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Gerald Ford

Gerald Rudolph Ford, Jr. (born July 14, 1913) (born Leslie Lynch King, Jr., renamed after his mother's remarriage) was the fortieth (1973–1974) Vice President and the thirty-eighth (1974–1977) President of the United States. He remains the only individual to serve as President without ever having been elected to either the presidency or vice presidency. Instead, following the resignation of Spiro Agnew in 1973, he was nominated as Vice President by Richard Nixon and approved by both houses of Congress (not just the Senate, as is the procedure for Cabinet members, Supreme Court justices, and most other federal officials), in keeping with provisions of the 25th Amendment. When Nixon resigned on noon of August 9, 1974, Ford assumed the presidency.

Along with his own vice president, Nelson Rockefeller, he is one of only two people to have been appointed Vice President rather than elected. As of 2005, he is the oldest living former President. On July 14, 2005, he became the second former U.S. President (after Ronald Reagan) to reach his 92nd birthday. At present, Ford is the second longest-lived president in U.S. history. Should Ford live to or beyond November 11, 2006, he will become the longest-lived U.S. president. He also has the second longest retirement among presidents at 28 years, behind Herbert Hoover. He will surpass Hoover if he lives to or beyond September 7, 2008.

Early life

Ford was born to Leslie Lynch King and Dorothy Ayer Gardner in Omaha, Nebraska. His parents divorced two years after he was born, and his mother remarried to Gerald Ford, after whom he was renamed despite never being formally adopted by his step-father. He and Democrat Bill Clinton are the only two U.S. Presidents to have been adopted. Ford grew up in Grand Rapids, Michigan and starred as a center playing American football for the University of Michigan. A three-year letterman, Ford helped the Wolverines to undefeated seasons in 1932 and 1933 and was voted the team's most valuable player in 1934. (His number 48 jersey has since been retired by the school.) At Michigan he joined Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity and earned money for expenses by washing dishes at the fraternity house. After graduating the following spring, he turned down contract offers from the Detroit Lions and Green Bay Packers of the National Football League. While at the Yale Law School, Ford joined a group of students led by R. Douglas Stuart, Jr. as they signed a petition to enforce the 1939 Neutrality Act. This petition was circulated nationally and was the inspiration for America First, a group determined to keep America out of World War II. Ford graduated from law school in 1941, having coached football and boxing part time to pay for school. Ford joined the Boy Scouts as a child and attained the highest rank of Eagle Scout. He always regarded this as one of his proudest accomplishments even after attaining the White House. He is quoted for saying, "I am the first Eagle Scout President!"

World War II

Ford in uniform, 1945

In April 1942 Ford joined the U.S. Naval Reserve receiving a commission as an ensign. After an orientation program at Annapolis, he became a physical fitness instructor at a pre- flight school in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. In the spring of 1943 he began service in the light aircraft carrier USS Monterey (CVL-26). He was first assigned as athletic director and gunnery division officer, then as assistant navigator with the Monterey, which took part in most of the major operations in the South Pacific, including Truk, Saipan, and the Philippines. His closest call with death came not as a result of enemy fire, however, but during a vicious typhoon in the Philippine Sea in December 1944. He came within inches of being swept overboard while the storm raged. The ship, which was severely damaged by the storm and a resulting fire, had to be taken out of service. Ford spent the remainder of the war ashore and was discharged as a lieutenant commander in February 1946.

House of Representatives: Minority Leader

Ford was a member of the House of Representatives for 24 years from 1949 to 1973, and became Minority Leader of the Republican Party in the House. Ford was very popular with the voters in his district and was always re-elected with 60% margins. He always stayed in close touch with the people of Grand Rapids. During his first campaign, he visited farmers and promised he would work on their farms and milk their cows if elected - a promise which he apparently fulfilled [1]. Ford won an award in 1961 as a "Congressman's Congressman" that praised his committee work on military budgets. During his tenure, Ford was chosen to serve on the Warren Commission, a special task force set up to investigate the causes of, and quell rumors regarding the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. The Commission eventually concluded that Lee Harvey Oswald had acted alone in killing the President, a conclusion sometimes disparaged by conspiracy theorists as the "Lone Nut Theory". Today Ford is the only surviving member of the Commission, and continues to stand behind its conclusions. During the eight years (1965–1973) he served as Minority Leader, Ford won many friends in the House due to his fair leadership and inoffensive personality. He often attacked the "Great Society" programs of President Lyndon Johnson as unneeded or wasteful. He made a speech attacking Johnson's Vietnam war policies called "Why are we pulling our punches in Vietnam?". Ford charged that the President was meddling in the war effort and not letting the military do its job. Ford appeared on a televised series of press conferences with famed Illinois Senator Everett Dirksen that became very popular. The two men proposed Republican alternatives to President Johnson's policies. Many in the press jokingly called this "The Ev and Jerry Show". Ford also led an effort to impeach William O. Douglas, who was a Justice on the United States Supreme Court. Ford made a speech charging Douglas with criminal activities and with promoting rebellion in his writings.

Vice-President

After Vice President Spiro Agnew resigned during Richard Nixon's presidency, on October 10, 1973, Nixon nominated Ford to take Agnew's place, under the 25th Amendment - the first time it was applied. The United States Senate voted 92 to 3 to confirm Ford on November 27, 1973 and on December 6, the House confirmed him 387 to 35. Ford had long been one of President Nixon's most outspoken supporters (someone joked once that "He is one of the few people who not only admires Nixon, but actually likes him!"). Ford traveled widely as Vice President and made many speeches defending the embattled President. He cited the many achievements of President Nixon and dismissed Watergate as a media event and a tragic sideshow.

Presidency

Vice President Ford is sworn in as the 38th President of the United States by Chief Justice Warren Burger as Mrs. Ford looks on.

When Nixon then resigned in the wake of the Watergate scandal on August 9, 1974, Ford assumed the presidency, proclaiming that "our long national nightmare is over". On August 20 Ford nominated former New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller to fill the Vice Presidency he had vacated, again under the 25th Amendment.

Pardons Nixon

On September 8, 1974 Ford gave Nixon a full and unconditional pardon for any crimes he may have committed while President or, indeed, for anything else he might have done. Ford explained that he felt the pardon was in the best interests of the country; many historians believe it cost him the election in 1976.

Economy

The economy was a great concern during the Ford administration. In response to rising inflation, Ford went before the American public on television in October 1974 and asked them to "whip inflation now" (WIN); as part of this program, he urged people to wear "WIN" buttons. However, most people recognized this as simply a public relations gimmick without offering any effective means of solving the underlying problem. At the time inflation was around 7%, a relatively modest number in retrospect, but still enough to discourage investment and push capital overseas and into government bonds.

The economic focus began to change as the country sank into a mild recession, and in March 1975, Ford and Congress signed into law income tax rebates to help boost the economy.

Aftermath of Watergate

In the aftermath of Watergate, the Democrats scored major gains in both the House and the Senate in the 1974 elections. Ford and Congress battled over legislation, with Ford vetoing scores of Democratic bills.

Foreign policy

President Ford, left, and USSR's Leonid Brezhnev meet at the Vladivostok summit negotiations, 1974

Ford also faced a foreign policy crisis with the Mayaguez Incident. In May 1975, shortly after the Khmer Rouge took power in Cambodia, Cambodians seized an American merchant ship, the Mayaguez, in international waters. Ford dispatched Marines to rescue the crew, but the Marines landed on the wrong island and met unexpectedly stiff resistance just as, unknown to the US, the Mayaguez sailors were being released. In all phases of the operation, fifty service men were wounded and forty-one killed, including three men believed to have been left behind alive and subsequently executed and twenty-three Air Force personnel killed earlier while en route to the staging area at Utapao, Thailand. It is believed that approximately sixty Khmer Rouge soldiers were killed out of a land and sea force of about 300.

Ford's presidency also saw the final withdrawal of American personnel from Vietnam, in 'Operation Frequent Wind'. On 29 April and the morning of 30 April 1975 the American embassy in Saigon was evacuated, amidst chaotic scenes. [2]

Assassination attempts

Secret Service rushing Ford to safety after assassination attempt by Lynette "Squeaky" Fromme in Sacramento, California. September 5, 1975

While in Sacramento, California on September 5, 1975, a follower of incarcerated cult leader Charles Manson named Lynette "Squeaky" Fromme pointed a Colt .45-caliber handgun at Ford's stomach as he was shaking hands with well-wishers. No shots were fired, though, and nobody was injured. Seventeen days later, another woman – Sara Jane Moore – also tried to kill Ford in San Francisco; but her shooting attempt was thwarted by a bystander, Oliver Sipple.

Cabinet

Gerald Ford meets with his Cabinet.


Supreme Court appointments

Ford appointed the following Justice to the Supreme Court of the United States:

  • John Paul Stevens: 1975


1976 election bid

(Left to right:) Presidents Gerald Ford, Richard Nixon, George H. W. Bush, Ronald Reagan, and Jimmy Carter at the dedication of the Reagan Presidential Library.

It is believed that Ford's pardoning of Nixon, along with the continuing economic problems, cost him the election of 1976.

His campaign may also have been hampered by a strong challenge that year for the nomination in the Republican party by Ronald Reagan. Additionally, Ford made a major gaffe during the second presidential election debate when he insisted that Eastern Europe was not dominated by the Soviet Union. Carter replied that he would like to see Ford convince Czech-Americans and Polish-Americans that their countries did not live under Soviet domination. On 30 October 1975, his refusal to sanction federal aid for the city of New York led The New York Daily News to paraphrase their perception of Ford's attitude in the headline "Ford to City: Drop Dead".

Had Ford won the election, he would have been disqualified by the 22nd amendment from running in 1980 because he served more than two years of Nixon's term.

Later elections

At the 1980 Republican National Convention, Ford was nearly nominated to return to service as Vice President under nominee Ronald Reagan. On the day a Vice President was to be nominated, however, Reagan could not convince Ford to join him on the ticket and instead chose George H. W. Bush, who had rivaled him for the presidential nomination. While attending the 2000 Republican National Convention, Ford suffered two mild strokes, but has subsequently recovered. He was hospitalized twice for dizziness in 2003.

Honors

Ford was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Bill Clinton in 1999 for his efforts to heal the nation after the Watergate scandal. The Gerald R. Ford International Airport in Grand Rapids, Michigan was named after him in December 1999.

In 2001 Ford was awarded the John F. Kennedy Profile in Courage Award, a presigious award given by the John F. Kennedy Library Foundation for political courage. Ford was cited for his "controversial decision of conscience to pardon former President Richard M. Nixon," and leading the country through the tumultuous times of the late 1970s.

On November 22, 2004, New York Republican Governor George Pataki named Ford and the other living former presidents (Jimmy Carter, George H. W. Bush, and Bill Clinton) as honorary members of the board rebuilding the World Trade Center.

Ford was one of four ex-presidents who joined then-president Bill Clinton in attending the funeral of Richard Nixon on April 27, 1994, in Nixon's hometown of Yorba Linda, California.

Post-Presidential Years

Ford has remained relatively active as a former President, and during his post-presidential years he continued to make appearances at events of historical and ceremonial significance to the nation, such as presidential inaugurals and memorial services. In 1981 he opened the Gerald R. Ford Museum in Grand Rapids, Michigan, and the Gerald R. Ford Library in Ann Arbor, Michigan. Ford has remained an avid fan of Michigan football and delivered a videotaped message before Michigan and Ohio State played their 100th game in 2003. In 1999, the School of Public Policy at the University of Michigan was renamed the Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy in honor of Ford's lifetime of public service. Ford has remained popular as a caricature in his retirement, with such icons as Saturday Night Live and the Simpsons continuing to lampoon him, but despite his taking these in good humor has chosen to continue to respect the office by not appearing on those shows as himself.

Ford has been outspoken on a variety of political issues confronting the nation since leaving office. Although he had taken a more centrist-to-conservative stance on the matter while campaigning for president in 1976, Ford has emerged as a leading pro-choice Republican on abortion rights; he has been an advisor to Republicans for Choice, and told Larry King in an interview that he shared in his wife's outspoken support of reproductive rights. Ford has also endorsed civil unions for gay couples, and urged Republicans not support the impeachment of President Bill Clinton in the late 1990s.

Health Concerns

Recently, there has been ongoing speculation regarding Ford's health. Though he gave an interview to Larry King in June 2004, attended the funeral of former President Reagan, and spoke at ceremonies commemorating the 30th anniversary of his swearing-in in August 2004, Ford has appeared increasingly frail – and this may have caused him to cut back on his formerly busy schedule. He was, for the first time in his political life, unable to attend a Republican National Convention when he didn't attend the 2004 Republican National Convention in New York City. In addition, Ford was the only living former president not to attend ceremonies for the opening of the Bill Clinton Presidential Library in Little Rock, Arkansas. Former president Bill Clinton told Larry King in an interview that Ford had confided that he now feels uncomfortable when flying in aircraft. He was the only living former president not to attend the second inauguration of President George W. Bush in 2005.

When New York Republican Governor George Pataki named the living former presidents as honorary members of the board rebuilding the World Trade Center, he was unaware of Ford's health decline in the recent months.

In 2003, Ford's death was incorrectly announced by CNN when his pre-written obituary (along with those of several other famous figures) was inadvertently published on CNN's web site due to a lapse in password protection.

Further reading

  • Cannon, James. Time and Chance: Gerald R. Ford's Appointment with History. New York: HarperCollins, 1993. [Chapters 1-3 concern Ford's early life and election to Congress; chapters 4–7 his congressional career; chapters 8–11 Watergate; chapters 12–19 concern Ford's appointment as Vice President, his vice presidency, the move to impeach Richard Nixon, and the transition to the presidency; chapter 20 concerns the Nixon pardon; and chapter 21 is a summary of the Ford presidency.]
  • Casserly, John J. The Ford White House: Diary of a Speechwriter. Boulder, CO: Colorado Associated University Press, 1977. [Memoir by a speechwriter for President Ford. It covers the period from November 1974 to January 1976.]
  • Congressional Quarterly, Inc. President Ford: The Man and His Record. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly, 1974. [Background on Ford's political career and legislative record prior to becoming President, including his statements on major issues.]
  • Congressional Quarterly, Inc. Presidency. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly, 1974-1976. [Annual volumes reviewing activities or issues.]
  • Coyne, John R. Fall in and Cheer. New York: Doubleday, 1979. [Memoir. Chapter 7 concerns his service as a Ford speechwriter, August 1974–February 1975.]
  • Ford, Betty. The Times of My Life. New York: Harper & Row, 1978. [Mrs. Ford's memoir - chapters 22- 37 concern her husband's presidency. The book emphasizes personal and family experiences rather than political events.]
  • Ford, Gerald R. Selected Speeches. Arlington, VA: R.W. Beatty, 1973. [A collection of speeches Ford delivered between 1965 and 1972 concerning politics and domestic and foreign affairs.]
  • Ford, Gerald R. A Time to Heal: The Autobiography of Gerald R. Ford. New York: Harper & Row, 1979. [Memoir mainly concerning his presidency.]
  • The Ford Presidency: Twenty-Two Intimate Perspectives of Gerald Ford, Edited by Kenneth W. Thompson. Portraits of American Presidents, VII. Lanham, MA: University Press of America, 1988. [Interviews with Ford administration officials.]
  • Gerald R. Ford: Presidential Perspectives from the National Archives. Washington, DC: National Archives Trust Fund Board, 1994. [Sections written by Frank H. Mackaman, Leesa Tobin, and David Horrocks of the Ford Library. Photographs selected by Audiovisual Archivist Ken Hafeli.]
  • Gerald R. Ford and the Politics of Post-Watergate America, edited by Bernard J. Firestone and Alexej Ugrinsky. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1993. [Proceedings of a conference on the presidency of Gerald R. Ford that took place at Hofstra University in April 1989.]
  • Greene, John Robert. The Limits of Power: The Nixon and Ford Administrations. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992.
  • Greene, John Robert. The Presidency of Gerald R. Ford. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1995.
  • Hartmann, Robert T. Palace Politics: An Insider's Account of the Ford Years. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1980. [Memoir. Several chapters concern his work as an assistant to Congressman and Vice President Ford. Chapters 7–16 concern his work as a White House Counsellor and supervisor of the speechwriting unit.]
  • Hersey, John. The President: A Minute-by-Minute Account of a Week in the Life of Gerald Ford. New York: Knopf, 1975. [A writer examines President Ford's activities during one week in March 1975. Originally appeared in the "New York Times Magazine," April 20, 1975. Reprinted in Hersey's book "Aspects of the Presidency: Truman and Ford in Office," New Haven, Ticknor and Fields, 1980.]
  • Hyland, William. Mortal Rivals: Superpower Relations From Nixon to Reagan. New York: Random House, 1987. [Memoir - Information on his Ford administration work in the State Department and on the National Security Council staff appears on pp. 76-201. The focus is on Soviet-American relations, including the Vladivostok summit, Helsinki Conference, Angola, detente, and the role of Henry Kissinger.]

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In 2003, Ford's death was incorrectly announced by CNN when his pre-written obituary (along with those of several other famous figures) was inadvertently published on CNN's web site due to a lapse in password protection. The Boeing employee community fund is the largest employee-owned and managed fund in the world. When New York Republican Governor George Pataki named the living former presidents as honorary members of the board rebuilding the World Trade Center, he was unaware of Ford's health decline in the recent months. The Boeing company culture has long had a tradition of strong community support. Bush in 2005. The two largest divisions are Boeing Commercial Airplanes and the Integrated Defense Systems group. He was the only living former president not to attend the second inauguration of President George W. The company debuted the product to journalists in 2005, receiving generally favorable reviews.

Former president Bill Clinton told Larry King in an interview that Ford had confided that he now feels uncomfortable when flying in aircraft. Realizing that increasing numbers of passengers have become reliant on their computers to stay in touch, Boeing is offering Connexion by Boeing, an Internet connectivity service that promises air travelers unprecedented access to the World Wide Web. In addition, Ford was the only living former president not to attend ceremonies for the opening of the Bill Clinton Presidential Library in Little Rock, Arkansas. The 777-200 Worldliner embarked on a well-received global demonstration tour in the second half of 2005, showing off its capacity to fly farther than any other commercial aircraft. He was, for the first time in his political life, unable to attend a Republican National Convention when he didn't attend the 2004 Republican National Convention in New York City. The 737-900 is the latest version of the venerable craft offered by Boeing and is significantly larger than previous versions. Though he gave an interview to Larry King in June 2004, attended the funeral of former President Reagan, and spoke at ceremonies commemorating the 30th anniversary of his swearing-in in August 2004, Ford has appeared increasingly frail – and this may have caused him to cut back on his formerly busy schedule. Boeing's most successful new aircraft measured by recent orders remained the 737, for which it received orders totaling 387 new units in 2005 as reported on August 7.

Recently, there has been ongoing speculation regarding Ford's health. Boeing has not officially announced that it will commence production of the 747 Advanced. Ford has also endorsed civil unions for gay couples, and urged Republicans not support the impeachment of President Bill Clinton in the late 1990s. The 747 would incorporate new engines and other design advancements associated with the 787. Although he had taken a more centrist-to-conservative stance on the matter while campaigning for president in 1976, Ford has emerged as a leading pro-choice Republican on abortion rights; he has been an advisor to Republicans for Choice, and told Larry King in an interview that he shared in his wife's outspoken support of reproductive rights. Boeing was also believed to have received strong expressions of interest for its 747 Advanced, a stretched version of its 747-400. Ford has been outspoken on a variety of political issues confronting the nation since leaving office. Although Boeing lost to Airbus in total orders at a recent Paris airshow, it continued to impress analysts with orders for its 787 Dreamliner, which outnumber those for Airbus's revamped A350, and an overall rebound in orders that promised to allow Boeing to outproduce Airbus in the near future.

Ford has remained popular as a caricature in his retirement, with such icons as Saturday Night Live and the Simpsons continuing to lampoon him, but despite his taking these in good humor has chosen to continue to respect the office by not appearing on those shows as himself. Expectations for the year 2005 ran high for Boeing. Ford School of Public Policy in honor of Ford's lifetime of public service. Customers rumored to be interested include Lufthansa, EVA Airways, ILFC, GECAS and Emirates. In 1999, the School of Public Policy at the University of Michigan was renamed the Gerald R. The freighter will be based on the 777-200LR. Ford has remained an avid fan of Michigan football and delivered a videotaped message before Michigan and Ohio State played their 100th game in 2003. In November 2004, Boeing announced it will offer a cargo version of the popular 777 model.

Ford Library in Ann Arbor, Michigan. Several orders for the Wedgetail AEW&C aircraft are expected as well. Ford Museum in Grand Rapids, Michigan, and the Gerald R. Boeing also received the launch contract from the US Navy for the Multimission Maritime Aircraft, an anti-submarine warfare patrol aircraft. In 1981 he opened the Gerald R. Currently, the 787 orderbook stands at over 250 airframes with orders from Northwest Airlines, Continental Airlines, Japan Airlines, Icelandair and a conglomeration of Chinese carriers. Ford has remained relatively active as a former President, and during his post-presidential years he continued to make appearances at events of historical and ceremonial significance to the nation, such as presidential inaugurals and memorial services. Finally, Boeing achieved several consecutive successes, beginning with the formal launch of the 787 for delivery to All Nippon Airways and Air New Zealand.

Bush, and Bill Clinton) as honorary members of the board rebuilding the World Trade Center. Airbus has also retaliated against Boeing, reopening the dispute and also accusing Boeing of receiving subsidies from the US government. W. However, in June 2005, Boeing and the United States government reopened the trade dispute with the WTO, claiming that Airbus had received illegal subsidies from European governments. On November 22, 2004, New York Republican Governor George Pataki named Ford and the other living former presidents (Jimmy Carter, George H. In January 11, the two parties (Boeing and Airbus) agreed that they would attempt to find a solution to the dispute outside of the WTO. Nixon," and leading the country through the tumultuous times of the late 1970s. also complained that the investment subsidies from Japanese airlines violated the accord.

Ford was cited for his "controversial decision of conscience to pardon former President Richard M. Moreover, the E.U. Kennedy Library Foundation for political courage. Government. Kennedy Profile in Courage Award, a presigious award given by the John F. Airbus retaliated by filing another complaint, contesting that Boeing had also violated the accord when it received tax breaks from the U.S. In 2001 Ford was awarded the John F. In October 2004, Boeing filed a complaint at the World Trade Organization, claiming that Airbus had violated a 1992 bilateral accord when it received what Boeing deems as "unfair" subsidies from the European Union.

Ford International Airport in Grand Rapids, Michigan was named after him in December 1999. Furthermore, the company was forbidden to bid for rocket contracts for a 20 month period which expired in March 2005. The Gerald R. In July 2003 Boeing was penalized, with the Pentagon stripping $1 billion worth of contracts away from the company and awarding them to Lockheed. Ford was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Bill Clinton in 1999 for his efforts to heal the nation after the Watergate scandal. Lockheed argued that these documents allowed Boeing to win 21 of the 28 tendered military satellite launches. He was hospitalized twice for dizziness in 2003. Lockheed alleged that a former employee; Kenneth Branch, who went to work for McDonnell Douglas and Boeing, passed 25,000 proprietary documents to his new employers.

While attending the 2000 Republican National Convention, Ford suffered two mild strokes, but has subsequently recovered. In June 2003 Lockheed Martin sued Boeing alleging the company had resorted to industrial espionage in 1998 to win the Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle (EELV) competition. Bush, who had rivaled him for the presidential nomination. Bell served as interim CEO (in addition to his normal duties as Boeing's CFO) until the appointment of Jim McNerney as the new Chairman, President, and CEO on June 30, 2005. W. Boeing said an internal investigation revealed a "consensual" relationship between Stonecipher and a female executive that “violated the company's Code of Conduct” and "would impair his ability to lead the company." James A. On the day a Vice President was to be nominated, however, Reagan could not convince Ford to join him on the ticket and instead chose George H. In March 2005 the Boeing board forced President and CEO Harry Stonecipher to resign.

At the 1980 Republican National Convention, Ford was nearly nominated to return to service as Vice President under nominee Ronald Reagan. In October 2004 she was sentenced to nine months in jail for corruption, fined $5,000, given three years of supervised release and 150 hours of community service. Had Ford won the election, he would have been disqualified by the 22nd amendment from running in 1980 because he served more than two years of Nixon's term. Druyun pleaded guilty to inflating the price of the contract to favor her future employer and to passing information on the competing Airbus A330 MRTT bid (from EADS). On 30 October 1975, his refusal to sanction federal aid for the city of New York led The New York Daily News to paraphrase their perception of Ford's attitude in the headline "Ford to City: Drop Dead". Harry Stonecipher, former McDonnell Douglas CEO, replaced Condit. Carter replied that he would like to see Ford convince Czech-Americans and Polish-Americans that their countries did not live under Soviet domination. Sears.

Additionally, Ford made a major gaffe during the second presidential election debate when he insisted that Eastern Europe was not dominated by the Soviet Union. Condit and the termination of CFO Michael M. His campaign may also have been hampered by a strong challenge that year for the nomination in the Republican party by Ronald Reagan. The fallout of this resulted in the resignation of Boeing CEO Philip M. It is believed that Ford's pardoning of Nixon, along with the continuing economic problems, cost him the election of 1976. In December 2003 the Pentagon announced the project was to be frozen while allegations of corruption by one if its former procurement staffers, Darleen Druyun (who had moved to Boeing in January) was investigated.
. In September 2003, responding to critics who argued that the lease was vastly more expensive than an outright purchase, the DOD announced a revised lease of 74 aircraft and purchase of 26.

Ford appointed the following Justice to the Supreme Court of the United States:. The 10 year lease would give the USAF the option to purchase the aircraft at the end of the contract.
. In May 2003 the US Air Force announced it would lease 100 KC-767 tankers to replace the oldest 136 of its KC-135s. Seventeen days later, another woman – Sara Jane Moore – also tried to kill Ford in San Francisco; but her shooting attempt was thwarted by a bystander, Oliver Sipple.
. On August 2, 2005 Boeing sold its Rocketdyne rocket engine division to Pratt & Whitney. No shots were fired, though, and nobody was injured. The X-32 may have been hampered by the requirement for a redesign after several flaws were found in the original concept.

While in Sacramento, California on September 5, 1975, a follower of incarcerated cult leader Charles Manson named Lynette "Squeaky" Fromme pointed a Colt .45-caliber handgun at Ford's stomach as he was shaking hands with well-wishers. Boeing's competitor was the X-32, which lost out to Lockheed's F-35 entrant. [2]
. On October 10, 2001, against fierce competition for the contract to the JSF, Boeing lost to rival Lockheed Martin in the multi-billion dollar contract. On 29 April and the morning of 30 April 1975 the American embassy in Saigon was evacuated, amidst chaotic scenes. Hopes are now focused on the newly-launched 787 as a platform of total fleet rejuvenation. Ford's presidency also saw the final withdrawal of American personnel from Vietnam, in 'Operation Frequent Wind'. It responded by running a huge advertising campaign to promote its new motto, "Forever New Frontiers," and rehabilitate its image.

It is believed that approximately sixty Khmer Rouge soldiers were killed out of a land and sea force of about 300. After several decades of numerous successes, Boeing lost ground to Europe's Airbus and subsequently lost its leadership of the market in 2003. In all phases of the operation, fifty service men were wounded and forty-one killed, including three men believed to have been left behind alive and subsequently executed and twenty-three Air Force personnel killed earlier while en route to the staging area at Utapao, Thailand. The aircraft was informally announced at the 2005 Paris Airshow. Ford dispatched Marines to rescue the crew, but the Marines landed on the wrong island and met unexpectedly stiff resistance just as, unknown to the US, the Mayaguez sailors were being released. Boeing also plans to a '747 Advanced' that will compete more closely with the Airbus A380. In May 1975, shortly after the Khmer Rouge took power in Cambodia, Cambodians seized an American merchant ship, the Mayaguez, in international waters. However, if Boeing manages to win the contract for new USAF tankers, the 767 program might be saved.

Ford also faced a foreign policy crisis with the Mayaguez Incident. Boeing also soon canceled the production of 717 due to slow sales, and the 767 is likely to cease production soon. Ford and Congress battled over legislation, with Ford vetoing scores of Democratic bills.
. More advanced versions of the 737 were beginning to compete against the older design. In the aftermath of Watergate, the Democrats scored major gains in both the House and the Senate in the 1974 elections. In 2004, Boeing canceled production of the 757 after more than a thousand were produced, with the last airplane going to Shanghai Airlines, in China. The economic focus began to change as the country sank into a mild recession, and in March 1975, Ford and Congress signed into law income tax rebates to help boost the economy. The 777-200LR has already entered flight-testing, with the first aircraft due to be delivered to Pakistan International Airlines in 2006.

At the time inflation was around 7%, a relatively modest number in retrospect, but still enough to discourage investment and push capital overseas and into government bonds. The Boeing 777-200LR will have the longest range of any commercial aircraft, and will be the first airliner to able to fly halfway across the planet with a commercially viable payload. However, most people recognized this as simply a public relations gimmick without offering any effective means of solving the underlying problem. The Boeing 787 was formerly known as the Boeing 7E7, but the designation has since been changed. In response to rising inflation, Ford went before the American public on television in October 1974 and asked them to "whip inflation now" (WIN); as part of this program, he urged people to wear "WIN" buttons. Currently, Boeing is planning to introduce two new aircraft, the 787 "Dreamliner", and the ultra-long-range 777-200LR. The economy was a great concern during the Ford administration. The 747 is also being cannibalized by healthy sales of Boeing's own competitor, the 777-300 Series.

Ford explained that he felt the pardon was in the best interests of the country; many historians believe it cost him the election in 1976. the A320 has been selected by two low-cost operators (the aircraft used by these airlines has traditionally been the 737) and the very large aircraft market, the A380 has won every major order over the 747 since its launch. On September 8, 1974 Ford gave Nixon a full and unconditional pardon for any crimes he may have committed while President or, indeed, for anything else he might have done. Indeed Airbus is now competing in markets that Boeing once had a monopoly over, e.g. On August 20 Ford nominated former New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller to fill the Vice Presidency he had vacated, again under the 25th Amendment. From the 1970s Airbus has increased its family of aircraft to the point where they can now offer an aircraft in every class Boeing does. When Nixon then resigned in the wake of the Watergate scandal on August 9, 1974, Ford assumed the presidency, proclaiming that "our long national nightmare is over". In recent years Boeing has faced an increasingly competitive Airbus, which offers commonality between models and the latest fly-by-wire technology.

He cited the many achievements of President Nixon and dismissed Watergate as a media event and a tragic sideshow. and the production of the MD-11 was stopped. Ford traveled widely as Vice President and made many speeches defending the embattled President. Following the merger between Boeing and McDonnell Douglas, the McDonnell Douglas MD-95 was renamed the Boeing 717. Ford had long been one of President Nixon's most outspoken supporters (someone joked once that "He is one of the few people who not only admires Nixon, but actually likes him!"). One year later, Boeing merged with McDonnell Douglas Corp. The United States Senate voted 92 to 3 to confirm Ford on November 27, 1973 and on December 6, the House confirmed him 387 to 35. The Rockwell products became a subsidiary of Boeing, named Boeing North American, Inc.

After Vice President Spiro Agnew resigned during Richard Nixon's presidency, on October 10, 1973, Nixon nominated Ford to take Agnew's place, under the 25th Amendment - the first time it was applied. In 1996, Boeing merged with Rockwell International Corp.’s aerospace and defense units. Ford made a speech charging Douglas with criminal activities and with promoting rebellion in his writings. The "Next-Generation 737" includes the 737-600, the 737-700, the 737-800, and the 737-900. Douglas, who was a Justice on the United States Supreme Court. Also in the mid-1990s, the company developed the revamped version of the B737, known as the "Next-Generation 737." It has since become the fastest-selling version of the B737 in history. Ford also led an effort to impeach William O. by using CAD techniques.

Many in the press jokingly called this "The Ev and Jerry Show". This aircraft, affectionately known as the "triple seven," reached an important milestone by being the first airliner to be designed "entirely by computer," i.e. The two men proposed Republican alternatives to President Johnson's policies. The longest range twin in the world, the B777 is certified to fly routes over oceans and deserted zones (see ETOPS), and is being sold very successfully. Ford appeared on a televised series of press conferences with famed Illinois Senator Everett Dirksen that became very popular. In 1994, Boeing introduced its most modern commercial jet aircraft, the twin-engine B777, with a seating capacity of 390 passengers, in between the B767 and the B747. Ford charged that the President was meddling in the war effort and not letting the military do its job. During these years, Boeing was very active upgrading existing military equipment and developing new ones.

He made a speech attacking Johnson's Vietnam war policies called "Why are we pulling our punches in Vietnam?". At the same time, several military projects went into production, like the RAH-66 Comanche helicopter, the Avenger air defense system and a new generation of short-range missiles. He often attacked the "Great Society" programs of President Lyndon Johnson as unneeded or wasteful. Boeing participated also with other products in the space program, and was the first contractor for the International Space Station. During the eight years (1965–1973) he served as Minority Leader, Ford won many friends in the House due to his fair leadership and inoffensive personality. An important project of these years was the Space Shuttle, to which Boeing contributed with its experience in space rockets acquired during the Apollo era, in which the company also participated. Today Ford is the only surviving member of the Commission, and continues to stand behind its conclusions. Boeing had to offer new aircraft, and developed the single-aisle B757, the larger, twin-aisle B767, and upgraded versions of the B737.

The Commission eventually concluded that Lee Harvey Oswald had acted alone in killing the President, a conclusion sometimes disparaged by conspiracy theorists as the "Lone Nut Theory". As passenger air traffic increased, competition was harder, mainly from a European newcomer in commercial airliner manufacturing, Airbus. Kennedy. During the following years, commercial aircraft and their military versions became the basic equipment of airlines and air forces. During his tenure, Ford was chosen to serve on the Warren Commission, a special task force set up to investigate the causes of, and quell rumors regarding the assassination of President John F. Boeing assembled its 1,000th B737 passenger airliner. Ford won an award in 1961 as a "Congressman's Congressman" that praised his committee work on military budgets. In 1983, the economic situation began to improve.

During his first campaign, he visited farmers and promised he would work on their farms and milk their cows if elected - a promise which he apparently fulfilled [1]. Larger versions have also been developed by stretching the upper deck. He always stayed in close touch with the people of Grand Rapids. The B747 has undergone continuous improvements to keep it technologically up-to-date. Ford was very popular with the voters in his district and was always re-elected with 60% margins. (Airbus now offers the A380, which when delivered will be the largest operational airliner). Ford was a member of the House of Representatives for 24 years from 1949 to 1973, and became Minority Leader of the Republican Party in the House. Until 2001, Boeing had been the only aircraft manufacturer to offer such an airliner and has delivered near to 1,400 units.

Ford spent the remainder of the war ashore and was discharged as a lieutenant commander in February 1946. This famous aircraft changed completely the way of flying, with its 450-passenger seating capacity and its upper deck. The ship, which was severely damaged by the storm and a resulting fire, had to be taken out of service. In 1970 the first B747, a four-engine long-range airliner, finally entered service. He came within inches of being swept overboard while the storm raged. The company had to reduce the number of employees from over 80,000 to almost half, only in the Seattle area. His closest call with death came not as a result of enemy fire, however, but during a vicious typhoon in the Philippine Sea in December 1944. Congress decided to stop the financial support for the development of the supersonic 2707, Boeing's answer to the British-French Concorde, forcing the company to discontinue the project.

He was first assigned as athletic director and gunnery division officer, then as assistant navigator with the Monterey, which took part in most of the major operations in the South Pacific, including Truk, Saipan, and the Philippines. Another problem was that, in 1971, the U.S. In the spring of 1943 he began service in the light aircraft carrier USS Monterey (CVL-26). Boeing's bet for the future, the new B747 Jumbo Jet was delayed in production and originated much higher costs than forecasted. After an orientation program at Annapolis, he became a physical fitness instructor at a pre- flight school in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. At that time, however, there was a heavy recession in the airlines industry so that Boeing did not receive one single order during more than one year. Naval Reserve receiving a commission as an ensign. Once more, Boeing hoped to compensate sales with its commercial airliners.

In April 1942 Ford joined the U.S. The Apollo program in which Boeing had participated significantly during the preceding decade was almost entirely cancelled. He is quoted for saying, "I am the first Eagle Scout President!". In the beginning of the 1970s Boeing faced a new crisis. He always regarded this as one of his proudest accomplishments even after attaining the White House. The aircraft made its first flight a year later, and its first commercial flight occurs in 1970. Ford joined the Boy Scouts as a child and attained the highest rank of Eagle Scout. The roll-out ceremonies for the first 747-100 took place in 1968, at the massive new factory in Everett.

Ford graduated from law school in 1941, having coached football and boxing part time to pay for school. Several versions have been developed, mainly to increase seating capacity and range. This petition was circulated nationally and was the inspiration for America First, a group determined to keep America out of World War II. The B737 is still being produced, and continuous improvements are made. as they signed a petition to enforce the 1939 Neutrality Act. It has become since then the best-selling commercial jet aircraft in aviation history. Douglas Stuart, Jr. In 1967, Boeing introduced another short- and medium-range airliner, the twin-engine B737.

While at the Yale Law School, Ford joined a group of students led by R. In 1964, Vertol also began production of the CH-46 Sea Knight. After graduating the following spring, he turned down contract offers from the Detroit Lions and Green Bay Packers of the National Football League. This heavy-lift helicopter remains a work-horse vehicle up to the present day. (His number 48 jersey has since been retired by the school.) At Michigan he joined Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity and earned money for expenses by washing dishes at the fraternity house. The twin-rotor CH-47 Chinook, produced by Vertol, took its first flight in 1961. A three-year letterman, Ford helped the Wolverines to undefeated seasons in 1932 and 1933 and was voted the team's most valuable player in 1934. The Piasecki Helicopter company was acquired by Boeing in 1960, and this became Boeing Vertol.

Ford grew up in Grand Rapids, Michigan and starred as a center playing American football for the University of Michigan. Although production was discontinued in 1984, at the turn of the millennium nearly 1,300 B727s were still in service at airlines around the world. Presidents to have been adopted. The B727 was immediately well accepted as a comfortable and reliable aircraft by passengers, crews, and airlines. He and Democrat Bill Clinton are the only two U.S. A few years later, Boeing introduced the B727, another commercial jet airliner of similar size, which had however three engines and was designed for medium-range routes. His parents divorced two years after he was born, and his mother remarried to Gerald Ford, after whom he was renamed despite never being formally adopted by his step-father. A few years later, Boeing added a second version of this aircraft, the B720.

Ford was born to Leslie Lynch King and Dorothy Ayer Gardner in Omaha, Nebraska. With the B707, a four-engine, 156-passenger airliner, the US became leaders in commercial jet manufacture. . In 1958, Boeing began delivery of its B707, the United States' first commercial jet airliner, in response to the British De Havilland Comet and the French Sud Caravelle, the world's first commercial jet aircraft. He will surpass Hoover if he lives to or beyond September 7, 2008. At that time the Cold War had become a fact to live with, and Boeing used its short-range missile technology to develop and build also an intercontinental missile. He also has the second longest retirement among presidents at 28 years, behind Herbert Hoover. One of the first was the guided short-range missile used to intercept enemy aircraft.

president. In the mid-1950s technology had advanced very significantly, which gave Boeing the possibility to develop and manufacture totally new products. Should Ford live to or beyond November 11, 2006, he will become the longest-lived U.S. The company successfully sold military aircraft adapted for troop transportation and for aerial refueling. history. However, sales of this model were not as expected and Boeing had to seek other opportunities to overcome the situation. At present, Ford is the second longest-lived president in U.S. The company aimed to recover quickly by selling its Stratocruiser, a luxurious four-engine commercial airliner developed from a military aircraft.

President (after Ronald Reagan) to reach his 92nd birthday. After the war, most orders of bombers were canceled and 70,000 people lost their jobs at Boeing. On July 14, 2005, he became the second former U.S. Martin Co. As of 2005, he is the oldest living former President. and by Glenn L. Along with his own vice president, Nelson Rockefeller, he is one of only two people to have been appointed Vice President rather than elected. and Douglas Aircraft Co., while the B-29 was assembled also by Bell Aircraft Co.

When Nixon resigned on noon of August 9, 1974, Ford assumed the presidency. The Boeing-designed B-17 bomber was assembled also by Lockheed Aircraft Corp. Instead, following the resignation of Spiro Agnew in 1973, he was nominated as Vice President by Richard Nixon and approved by both houses of Congress (not just the Senate, as is the procedure for Cabinet members, Supreme Court justices, and most other federal officials), in keeping with provisions of the 25th Amendment. During these years of war the leading aircraft companies of the US cooperated. He remains the only individual to serve as President without ever having been elected to either the presidency or vice presidency. To prevent an attack from the air, the plants had been covered with greenery and farmland items. Gerald Rudolph Ford, Jr. (born July 14, 1913) (born Leslie Lynch King, Jr., renamed after his mother's remarriage) was the fortieth (1973–1974) Vice President and the thirty-eighth (1974–1977) President of the United States. In the beginning of March 1944, production had been scaled up in such a manner that over 350 planes were built each month.

The focus is on Soviet-American relations, including the Vladivostok summit, Helsinki Conference, Angola, detente, and the role of Henry Kissinger.]. Many of the workers were women whose spouses had gone to war. 76-201. During World War II, Boeing built a huge number of bombers. [Memoir - Information on his Ford administration work in the State Department and on the National Security Council staff appears on pp. — above most weather disturbances. New York: Random House, 1987. This was the world's first pressurized-cabin transport aircraft, and it was capable of cruising at an altitude of 20,000 feet.

Mortal Rivals: Superpower Relations From Nixon to Reagan. In 1938, Boeing completed work on the Model 307 Stratoliner. Hyland, William. Subsequently other routes were opened, so that soon Pan American flew with the Boeing 314 to destinations all over the world. Reprinted in Hersey's book "Aspects of the Presidency: Truman and Ford in Office," New Haven, Ticknor and Fields, 1980.]. One year later, the first regular passenger service from the US to the UK was inaugurated. Originally appeared in the "New York Times Magazine," April 20, 1975. It was the largest civil aircraft of its time, with a capacity of 90 passengers on day flights, and of 40 passengers on night flights.

[A writer examines President Ford's activities during one week in March 1975. The first flight of the Boeing 314 Clipper was in June 1938. New York: Knopf, 1975. Shortly after, an agreement with Pan American World Airways was reached, to develop and build a commercial flying-boat able to carry passengers on transoceanic routes. The President: A Minute-by-Minute Account of a Week in the Life of Gerald Ford. Bill Boeing sold his shares, as a result. Hersey, John. The Air Mail Act of 1934 prohibited airlines and manufacturers from being under the same corporate umbrella, so the company split into three smaller companies - Boeing Airplane Company, United Airlines, and United Aircraft Corporation, the precursor to United Technologies.

Chapters 7–16 concern his work as a White House Counsellor and supervisor of the speechwriting unit.]. United Aircraft then purchased National Air Transport in 1930. Several chapters concern his work as an assistant to Congressman and Vice President Ford. in 1929 and acquired Pratt & Whitney, Hamilton Standard Propeller Company, and Chance Vought. [Memoir. The company changed its name to United Aircraft - Transport Corp. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1980. A year later, BAT, as well as Pacific Air Transport and Boeing Airplane Company merge into a single corporation.

Palace Politics: An Insider's Account of the Ford Years. In 1927, Boeing created an airline, named Boeing Air Transport (BAT). Hartmann, Robert T. There he also acquired knowledge about wooden structures which was later revealed to be of value for the design and assembly of airplanes. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1995. Boeing had studied at Yale University and worked initially in the timber industry, where he became a rich man. Ford. Soon the name was changed to "Pacific Aero Products" and, in 1917, the company became the "Boeing Airplane Company." William E.

The Presidency of Gerald R. Navy engineer, and was named "B&W" after their initials. Greene, John Robert. Boeing on July 15, 1916, together with George Conrad Westervelt, a U.S. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992. The company was founded in Seattle by William E. The Limits of Power: The Nixon and Ford Administrations. .

Greene, John Robert. (A full list of subsidiaries is included below.). Ford that took place at Hofstra University in April 1989.]. Boeing's two principal divisions are Boeing Integrated Defense Systems (IDS), responsible for military and space products, and Boeing Commercial Airplanes (BCA), responsible for civil airliners. [Proceedings of a conference on the presidency of Gerald R. Boeing's stock is a component of the Dow Jones Industrial Average. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1993. It is also the second-largest defense contractor in the world [1], and the second-largest civil aircraft manufacturer after Airbus.

Firestone and Alexej Ugrinsky. The Boeing Company NYSE: BA is the leading American aircraft and aerospace manufacturer, headquartered in Chicago, Illinois, with its largest production facilities in Everett, Washington, near Seattle, Washington. Ford and the Politics of Post-Watergate America, edited by Bernard J. Preston Aviation Solutions. Gerald R. Boeing Connexion. Photographs selected by Audiovisual Archivist Ken Hafeli.]. Boeing Travel Management Company.

Mackaman, Leesa Tobin, and David Horrocks of the Ford Library. Boeing Shared Services Group. [Sections written by Frank H. Boeing Realty. Washington, DC: National Archives Trust Fund Board, 1994. Sea Launch (40%). Ford: Presidential Perspectives from the National Archives. Boeing Satellite Systems.

Gerald R. United Space Alliance (with Lockheed Martin). [Interviews with Ford administration officials.]. United Launch Alliance (with Lockheed Martin). Lanham, MA: University Press of America, 1988. Phantom Works. Portraits of American Presidents, VII. Boeing Integrated Defense Systems

    .

    Thompson. SBS International. The Ford Presidency: Twenty-Two Intimate Perspectives of Gerald Ford, Edited by Kenneth W. Jeppesen Sanderson. [Memoir mainly concerning his presidency.]. Continental Datagraphics. New York: Harper & Row, 1979. Alteon Training, formerly FlightSafetyBoeing.

    Ford. Airspace Safety Analysis Corporation. A Time to Heal: The Autobiography of Gerald R. Aeroinfo Systems. Ford, Gerald R. Boeing Commercial Airplanes

      . [A collection of speeches Ford delivered between 1965 and 1972 concerning politics and domestic and foreign affairs.]. Boeing Capital.

      Beatty, 1973. Boeing Australia, Ltd. Arlington, VA: R.W. AviationPartnersBoeing, a 50/50 joint venture with Aviation Partners, Inc. Selected Speeches. Ford, Gerald R.

      The book emphasizes personal and family experiences rather than political events.]. Ford's memoir - chapters 22- 37 concern her husband's presidency. [Mrs. New York: Harper & Row, 1978.

      The Times of My Life. Ford, Betty. Chapter 7 concerns his service as a Ford speechwriter, August 1974–February 1975.]. [Memoir.

      New York: Doubleday, 1979. Fall in and Cheer. Coyne, John R. [Annual volumes reviewing activities or issues.].

      Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly, 1974-1976. Presidency. Congressional Quarterly, Inc. [Background on Ford's political career and legislative record prior to becoming President, including his statements on major issues.].

      Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly, 1974. President Ford: The Man and His Record. Congressional Quarterly, Inc. It covers the period from November 1974 to January 1976.].

      [Memoir by a speechwriter for President Ford. Boulder, CO: Colorado Associated University Press, 1977. The Ford White House: Diary of a Speechwriter. Casserly, John J.

      [Chapters 1-3 concern Ford's early life and election to Congress; chapters 4–7 his congressional career; chapters 8–11 Watergate; chapters 12–19 concern Ford's appointment as Vice President, his vice presidency, the move to impeach Richard Nixon, and the transition to the presidency; chapter 20 concerns the Nixon pardon; and chapter 21 is a summary of the Ford presidency.]. New York: HarperCollins, 1993. Ford's Appointment with History. Time and Chance: Gerald R.

      Cannon, James. John Paul Stevens: 1975.