George Mifflin Dallas, who was the eleventh United States Vice President at the time.

The city of Dallas was founded by John Neely Bryan in 1841 after first surveying the area in 1839. According to more recent projections/estimates (From 2005) the Dallas/Fort Worth Metroplex has reached a population of 6,000,000.

. As of the 2000 census, Dallas had a total population of 1,188,580 and the Metroplex had a population of 5,222,000, making it the fifth largest metropolitan area in the United States, and one of the 50 largest metropolitan areas in the world. Dallas is the largest city of the Dallas/Fort Worth Metroplex, a large metropolitan area in North Texas.

It is the county seat of Dallas County and small portions of the city also extend into the neighboring counties of Collin County, Denton County, Rockwall County, and Kaufman County.
. Dallas is one of the ten largest cities in the United States and the heart of the largest metropolitan area in Texas. Downtown Dallas has various neighborhoods: the West End Historic District, the Arts District, Deep Ellum, Farmer's Market, the Business district, Dallas Convention Center, Reunion Arena and American Airlines Center. Pei.

M. The Dallas City Hall was also designed by I. Fisk before he died (Opus 100). Pei houses the Dallas Symphony Orchestra and the last hand-made Fisk organ actually to be worked on by Mr.

M. Meyerson Symphony Center designed by the famous architect I. The $81.5 million Morton H. Called "...the most beautiful building west of Venice", the Adolphus Hotel became the first hotel ever to be fully air-conditioned (in 1940).

Art collections such as the $20 million Hamon Building collection; the $38 million Reves collection at the Dallas Museum of Art; 400 pieces of Egyptian and Nubian art at the DMA; the African-American Museum of Art; the Museum of Africa, Asia, and The Pacific with rare collections of Indonesian art and textiles; the Museum of Contemporary Art; the Museum of the Americas; the Museum of Europe; the Meadows Museum of Art featuring fifteenth- through twentieth-century Spanish art. Neiman Marcus started on the corner of Elm and Murphy in downtown Dallas. This company eventually became 7-Eleven which is still based in Dallas. The world's first convenience store opened in Dallas in 1927 when the Southland Ice Company began selling eggs and milk from their store at 12th and Edgewood in the Oak Cliff neighborhood.

Dallas has the world's largest wholesale trade center: Dallas Market Center. The Dallas Public Library includes the largest Children's library center in the United States. Dallas has more shopping centers per capita and the Dallas-Fort Worth metro has more restaurants per capita than any United States city and metro. Dallas houses the largest Urban Arts District in the United States.

Eventually, the concept was purchased and expanded. The MasterCard/Visa idea originated in Dallas when three shopping centers, Preston Forest, Preston Royal, and Preston Center combined to issue PrestoCards to be used at all the shopping centers. While many cities across the country are encountering water shortages, the long-term water supply plan developed by Dallas water utilities has ensured that the citizens will have sufficient water supply well through 2050. The arts in Dallas adds $500 million to the annual economy and the cultural budget per capita is $7.23.

Meyerson Symphony Center, one of the nations top improvisational comedy troupes, Ad-Libs, the Dallas Museum of Art, several IMAX theaters, the African American Museum, the Latino Cultural Center and dozens of cultural activities practically every day. Dallas offers a wide variety of cultural activities with the world-famous Morton H. The Center is now capable of accommodating up to 4 major conventions at one time and provides roof-top helicopter landing facilities. Dallas has expanded its Convention Center facilities to over 2 million square feet (185,000 m˛).

The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas--a medical school and research university for graduate level science adjacent to Parkland Hospital--is home to four Nobel Laureates: three in physiology/medicine and one in chemistry. Dallas has the highest number of shopping centers per capita in the United States and University Park Mall draws in more revenue per unit area than any other retail complex in the U.S. Nearly all filming and production took place in Southern California. Aside from a few exterior shots, the television program Dallas (1970s - 1980s), was not filmed in Dallas.

Dallas has the largest gay and lesbian population in the Southwest_United_States. Fair Park is also the site of the largest Cowboy in the World: Big Tex, a 52 foot (16 m) tall speaking cowboy statue. Fair Park also hosts the largest state fair in the country, the State Fair of Texas. Fair Park is home to the largest collection of Art Deco architecture in the world and the tallest ferris wheel in North America.

KERA Channel 13 is the most watched PBS station in the United States and was the first PBS station to air Monty Python and other British comedies. Dallas holds the highest municipal bond rating among large cities in the United States. Dallas is home to two of the greatest men's choruses in the world: the Vocal Majority, an a cappella pops chorus and the Turtle Creek Chorale, the world's largest gay men's chorus. The Kalita Humphreys Theater, designed by architect Frank Lloyd Wright, is the main home of Dallas Theater Center, the nation's oldest regional theater company.

Dallas maintains and operates 41 community and neighborhood recreation centers, 232 playgrounds, 173 basketball courts, 112 volleyball courts, 126 play slabs, 258 neighborhood tennis courts, 258 picnic areas, 69 miles (110 km) of hiking and biking trails, six 18-hole golf courses, two driving ranges, a 100 acre (0.4 km˛) zoo, 260 acres (1 km˛) at Fair Park and 477 athletic fields. 2000 - Dallas Area Rapid Transit opens the first subway station in Texas (and the Southwest). 1997 - Congress passes the Shelby Amendment, which eases some of the Wright Amendment restrictions on Love Field Airport. 1996 - Dallas Area Rapid Transit begins operating the first light rail system in Texas (and the Southwest).

1984 - Dallas hosts the 1984 Republican National Convention. 1981 - USS Dallas, a nuclear submarine named after the city, is commissioned. 1979 - US Congress passes the Wright Amendment, restricting passenger air service out of Love Field Airport. The internationally popular show runs for 13 years.

1978 - Dallas the TV series debuts with a CBS mini-series filmed entirely in Dallas. 1976 - Thanks-Giving Square is completed in downtown Dallas. 1974 - Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport opens. This event is memorialized by the nearby Kennedy Memorial and by the Sixth Floor Museum in the former school book depository at the corner of Elm and Houston.

Kennedy was assassinated in a motorcade traveling west on Elm Street in Dealey Plaza. November 22, 1963 - President John F. 1958 - While working for Texas Instruments, Jack Kilby created the world's first integrated circuit at a Dallas laboratory in September, sparking an electronics revolution that changed the world and created a global market now worth more than $1 trillion a year. 1934 - The criminal duo Bonnie and Clyde are buried in Dallas after being killed by police in Louisiana.

1930 - Bonnie and Clyde meet in the Oak Cliff neighborhood of Dallas and begin their crime spree across Texas, Oklahoma, and Louisiana. Dallas became a center of commerce for the Texas oil trade. Joiner strikes oil 100 miles (160 km) northeast of Dallas. 1930 - C.M.

1927 - The world's first convenience store is opened in Dallas by the Southland Ice Company, which will eventually become 7-Eleven. 1927 - Love Field is opened for civilian use. Its trademark neon Pegasus that would be erected in 1934 would come to be one of the city's most recognizable landmarks and representative of the city itself. 1922 - The Magnolia Building opens.

October 19, 1917 - Love Field is created. 1903 - Dallas annexes town of Oak Cliff on the south side of the Trinity River, expanding its size by a third. 1873 - Two railroads intersect in Dallas, assuring its economic future. 1841 - Dallas is founded.

The Dallas Fury of the National Women's Basketball League play at Hebron High School in Carrollton. McKinney is home to the Dallas Revolution, an Independent Women's Football League Women's American football team. The Dallas Diamonds, a Women's Professional Football League Women's American football team, plays in North Richland Hills. Nearby Frisco has the Frisco RoughRiders of Minor League Baseball.

Nearby Arlington has the Texas Rangers of Major League Baseball. Nearby Irving has the Dallas Cowboys of the National Football League. Dallas Sidekicks, Major Indoor Soccer League,. Dallas (formerly the Dallas Burn), Major League Soccer,.

F.C. Dallas Stars, National Hockey League. Dallas Mavericks, National Basketball Association. Dallas Desperados, Arena Football League.

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