Hawaii

The issue has often been a source of friction in situations where correct naming conventions are mandated, as people frequently disagree over which spelling is correct or incorrect, and where it is correctly or incorrectly applied. For 40 years, The Bachelor's Beat, a paid weekly newspaper has covered local politics while selling ads for area strip clubs and escort services. The nuances in the Hawaiian language debate are often not obvious or well-appreciated outside Hawai‘i. In addition, the city is also served by numerous free neighborhood papers and weeklies such as the Phoenix New Times, Arizona State University's State Press, and the College Times. While in local Hawaiian society the spelling and pronunciation of Hawai‘i is preferred in nearly all cases, even by standard English speakers, the federal spelling is used for purposes of interpolitical relations between other states and foreign governments. The city has two major newspapers: The Arizona Republic serves the greater metropolitan area and The East Valley Tribune tends to focus on East Valley issues. Private entities, including local mass media, also have shown a preference for the use of the ‘okina. By this time, the paper had progressed from a weekly publication to semiweekly.

Official government publications, as well as department and office titles, use the traditional Hawaiian spelling. It later changed its name to the Phoenix Herald in 1880. However, many state and municipal entities and officials have recognized Hawai‘i to be the correct state name. Phoenix's first publication was the Salt River Valley Herald. As prescribed in the Admission Act of 1959 that granted Hawaiian statehood, the federal government recognizes Hawaii to be the official state name. FM. A somewhat divisive political issue that has arisen since the Constitution of Hawai‘i adopted Hawaiian as an official state language is the exact spelling of the state's name. AM.

Laborer emigrants from different countries — China, Japan, Korea, Philippines, Portugal — began composing their own words and phrases based on their own language traditions merged with Hawaiian and Hawaiian English. This list is incomplete.. Hawaiian Pidgin finds its origins in the sugarcane and pineapple plantations as laborers from different cultures were forced to find their own ways of communicating and understanding each other. Phoenix is served by several major television stations:. Over the course of Hawaiian history, a third language was developed that is in common use throughout the state today. Originally considered a mere dialect of Hawaiian English, cultural anthropologists have recently reached consensus that Hawaiian Pidgin is a distinct language on its own. Out of the total population, 21.0% of those under the age of 18 and 10.3% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line. Municipal codes were altered in favor of Hawaiian place and street names for new civic developments. 15.8% of the population and 11.5% of families were below the poverty line.

Also, the University of Hawai‘i System developed the only Hawaiian language graduate studies program in the world. The per capita income for the city was $19,833. With the help of the Office of Hawaiian Affairs, also created by the 1978 constitutional convention, specially designated Hawaiian language immersion schools were established where students would be taught in all subjects using Hawaiian. Males had a median income of $32,820 versus $27,466 for females. Public and independent schools throughout the state began teaching Hawaiian language standards as part of the regular curricula, beginning with preschool. The median income for a household in the city was $41,207, and the median income for a family was $46,467. As a result of the constitutional provision, interest in the Hawaiian language was revived in the late 20th century. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102.7 males.

For these reasons, careful writers use the modern Hawaiian orthography. For every 100 females there were 103.5 males. This can be a problem in interpreting 19th century Hawaiian texts recorded in the older orthography. The median age was 31 years. However, when spelled as lānai it means veranda while Lāna‘i refers to an island. In the city the population age distribution was 28.9% under the age of 18, 10.9% from 18 to 24, 33.2% from 25 to 44, 18.8% from 45 to 64, and 8.1% who were 65 years of age or older. For example, the word lanai means stiff-necked. The average household size was 2.79 and the average family size was 3.39.

Omission of the ‘okina and kahakō in printed texts can even obscure the meaning of the word. 25.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 6.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. When a Hawaiian word is spelled without any necessary ‘okina and kahakō, it is impossible for someone who does not already know the word to guess at the proper pronunciation. There were 465,834 households out of which 35.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.9% were married couples living together, 12.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.0% were non-families. The ‘okina indicates a glottal stop while the macron called kahakō signifies a long vowel sound. 34.06% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any country origin. Later, additional characters were added to clarify pronunciation. The racial makeup of the city was 71.07% White, 5.10% African American, 2.02% Native American, 2.00% Asian, 0.13% Pacific Islander, 16.40% from other races, and 3.28% from two or more races.

The missionaries assigned letters from the English alphabet that roughly correspond to the Hawaiian sounds. There were 495,832 housing units at an average density of 403/km² (1,044/mi²). The first written form of Hawaiian was developed by American Protestant missionaries in Hawai‘i during the early 19th century. The population density was 1,074/km² (2,782/mi²). Before the arrival of Captain James Cook, the Hawaiian language was purely a spoken language. At the census of 2000, there were 1,321,045 people, 465,834 households, and 307,450 families residing in the city. Hawaiian is legally acceptable in all legal documents, from depositions to legislative bills. At its height, in the 1940s, the Phoenix area had 3 military bases: Luke Field (still in use), Falcon Field, and Williams-Gateway Field, with numerous auxillary air fields located throughout the region.

Standard Hawaiian English, a subset of American English, is also commonly used for other formal business. The military has a significant presence in Phoenix with Luke Air Force Base located in the western suburbs. Article XV, Section 4 requires the use of Hawaiian in official state business such as public acts, documents, laws and transactions. Due to the warm climate in winter, Phoenix benefits greatly from seasonal tourism and recreation, and has a particularly vibrant golf industry. The state of Hawai‘i has two official languages as prescribed by the Constitution of Hawai‘i adopted at the 1978 constitutional convention: Hawaiian and English. Numerous high-tech and telecommunications companies have located in the Valley of the Sun. Arizona State University has enhanced the area's population through education and its growing research capabilities. Main article: Hawaiian language. Many of the area's residents are employed by the state government since Phoenix is the capital of Arizona.

The resolution was passed by Congress and signed by President Bill Clinton. Formerly an agricultural economy dependent mostly on cotton and citrus farming, Phoenix in the last two decades has diversified as rapidly as the population has grown. The movement's most prominent success was the passage of the Apology Resolution of 1993 that made redress for American actions leading to the overthrow of the kingdom. Public education in Phoenix if provided by about 30 school districts. Regrets over the demise of the Hawaiian monarchy produced several political organizations that are collectively known as the Hawaiian sovereignty movement. The new annexation is sparsely populated (if at all) and new development is not expected in the near future. Prevalent in post-statehood Hawai‘i was an increase in combative attitudes by some native Hawaiians towards the federal government, which is seen by some as an occupying power. The 15th remains unnamed; it is listed as "New Village" on the city's Village Planning Committee website [1] (http://phoenix.gov/PLANNING/vpcommtt.html). This village was created in 2004 after the approval of new annexations in extreme northern Maricopa County.

In addition, they sought to promote native control over Hawaiian issues by creating the Office of Hawaiian Affairs. 14 of the urban villages are:. Its delegates created programs that sought to revive the indigenous Hawaiian language and culture. Their primary purpose is to assist the City Council with zoning and planning ordinances. The Hawai‘i State Constitutional Convention of 1978 heralded what some called a Hawaiian renaissance. Phoenix is divided into 15 "urban villages". The state also worked toward restoring the native Hawaiian culture that was suppressed after the overthrow. There is an 8-person city council that represents 8 individual districts in the city of Phoenix.

In its place, the Hawai‘i Democratic Party dominated state politics for forty years. The current mayor of Phoenix is Phil Gordon. The Hawai‘i Republican Party, which was strongly supported by the plantation owners, was voted out of office. The city of Phoenix is served by a council-manager form of government. After statehood, Hawai‘i quickly became a modern state with a construction boom and rapidly growing economy. Snow also fell on March 12, 1917 November 28, 1919, and December 11, 1985. On March 18, 1959, President Dwight Eisenhower signed the Admission Act which made Hawai‘i the 50th state of the Union, a law that became effective on August 21, 1959. Most recently, 0.4 inches (1 cm) fell on December 21-22, 1990.

Expecting to gain full voting rights, they actively campaigned for statehood for the Hawaiian Islands. Another 1.0 inch (2.5 cm) fell on January 20, 1933. On February 2, 1935, 0.5 inches (1 cm) fell. Because they were born in a United States territory, they were legal American citizens. The heaviest snowstorm occurred on January 20-21, 1937, when 1 to 4 inches fell (2 to 10 cm) in parts of the city and did not melt entirely for four days. The power of the plantation owners was finally broken by activist descendants of original immigrant laborers. Snow falls roughly one year in four, but since recording commenced in 1896 it has accumulated to 0.1 inch (0.25 cm) only 7 times. Plantation owners, like those that comprised the so-called Big Five, found territorial status convenient, enabling them to continue importing cheap foreign labor; such immigration was prohibited in various other states of the Union. Successive winters without any frosts at the airport have been recorded, and the longest period without a freeze stretched from November 23, 1979 to January 31, 1985.

Though several attempts were made to achieve statehood, Hawai‘i remained a territory for sixty years. The earliest frost on record occurred November 3, 1946, and the latest April 4, 1945. In 1900, it was granted self-governance and retained Iolani Palace as the territorial capitol building. Some areas of Phoenix may see frost for a month or more before and after the airport readings. The Newlands Resolution was passed on July 7, 1898, formally annexing Hawai‘i as a United States territory. At the airport, the mean date of first frost is December 12 and the last is February 7; however, these dates do not represent the city as a whole because the frequency of freezes varies considerably among terrain types and elevations. Main article: Territory of Hawai‘i. Severe thunderstorms—bringing strong winds, large hail, or tornadoes—can occur during any month of the year, but only happen an average of once or twice per year somewhere in the metropolitan area.

. The wind-front creates a haboob, a wall of dust thousands of feet high. During the kingdom era and subsequent republican regime, Iolani Palace — the only official royal residence in the United States today — served as the capitol building. Blowing dust and sand, which also can restrict visibility, accompany the collapse of monsoonal thunderstorms. His sister, Lili'uokalani, succeeded him to the throne and ruled until her dethronement in 1893, a coup d'état orchestrated by American plantation owners with the help of an armed militia and the United States Marine Corps. Governance was again passed, this time into the hands of a provisional government and then to an independent Republic of Hawaii. Fog is observed from time to time during the winter months. King Kalākaua reigned until his death in 1891. Winter storms moving inland from the Pacific Ocean occasionally produce significant rains but occur infrequently.

Among other things, it stripped the king of his administrative authorities and deprived native Hawaiians of the right to vote in elections. Although thunderstorms occur on occasion during every month of the year, they are most common during the monsoon season from July to mid-September as humid air surges in from the Gulf of California. However, American interests effectively rendered the monarchy powerless by enacting the Bayonet Constitution. Rain is particularly scarce from April through June. After him, governance was passed on to the House of Kalākaua. March is the wettest month of the year (1.07 inches or 27 mm). The death of the bachelor King Kamehameha V who did not name an heir resulted in the election of King Lunalilo. The normal annual rainfall at Sky Harbor International Airport is 8.29 inches (211 mm).

That led to the Edict of Toleration that established religious freedom in the Hawaiian Islands. The dry Arizona air makes the hot temperatures more tolerable early in the season; however, the influx of monsoonal moisture has been known to make August in Phoenix almost as humid as summers in the Southeastern United States. One of the most important events during those years was the suppression of the Hawaii Catholic Church. On June 26, 1990, the temperature reached an all-time high of 122 °F (50 °C). He established the House of Kamehameha, a dynasty that ruled over the kingdom until 1872. In every year except 1911, the temperature has soared to 110 °F (43 °C) or higher. After a series of battles that ended in 1795 and peaceful cession of the island of Kaua‘i in 1810, the Hawaiian Islands were united for the first time under a single ruler who would become known as King Kamehameha the Great. The temperature reaches or exceeds 100 °F (38 °C) on an average of 89 days during the year, including most days from early June through early September.

Main article: Kingdom of Hawai‘i. Clear blue skies are typical, with an average of 300 sunny days a year. Cook named his discovery the Sandwich Islands in honor of one of his sponsors, John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich. The total area is 0.05% water. Historians credited Cook with the discovery after he was the first to plot and publish the geographical coordinates of the Hawaiian Islands. 1,229.9 km² (474.9 mi²) of it is land and 0.6 km² (0.2 mi²) of it is water. Vague reports by various European explorers suggest that Hawai‘i was visited by foreigners well before the 1778 arrival of British explorer Captain James Cook. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1,230.5 km² (475.1 mi²).

The general trend was towards chiefdoms of increasing size, even encompassing whole islands. Current development (as of 2005) is pushing rapidly beyond the geographic boundaries to the north and west, south through Pinal County towards Tucson, and beginning to surround the large Salt River and Gila River reservations. Warfare was endemic. Within the city are the Phoenix Mountains and South Mountains. Local chiefs called ali‘i ruled their settlements and fought to extend their sway and defend their communities from predatory rivals. The Phoenix metropolitan area is surrounded by the McDowell Mountains to the northeast, the White Tank Mountains to the west, the Superstition Mountains far to the east, and the Sierra Estrella to the southwest. Relations with other Polynesian groups were sporadic during the early migratory periods, and Hawai‘i grew from small settlements to a complex society in near isolation. During periods of increased precipitation such as late 2004/early 2005 its current can become quite strong and regular.

These first peoples preserved memories of the early migrations orally through genealogies and folk tales, like the stories of Hawai‘iloa and Pa‘ao. The dams are deflated to allow the river to flow unimpeded during releases. Anthropologists believe that Polynesians from the Marquesas and Society Islands first populated the Hawaiian Islands approximately 1500 years ago. The city of Tempe has built two inflatable dams in the Salt River to create a year-round recreational lake, called Tempe Town Lake. Main article: Ancient Hawai‘i, Hawaiian mythology, Polynesian mythology. The Salt River runs westward through the city of Phoenix; it is typical to see the riverbed entirely dry except when unexpected runoff forces the release of water from any of the several dams upriver.
. Major retirement communities include Sun Lakes, Sun City, and Sun City West. The community of Ahwatukee is a part of the City of Phoenix itself, but is almost entirely separated from it by South Mountain.

Other large cities and towns include Hilo, Kahului and Līhu‘e. The Greater Phoenix area has a population of 3.2 million and includes Mesa, Scottsdale, Glendale, Tempe, Chandler, Gilbert, Peoria and many smaller communities such as Goodyear, Fountain Hills, Litchfield Park, and Anthem. The largest city, Honolulu, was the one chosen by King Kamehameha III as the capital of his kingdom due to the natural harbor there, the present-day Honolulu Harbor. It lies at a mean elevation of 1,117 feet (340 m) in the heart of the Sonoran Desert. The movement of the Hawaiian royal family from the Island of Hawai‘i to Maui and subsequently to O‘ahu explains why certain population centers exist where they do today. Phoenix is located at 33°31'42" North, 112°4'35" West (33.528370°, -112.076300°)¹ in the Phoenix Valley or "Valley of the Sun" in central Arizona. Those conditions created made Mount Wai‘ale‘ale the wettest place on earth; it averages 11.7 m (460 in) of rain annually. Thousands of citizens have served on various city committees, boards and commissions to assure that major decisions are in the best interest of the people.

The volcanic activity and subsequent erosion created impressive geological features. The hallmark of an All-America City is the extent to which its private citizens get involved in the workings of their government. The isolation of the Hawaiian Islands in the middle of the Pacific Ocean and the wide range of environments to be found on high islands located in and near the tropics has resulted in a vast array of endemic flora and fauna. Phoenix has been selected four times since 1950 as an All-America City, rare among larger cities. The newest volcano to form is Lo‘ihi, deep below the waters off the south coast of the Island of Hawai‘i. The city had 148 miles (238 km) of paved streets and 163 miles (262 km) of unpaved streets, a total of 311 miles (501 km) of streets within the city limits. The last volcanic eruption outside the Island of Hawai‘i happened at Haleakala on Maui in the late 18th century. In 1950, 105,000 people lived within the city limits and thousands more lived in adjacent communities and depended upon Phoenix for their livelihoods.

This explains why only volcanoes on the the southern half of the Island of Hawai‘i are presently active. Luke Field, Williams Field and Falcon Field, coupled with the giant ground-training center at Hyder, west of Phoenix, brought thousands of men into Phoenix. All of the Hawaiian Islands were formed by volcanoes arising from the sea floor through a vent described in geological theory as a hotspot. The theory maintains that as the tectonic plate beneath much the Pacific Ocean moves in a northwesterly direction, the hot spot remains stationary, slowly creating new volcanoes. Phoenix rapidly turned into an embryonic industrial city with mass production of military supplies. These islands are, in order from the northwest to southeast, Ni‘ihau, Kaua‘i, O‘ahu, Moloka‘i, Lāna‘i, Kaho‘olawe, Maui and the Island of Hawai‘i. 1940 marked another turning point, as the war changed Phoenix from a farming center to a distribution center. The main islands are the eight high islands at the southeastern end of the island chain. By 1920, Phoenix had a population of 29,053 inhabitants, which by 1930 had grown by 60%, to 48,118.

Nineteen islands and atolls extending across a distance of 2,400 km (1,500 mi) comprise the Hawaiian Archipelago. Phoenix began to grow into a young metropolis. Main article: Hawaiian Islands. At its present size of 16,500 acres (67 km²), South Mountain Park is the largest metropolitan park in the world, and it entertains 3 million visitors each year.
. In 1924, President Calvin Coolidge sold 13,000 acres (53 km²) of South Mountain to the city of Phoenix for $17,000. Hawai‘i Aloha is the unofficial state song, often sung in official state events. Phoenix was one of the first cities in the United States to have this form of city government.

The state song is Hawai‘i pono‘i, written by King Kalākaua and composed by Henri Berger. In 1913, Phoenix changed its form of government from mayor-council to council-manager. Hawaiian Pidgin is an unofficial language. On February 14, 1912, President William Howard Taft approved Arizona's statehood, making Phoenix the state capital. The official languages are Hawaiian and Hawaiian English. It created Roosevelt Lake, expanded irrigation of land in the Valley for farming, and increased the water supply for the growing population. The constitution declares the state motto to be Ua mau ke ea o ka aina i ka pono, a pronouncement of King Kamehameha III meaning, "The life of the land is perpetuated in righteousness." It was also the motto of the kingdom, republic and territory. On May 18, 1911, the Theodore Roosevelt Dam, then the largest masonry dam in the world, began operation.

The primary symbol is the state flag, Ka Hae Hawai‘i, influenced by the Union Jack and features eight horizontal stripes representing the eight major Hawaiian Islands. It functions to this day as the major agency for controlled use of irrigation water in the Valley. Included are the two statues representing Hawai‘i in the United States Capitol. Valley of the Sun residents were quick to supplement this federal action by organizing the Salt River Valley Waters Users' Association on February 4, 1903, to assure proper management of the precious water supply. These include a state bird, state fish, state flower, state gem, state mammal and state tree. In 1902, President Theodore Roosevelt signed the National Reclamation Act making it possible to build dams on western streams for reclamation purposes. The state constitution and various other measures of the Hawai‘i State Legislature established official symbols meant to embody the distinctive culture and heritage of Hawai‘i. This building also provided temporary offices for the territorial government when it moved to Phoenix from Prescott in 1889.

Hawaii is also the namesake and backdrop of a popular 1959 novel by James Michener and its 1966 movie adaptation. In early 1888, the city offices were moved into the new City Hall, built where the downtown bus terminal now stands. Ethnically, it is the only state that does not have a white majority (and one of only three in which non-Hispanic whites do not form a majority) and has the largest percentage of Asian Americans. Ecologically and agriculturally, it is the endangered species capital of the world and is the only industrial producer of coffee in the nation. In recognition of the increased tempo of economic life, the Phoenix Chamber of Commerce was organized on November 4, 1888. As one of two states outside the contiguous United States (the other being Alaska), it is the only one without territory on the mainland of any continent and is the only state that continues to grow due to active lava flows, most notably from Kīlauea. Phoenix became a trade center with its products reaching eastern and western markets. In addition to possessing the southernmost point in the United States, it is the only state that lies completely in the tropics. Merchandise now flowed into the city by rail instead of wagon.

This state most recently admitted into the Union has many distinctions. The coming of the railroad in the 1880s was the first of several important events that revolutionized the economy of Phoenix. Honolulu is the largest city and the state capital. Monihon, 127 to 107, to become the city's first Mayor. Census had a population of 1,211,537 people. Alsap defeated James D. Hawaii constitutes the 50th state of the United States, and as of the 2000 U.S. Phoenix was incorporated with a population of approximately 2,500, and on May 3, 1881, Phoenix held its first city election, in which Judge John T.

Hawaii (Hawaiian/Hawaiian English: Hawai‘i, with the ‘okina) is the archipelago of the Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific Ocean. Fremont on February 25, 1881. The 11th Territorial Legislature passed the Phoenix Charter Bill, incorporating Phoenix and providing for a mayor-council government. The bill was signed by Governor John C. By 1881, Phoenix had outgrown its original townsite-commissioner form of government. The total cost of the Phoenix Townsite of 320 acres (1.3 km²) was $550, including all expenses for services.

On April 10, 1874, President Grant issued a land patent for the present site of Phoenix. Miss Nellie Shaver, a newcomer from Wisconsin, was appointed as the first female schoolteacher in Phoenix. By October 1873, a small adobe school building was completed on Center Street (now Central Avenue), a short distance north of where the San Carlos Hotel now stands. The first public school in Phoenix opened on September 5, 1872, in the courtroom of the county building.

The first county election in Maricopa County was held in 1871, when Tom Barnum was elected the first sheriff of Maricopa County. Maricopa county gave up portions in 1875 and 1881 to help form Pinal and Gila counties, respectively. On February 12, 1871, the territorial legislature created Maricopa County, the sixth in the state, by dividing Yavapai County. They recommended the North 1/2 of section 8 Township 1 N., Range 3 E. and that the town be called Phoenix.

The area was surveyed in 1870 and mass meeting of the citizens of Salt River Valley was held on October 20, 1870, to select a suitable piece of unimproved public land for a town site. The Phoenix post office was established June 15, 1868, with Jack Swilling as postmaster. The town of Phoenix was officially recognized on May 4, 1868, when the Board of Supervisors of Yavapai County (which at the time encompassed Phoenix), formed an election precinct there. Darrel Duppa recommended the name Phoenix, memorializing the birth of a new civilization from the ruins left by the Hohokam.

As for the town that was to be built, Swilling, a former Confederate soldier, wanted to name it Stonewall, after Stonewall Jackson; others suggested Salina. It would later become Hellinwg Mill, Mill City, then East Phoenix. The area was named Swilling's Mill in his honor. By 1868, he and others from Wickenburg had dug a short canal from the Salt River and founded a small farming colony approximately four miles (6 km) east of the present city (about 22 miles west of Mesa, which was already a city of 1,000 people; and a few miles northwest of a similar farming community at Hayden's Ferry, which would become Tempe).

All it needed was water. He saw farmland, predominantly free of rocks, and beyond the reach of heavy frost or snow. He looked down across the expansive Salt River Valley and his eyes caught the rich gleam of the brown, dry soil turned up by the horse's hooves. In 1867, Jack Swilling of Wickenburg stopped to rest his horse at the foot of the north slopes of the White Tank Mountains.

Prolonged drought may have destroyed or displaced them; or, they may be the ancestors of the modern Pima Indians who now live on the Salt River and Gila River reservations, or the Tohono O'odham Indians who live in southern Arizona. remains a mystery. 1450 A.D. Their disappearance ca.

Their irrigation system comprised some 135 miles (217 km) of canals. They were industrious, enterprising, and imaginative. They also lived in the Pueblo Grande ruins between 700 and 1400 A.D. Their name is derived from the Pima (Akimel O'otham) phrase, Ho Ho Kam, "the people who have gone".

They were the first to farm there, building an elaborate canal system that brought water from the Salt River. The earliest settlers in the Valley of the Sun were the Hohokam people, who lived there as early as 300 BC. 'the place is hot') in Navajo (a language spoken in Arizona & New Mexico) and Fiinigis in Western Apache (a language spoken in Arizona). Phoenix is called Hoodzo (lit.

It is the county seat of Maricopa County and the principal city of the Phoenix metropolitan area. Phoenix was incorporated on February 5, 1881.
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eFUNDS Corp. Discount Tire Co. The Dial Corporation. Cold Stone Creamery.

Best Western. Aztar Corp. Avnet, Inc. Arizona Land Income Corp.

Apollo Group Inc. Amkor Technology. America West Airlines. Allied Waste Industries Inc.

It has had many students with prestigious distinctions. North Canyon High School is located in the north valley and features an International Baccalaureate program. High schools